WordNet

harass by imposing humiliating or painful tasks, as in military institutions
atmospheric moisture or dust or smoke that causes reduced visibility
become hazy, dull, or cloudy
make less clear; "the stroke clouded memories of her youth"
a cause of worry or gloom or trouble; "the only cloud on the horizon was the possibility of dissent by the French"
any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible
make milky or dull; "The chemical clouded the liquid to which it was added"
out of touch with reality; "his head was in the clouds"
suspicion affecting your reputation; "after that mistake he was under a cloud"
a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude
billow up in the form of a cloud; "The smoke clouded above the houses"
make gloomy or depressed; "Their faces were clouded with sadness"
muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles suspended (同)turbidness
any of several Asiatic deciduous shrubs cultivated for their nodding racemes of yellow flowers that appear before the leaves (同)flowering hazel
common shrub of eastern North America having small yellow flowers after the leaves have fallen (同)Hamamelis virginiana
fragrant shrub of lower Mississippi valley having very small flowers from midwinter to spring (同)Hamamelis vernalis

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉もや,かすみ / 〈C〉(精神の)もうろう / かすむ / …‘を'かすませる
…‘を'いじめる,いびる / (入部の儀式として)〈新入生〉‘を'いじめる
『雲』 / (…の)『雲状のもの』《+『of』+『名』》 / (昆虫・鳥・飛行機などの)大群,大集団《+『of』+『名』》 / (疑惑・苦悩などの)暗い影《+『of』+『名』》 / (鏡・ガラスなどの)くもり / 〈煙などが〉…'を'『曇らせる』 / 〈事件などが〉…‘に'暗い影を投げかける,'を'汚す / 〈物・事が〉〈心・頭など〉'を'ぼんやりさせる,混乱させる / 〈空・ガラスなどが〉『曇る』《+『over』(『up』)》 / (悩み・心配などで)〈顔などが〉曇る,暗くなる《+『over』『with』+『名』》
混濁 / 濃密
(液体が)濁った,不透明な / (煙・雲などが)濃い・厚い / (感情・思考などが)混乱した
=witch hazel
おや,はああ,ああ(驚き・喜び・疑い・ためらいなどを表す声)
hectare; hectares

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/04 23:06:53」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Haze (disambiguation).

Haze over Kuala Lumpur.

Los Angeles skyline, showing haze.

Haze over the North China Plain.

Haze obscuring the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.

Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust, smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization manual of codes includes a classification of horizontal obscuration into categories of fog, ice fog, steam fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash, dust, sand and snow.^[1] Sources for haze particles include farming (ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry, and wildfires.

Seen from afar (e.g. approaching airplane) and depending upon the direction of view with respect to the sun, haze may appear brownish or bluish, while mist tends to be bluish-grey. Whereas haze often is thought of as a phenomenon of dry air, mist formation is a phenomenon of humid air. However, haze particles may act as condensation nuclei for the subsequent formation of mist droplets; such forms of haze are known as "wet haze."

In the United States and elsewhere, the term "haze" in meteorological literature generally is used to denote visibility-reducing aerosols of the wet type. Such aerosols commonly arise from complex chemical reactions that occur as sulfur dioxide gases emitted during combustion are converted into small droplets of sulfuric acid. The reactions are enhanced in the presence of sunlight, high relative humidity, and stagnant air flow. A small component of wet haze aerosols appear to be derived from compounds released by trees, such as terpenes. For all these reasons, wet haze tends to be primarily a warm-season phenomenon. Large areas of haze covering many thousands of kilometers may be produced under favorable conditions each summer.

Air pollution

Main article: Smog

Haze often occurs when dust and smoke particles accumulate in relatively dry air. When weather conditions block the dispersal of smoke and other pollutants they concentrate and form a usually low-hanging shroud that impairs visibility and may become a respiratory health threat. Industrial pollution can result in dense haze, which is known as smog.

