healthful

　 　

WordNet

1. conducive to good health of body or mind; "a healthful climate"; "a healthful environment"; "healthful nutrition"; "healthful sleep"; "Dickenss relatively healthful exuberance"
2. detrimental to good health; "unhealthful air pollution"; "unhealthful conditions in old apartments with peeling lead-based paint"
3. the quality of promoting good health
4. the quality of promoting poor health

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1. 健康によい,健康を増進させる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/11 21:54:31」(JST)

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This article is about the human condition. For other uses, see Health (disambiguation).

Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in "good health" or "healthy"). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Although this definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete," it remains the most enduring. Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction. Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health.

Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic and social conditions; these are referred to as "determinants of health."

Determinants of health

See also: Social determinants of health and Risk factor

Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for his health status and quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.

More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or unhealthy include:

• Income and social status
• Social support networks
• Education and literacy
• Employment/working conditions
• Social environments
• Physical environments

• Personal health practices and coping skills
• Healthy child development
• Biology and genetics
• Health care services
• Gender
• Culture

Donald Henderson as part of the CDC's smallpox eradication team in 1966.

An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care organization, and health policy - such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada; the Alameda County Study in California; and the series of World Health Reports of the World Health Organization, which focuses on global health issues including access to health care and improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.

The concept of the "health field," as distinct from medical care, emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:

• Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death;
• Environmental: all matters related to health external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control;
• Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up.

The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the "health triangle." The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."

Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via exercise, enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting alcohol use, and avoiding smoking. The ability to adapt and to self manage have been suggested as core components of human health.

The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the natural environment, the built environment, and the social environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities and roads all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children. Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of obesity, linked to lower overall health and well being. This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public policy and land use.

Genetics, or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the predisposition to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their families. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with stress, either mental, emotional or physical (One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.).

Mental health

Main article: Mental health

The World Health Organization describes mental health as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community". Mental Health is not just the absence of mental illness.

Mental Illness is described as 'the spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural conditions that interfere with social and emotional wellbeing and the lives and productivity of people. Having a mental Illness can seriously impair; temporarily or permanently, the mental functioning of a person. Other terms include: 'mental health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'. (Hungerford et al. 2012).

Roughly a quarter of all adults 18 and over in the US suffer from a diagnosable mental illness. Mental illnesses are the leading cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples include, schizophrenia, ADHD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and autism.

Maintaining health

Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of health care knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy.

Role of science in health

Main articles: Health science and Health care

 

The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care for the natives of the Dutch East Indies, May 1946

Health science is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and research of the body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, including biology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical sociology. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as health education, biomedical engineering, biotechnology and public health.

Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health care professions. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and populations. Workplace wellness programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are school health services to improve the health and well-being of children.

Role of public health

Main article: Public health

See also: Global health

Postage stamp, New Zealand, 1933. Public health has been promoted - and depicted - in a wide variety of ways.

Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, and occupational health are also important areas of public health.

The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behavior, communities, and (in aspects relevant to human health) environments. Its aim is to prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing educational programs, developing policies, administering services, and conducting research. In many cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an outbreak. Vaccination programs and distribution of condoms to prevent the spread of communicable diseases are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such).

Public health also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the country and, in some cases, the continent or world. One issue is the access of individuals and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or sociocultural constraints to accessing and using services.^{[citation needed]} Applications of the public health system include the areas of maternal and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.

The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in the mortality rates for infants and children and a continual increase in life expectancy in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900, and worldwide by six years since 1990.

Self-care strategies

Main article: Self care

See also: Chronic care management, Social relation, and Stress management

A lady washing her hands c. 1655

Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through integrative care. They also include personal hygiene practices to prevent infection and illness, such as bathing and washing hands with soap; brushing and flossing teeth; storing, preparing and handling food safely; and many others. The information gleaned from personal observations of daily living - such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake, and environmental features - may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g., a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).

Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of strong social relationships, volunteering, and other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and even increased longevity. One American study among seniors over age 70, found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status. Another study from Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better cognitive performance scores, fewer depressive symptoms, and better mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-volunteering retirees.

Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease. Stress management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking, which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as problem solving and time management skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable.

Occupational health

Main article: Occupational health and safety

In addition to safety risks, many jobs also present risks of disease, illness, and other long-term health problems. Among the most common occupational diseases are various forms of pneumoconiosis, including silicosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung disease). Asthma is another respiratory illness that many workers are vulnerable to. Workers may also be vulnerable to skin diseases, including eczema, dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn, and skin cancer. Other occupational diseases of concern include carpal tunnel syndrome and lead poisoning.

As the number of service sector jobs has risen in developed countries, more and more jobs have become sedentary, presenting a different array of health problems than those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary problems such as the growing rate of obesity and issues relating to stress and overwork in many countries have further complicated the interaction between work and health.

Many governments view occupational health as a social challenge and have formed public organizations to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these include the British Health and Safety Executive and in the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which conducts research on occupational health and safety, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which handles regulation and policy relating to worker safety and health.

See also

• Global burden of disease
• Health care
• Health care providers
• Health education
• Health policy
• Health systems
• Health workforce
• Primary health care
• History of medicine
• Nutrition
• Occupational health and safety
• One Health
• Vaccine controversy

References

External links

• World Health Organization
• UK National Health Service
• Health On the Net Foundation
• OECD Health Statistics
• Health and Medical Information from the University of Colorado
• Health-EU Portal, public health portal of the European Union

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• The anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis on Drosophila melanogaster and SAMP8 mice.

• Lin WS1, Chen JY, Wang JC, Chen LY, Lin CH, Hsieh TR, Wang MF, Fu TF, Wang PY.Author information 1Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Renai Rd., Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.AbstractWe investigated the anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae), an extract of which is widely consumed as a healthful drink in a number of countries. Using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism, we demonstrated that L. octovalvis extract (LOE) significantly extended fly lifespan on a high, but not a low, calorie diet, indicating that LOE may regulate lifespan through a dietary restriction (DR)-related pathway. LOE also attenuated age-related cognitive decline in both flies and in the senescence-accelerated-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse, without causing any discernable negative trade-offs, including water intake, food intake, fecundity, or spontaneous motor activity. LOE contained high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, which possess strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, and was shown to attenuate paraquat-induced oxidative damage and lethality in flies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses identified 17 known molecules, of which β-sitosterol and squalene were the two most abundant. We further demonstrated that β-sitosterol was capable of extending lifespan, likely through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the fat body of adult flies. Taken together, our data suggest that LOE is a potent anti-aging intervention with potential for treating age-related disorders.
• Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands).Age (Dordr).2014 Apr;36(2):689-703. doi: 10.1007/s11357-013-9606-z. Epub 2013 Dec 13.
• We investigated the anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae), an extract of which is widely consumed as a healthful drink in a number of countries. Using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism, we demonstrated that L. octovalvis extract (LOE) si
• PMID 24338263

• Family food involvement and frequency of family dinner meals among Australian children aged 10-12years. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with dietary patterns.

