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a root-like attachment in parasitic plants that penetrates and obtains food from the host

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/09 01:30:10」(JST)

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Hyaloperonospora parasitica: Hyphae and haustoria

In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is the appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) or of the root of a parasitic plant (such as the broomrape family or mistletoe) that penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. Haustoria penetrate the host plant's cell wall and siphon nutrients from the space between the cell wall and plasma membrane but do not penetrate the plant's cell membrane itself. ^[1]

Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria. Haustoria take several forms. Generally, on penetration, the fungus increases the surface area in contact with host plasma membrane releasing enzymes that break down the cell wall, enabling greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to fungus. Thus, an insect hosting a parasitic fungus such as Cordyceps may look as though it is being "eaten from the inside out" as the haustoria expand inside of it.

Functional exchange takes place within the haustorial complex. The host supplies organic carbon to the fungus, and the metabolic activity within the complex is considerably greater than outside. Carbon from the host is absorbed by the fungus, and transported to the rest of the thallus. The host plant appears to be functioning according to signals from the fungus and the complex appears to be under the control of the invader.^[2]

The haustorium may be mycelium or root-shaped.

References

P.M. Kirk; P.F. Cannon; D.W. Minter; J.A. Stalpers (30 November 2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. CABI. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

Notes

^ Szabo, Les (July 3, 2001). "Hidden robbers: The role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants". PNAS 98 (14): 7654–7655. doi:10.1073/pnas.151262398. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Mycology - Structure and Function - Haustoria

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English Journal

Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wheat Cultivar Mv Hombár is Conferred by a New Gene, PmHo.

Komáromi J1, Jankovics T1, Fábián A1, Puskás K1, Zhang Z1, Zhang M1, Li H1, Jäger K1, Láng L1, Vida G1.
Phytopathology.Phytopathology.2016 Aug 18:PHYTO03160152R. [Epub ahead of print]
A new powdery mildew resistance gene designated as PmHo was identified in 'Mv Hombár' winter wheat, bred in Martonvásár, Hungary. It has exhibited a high level of resistance over the last two decades. Genetic mapping of recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross 'Ukrainka'/Mv Hombár located
PMID 27327577

Local Auxin Biosynthesis Mediated by a YUCCA Flavin Monooxygenase Regulates Haustorium Development in the Parasitic Plant Phtheirospermum japonicum.

Ishida JK1, Wakatake T2, Yoshida S3, Takebayashi Y4, Kasahara H5, Wafula E6, dePamphilis CW6, Namba S7, Shirasu K8.
The Plant cell.Plant Cell.2016 Aug;28(8):1795-814. doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00310. Epub 2016 Jul 6.
Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae cause serious agricultural problems worldwide. Parasitic plants develop a multicellular infectious organ called a haustorium after recognition of host-released signals. To understand the molecular events associated with host signal perception and haustorium deve
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Contributions of host cellular trafficking and organization to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions.

Underwood W1.
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In recent years it has become increasingly apparent that dynamic changes in protein localization, membrane trafficking pathways, and cellular organization play a major role in determining the outcome of interactions between plants and pathogenic microorganisms. Plants have evolved sophisticated perc
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