Since 1991, haze has been a particularly acute problem in Southeast Asia, Indonesian forest fires burnt to clear land being the reason. In response the 1997 Southeast Asian haze, the ASEAN countries agreed on a Regional Haze Action Plan (1997) and later signed the Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (2002) however the pollution is still a problem today. Under the agreement the ASEAN secretariat hosts a co-ordination and support unit.^[2]

In the United States, the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program was developed as a collaborative effort between the US EPA and the National Park Service in order to establish the chemical composition of haze in National Parks and establish air pollution control measures in order to restore the visibility to pre-industrial levels.^[3] Additionally, the Clean Air Act requires that any current visibility problems be remedied, and future visibility problems be prevented, in 156 Class I Federal areas located throughout the United States. A full list of these areas is available on EPA's website.^[4]

Obscuration

Haze causes issues in the area of terrestrial photography, where the penetration of large amounts of dense atmosphere may be necessary to image distant subjects. This results in the visual effect of a loss of contrast in the subject, due to the effect of light scattering through the haze particles. For these reasons, sunrise and sunset colors appear subdued on hazy days, and stars may be obscured at night. In some cases, attenuation by haze is so great that, toward sunset, the sun disappears altogether before reaching the horizon. (see example).^[5] Haze can be defined as an aerial form of the Tyndall effect therefore unlike other atmospheric effects such as cloud and fog, haze is spectrally selective: shorter (blue) wavelengths are scattered more, and longer (red/infrared) wavelengths are scattered less. For this reason many super-telephoto lenses often incorporate yellow filters or coatings to enhance image contrast.

Infrared (IR) imaging may also be used to penetrate haze over long distances, with a combination of IR-pass optical filters (such as the Wratten 89B) and IR-sensitive detector.

Notes

^ WMO Manual on Codes
^ ASEAN action hazeonline
^ IMPROVE Visibility Program
^ Federal Class 1 Areas
^ Figure 1. "The setting sun dimmed by dense haze over State College, Pennsylvania on 16 September 1992". "Haze over the Central and Eastern United States". The National Weather Digest. March 1996. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/corfidi/haze.html.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Haze

National Pollutant Inventory - Particulate matter fact sheet
Haze over the central and eastern United States
Chemical Composition of Haze in US Natioanl Parks: Views Visibility Database

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. レーザー屈折矯正手術 laser refractive surgery
2. 角膜剥離および角膜異物：臨床症状および診断 corneal abrasions and corneal foreign bodies clinical manifestations and diagnosis
3. Candidemia and invasive candidiasis in children: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. イールズ病 eales disease
5. 原発性乳児緑内障 primary infantile glaucoma

English Journal

The challenging SO2-mediated chemical build-up of protein aggregates in wines.

Chagas R1, Ferreira LM2, Laia CA2, Monteiro S3, Ferreira RB4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Feb 1;192:460-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.052. Epub 2015 Jul 11.
Despite the extensive research performed during the last decades, the multifactorial mechanism responsible for white wine protein haze formation is not fully characterized. A model is proposed, which is essentially based on two postulates: the experimental identification of sulfur dioxide as the non
PMID 26304373

Performance of a protein extracted from potatoes for fining of white musts.

Gambuti A1, Rinaldi A2, Romano R3, Manzo N3, Moio L4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jan 1;190:237-43. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.067. Epub 2015 May 16.
In this study, the potentiality of Patatin (P), a protein extracted from potato, as must fining agent was investigated on musts obtained from two South Italy grape cultivars (Falanghina and Greco). Besides P, fining agents as bentonite (B) and potassium caseinate (C) were assayed at different concen
PMID 26212966

Source identification of water-soluble organic aerosols at a roadway site using a positive matrix factorization analysis.

Park S1, Cho SY2, Bae MS3.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Nov 15;533:410-21. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.004. Epub 2015 Jul 13.
Daily PM2.5 measurements were carried out at a local roadway every sixth day from May 2011 to August 2013 to obtain seasonal quantitative information on the primary and secondary sources of two water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fractions. Filter samples were analyzed for OC, elemental carbon (EC),
PMID 26184904

An integrated campaign for investigation of winter-time continental haze over Indo-Gangetic Basin and its radiative effects.

Das SK1, Chatterjee A2, Ghosh SK3, Raha S2.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Nov 15;533:370-82. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.085. Epub 2015 Jul 12.
An outflow of continental haze occurs from Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) in the North to Bay of Bengal (BoB) in the South. An integrated campaign was organized to investigate this continental haze during December 2013-February 2014 at source and remote regions within IGB to quantify its radiative effect
PMID 26172604

Japanese Journal

泡とワイヤーメッシュを用いたスクロール式ディスプレイ

岡祐輝,工藤幸寛,高橋泰樹
工学院大学研究報告 (115), 67-73, 2013-10-30
… In addition, the optical characteristic ofthe foam was evaluated by the Haze value. …
NAID 110009624240