• Leech RM1, McNaughton SA2, Crawford DA3, Campbell KJ4, Pearson N5, Timperio A6.Author information 1The Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, Australia. Electronic address: rleec@deakin.edu.au.2The Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, Australia. Electronic address: sarah.mcnaughton@deakin.edu.au.3The Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, Australia. Electronic address: david.crawford@deakin.edu.au.4The Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, Australia. Electronic address: karen.campbell@deakin.edu.au.5School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Rd, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom. Electronic address: N.L.Pearson@lboro.ac.uk.6The Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, Australia. Electronic address: anna.timperio@deakin.edu.au.AbstractInvolvement in meal preparation and eating meals with the family are associated with better dietary patterns in adolescents, however little research has included older children or longitudinal study designs. This 3-year longitudinal study examines cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between family food involvement, family dinner meal frequency and dietary patterns during late childhood. Questionnaires were completed by parents of 188 children from Greater Melbourne, Australia at baseline in 2002 (mean age=11.25years) and at follow-up in 2006 (mean age=14.16years). Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify dietary patterns. Factor analysis (FA) was used to determine the principal factors from six indicators of family food involvement. Multiple linear regression models were used to predict the dietary patterns of children and adolescents at baseline and at follow-up, 3years later, from baseline indicators of family food involvement and frequency of family dinner meals. PCA revealed two dietary patterns, labeled a healthful pattern and an energy-dense pattern. FA revealed one factor for family food involvement. Cross-sectionally among boys, family food involvement score (β=0.55, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.07) and eating family dinner meals daily (β=1.11, 95% CI: 0.27, 1.96) during late childhood were positively associated with the healthful pattern. Eating family dinner meals daily was inversely associated with the energy-dense pattern, cross-sectionally among boys (β=-0.56, 95% CI: -1.06, -0.06). No significant cross-sectional associations were found among girls and no significant longitudinal associations were found for either gender. Involvement in family food and eating dinner with the family during late childhood may have a positive influence on dietary patterns of boys. No evidence was found to suggest the effects on dietary patterns persist into adolescence.
• Appetite.Appetite.2014 Apr;75:64-70. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.021. Epub 2013 Dec 31.
• Involvement in meal preparation and eating meals with the family are associated with better dietary patterns in adolescents, however little research has included older children or longitudinal study designs. This 3-year longitudinal study examines cross-sectional and longitudinal associations betwee
• PMID 24389242

• Toll-like receptor 4-mediated ROS signaling pathway involved in Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α secretion during macrophage activation.

• Yu Q1, Nie SP2, Wang JQ1, Yin PF1, Huang DF1, Li WJ1, Xie MY3.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.2State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China. Electronic address: spnie@ncu.edu.cn.3State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China. Electronic address: myxie@ncu.edu.cn.AbstractGanoderma atrum has been used as Chinese traditional medicine and healthful mushroom for thousands of years. The polysaccharide is regarded as the major bioactive substances in G. atrum. To delineate the underlying mechanism and signaling cascade involved in the immunomodulatory property of G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1). Specifically, this study is designed to examine the possibility of TLR4 as a candidate receptor interacted with G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) and elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PSG-1-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production during macrophage activation. Flow cytometric and confocal laser-scanning microscopy analysis showed that fluorescence-labeled PSG-1 bind specifically to the macrophages. Moreover, PSG-1 stimulated TNF-α secretion of peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice, but not from C3H/HeJ mice. PSG-1-indcued TNF-α production was suppressed by anti-TLR4 mAb. Furthermore, ROS production was mediated by TLR4, and NADPH oxidase-derived ROS act as upstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt/mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)/nuclear factor(NF)-κB signaling pathway in the regulation of PSG-1 stimulated TNF-α production. Taken together, we conclude that PSG-1 induces TNF-α secretion through TLR4/ROS/PI3K/Akt/MAPKs/NF-κB pathways during macrophage activation. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the potential of PSG-1 as a novel immunomodulatory agent.
• Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.Food Chem Toxicol.2014 Apr;66:14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.018. Epub 2014 Jan 18.
• Ganoderma atrum has been used as Chinese traditional medicine and healthful mushroom for thousands of years. The polysaccharide is regarded as the major bioactive substances in G. atrum. To delineate the underlying mechanism and signaling cascade involved in the immunomodulatory property of G. atrum
• PMID 24447977

• Diet and diabetes: lines and dots.

• Katz DL.Author information Yale University Prevention Research Center, Griffin Hospital, Derby, CT.AbstractDiabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is epidemic in the United States among adults and children alike, and increasingly prevalent around the world. On its current trajectory, the increasing incidence of diabetes has the potential to ravage both public health and economies. There has, however, been evidence for decades that lifestyle has enormous potential to prevent chronic disease, diabetes included. Studies suggest that the combination of tobacco avoidance, routine physical activity, optimal dietary pattern, and weight control could eliminate as much as 80% of all chronic disease, and 90% of cases of diabetes specifically. None of these factors is necessarily easily achieved, but most are simple. Diet, on the other hand, is complex, and arguments abound for competing diets and related health benefits. From an expansive review of relevant literature, the case emerges that the overall theme of optimal eating for human beings is very well established, whereas the case for any given variation on that theme is substantially less so. Once the theme of healthful eating is acknowledged, the challenge shifts to getting there from here. Although much effort focuses on the wholesale conversion of dietary patterns, the introduction or removal of highly nutritious foods can have direct health effects, and potentially reverberate through the diet as well, shifting the quality of the diet and related health effects. Studies demonstrating favorable effects of daily walnut ingestion in diabetes and insulin resistance are profiled as an illustration, and an ongoing study examining the implications of daily walnut ingestion on diet quality and various biometric variables is described. The line between dietary pattern and the epidemiology of diabetes is indelibly established; we must work to connect the dots between here and there.
• The Journal of nutrition.J Nutr.2014 Apr;144(4):567S-70S. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.182923. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
• Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is epidemic in the United States among adults and children alike, and increasingly prevalent around the world. On its current trajectory, the increasing incidence of diabetes has the potential to ravage both public health and economies. There has, however, bee
• PMID 24500937

Japanese Journal

• フランスの保育学校における表現活動

• 大庭 三枝,OBA Mie,オオバ ミエ
• 福山市立大学教育学部研究紀要 1, 15-22, 2013-03-31
• … However the teachers never fail to recognize how crucial fostering children's fine sentiments and inspiring them to express themselves are for their healthful developments, physically, mentally or intellectually. …
• NAID 120005282383

• Application of Temperature Stress to Root Zone of Spinach III. Effective Method for Short Term Application of Low and High Temperature Stresses to Roots

• CHADIRIN Yudi,SAGO Yuki,HIDAKA Kota [他],WAJIMA Takahiro,KITANO Masaharu
• Environment control in biology 50(3), 199-207, 2012-09-30
• … This effect enabled to produce value-added spinach with high contents of healthful substances (sugars, Fe, ASA and SOD) and low contents of harmful substances (NO3− and oxalic acid) without significant depression in growth. …
• NAID 10031122485

• 脂肪組織の脂肪酸組成に及ぼす黒豆エキスの効果

• 小渡 麻衣,清野 成美,狩俣 徹 [他],仁科 淳良,楠 正隆,中村 孝夫
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. MBE, MEとバイオサイバネティックス 111(482), 197-200, 2012-03-07
• 黒豆の煮沸抽出液(黒豆エキス)は、健康に有用な種々の成分を含んでいるが、脂質代謝に及ぼす効果についてはまだ十分に検討されていない。そこで本研究では、高脂肪食負荷ラットを、黒豆エキス投与群(黒豆群)と非投与群(Control群)に分け、皮下及び内臓脂肪組織内トリアシルグリセロール(TAG)中脂肪酸組成を比較した。その結果、皮下脂肪において、黒豆群の3種の飽和脂肪酸、2種の一価不飽和脂肪酸及び5種の多 …
• NAID 110009546210

• 海外技術情報 健康的で文化的なグローバル飲料のトレンド

• 食品と容器 53(11), 696-699, 2012-00-00
• NAID 40019478690

Related Links

• Healthful - Definition and More from the Free Merriam ...

Full Definition of HEALTHFUL 1: beneficial to health of body or mind 2: healthy <he felt incapable of looking into the girl's pretty, healthful face — Saul Bellow> — health·ful·ly adverb — health·ful·ness noun See healthful defined for ...

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• Healthful | Define Healthful at Dictionary.com

healthful / ˈhɛlθ fəl / Show Spelled [helth-f uh l] Show IPA adjective 1. conducive to health; wholesome or salutary: a healthful diet. 2. healthy. Origin: 1350–1400; Middle English helthful. See health, -ful Related forms healthfully, adverb

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