This article is about the property of moving bodies. For persons named Speed, see Speed (name). For the film, see Speed (1994 film). For other uses, see Speed (disambiguation).
"Slow" redirects here. For other uses, see Slow (disambiguation).
|
Speed
|
|
|
|
Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed and covers a relatively large distance in a given amount of time, while a slow-moving object covers a relatively small amount of distance in the same amount of time.
|
| Common symbol(s): |
v |
| SI unit: |
m/s |
| Classical mechanics |
|
|
Branches
- Statics
-
- Kinematics
- Applied mechanics
- Celestial mechanics
- Continuum mechanics
- Statistical mechanics
|
|
|
Fundamental concepts
- Velocity
- Speed
- Acceleration
- Torque / Moment / Couple
- Angular momentum
- Moment of inertia
- Frame of reference
-
- Mechanical work
- Mechanical power
- Virtual work
- D'Alembert's principle
|
Core topics
-
Rigid body
- (dynamics
- Euler's equations)
- Motion (linear)
- Euler's laws of motion
- Newton's laws of motion
-
Newton's law of
universal gravitation
- Equations of motion
-
Inertial / Non-inertial
reference frame
- Fictitious force
-
Mechanics of planar
particle motion
- Displacement (vector)
- Relative velocity
- Friction
- Simple harmonic motion
- Harmonic oscillator
- Vibration
- Damping (ratio)
|
Rotational motion
-
- Rotating reference frame
- Centripetal force
-
Centrifugal force
- (rotating reference frame
- reactive)
- Coriolis force
- Pendulum
- Tangential / Rotational speed
- Angular acceleration
- Angular velocity
- Angular frequency
- Angular displacement
|
Scientists
- d'Alembert
- Clairaut
- Lagrange
- Daniel / Johann Bernoulli
- Cauchy
|
|
|
In kinematics, the speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of its position); it is thus a scalar quantity.[1] The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance travelled by the object divided by the duration of the interval;[2] the instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the duration of the time interval approaches zero.
Like velocity, speed has the dimensions of a length divided by a time; the SI unit of speed is the metre per second, but the most usual unit of speed in everyday usage is the kilometre per hour or, in the USA and the UK, miles per hour. For air and marine travel the knot is commonly used.
The fastest possible speed at which energy or information can travel, according to special relativity, is the speed of light in a vacuum c = 299,792,458 metres per second, approximately 1079 million kilometres per hour (671,000,000 mph). Matter cannot quite reach the speed of light, as this would require an infinite amount of energy. In relativity physics, the concept of rapidity replaces the classical idea of speed.
Contents
- 1 Definition
- 1.1 Instantaneous speed
- 1.2 Average speed
- 1.3 Tangential speed
- 2 Units
- 3 Examples of different speeds
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Definition[edit]
The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei is credited with being the first to measure speed by considering the distance covered and the time it takes. Galileo defined speed as the distance covered per unit of time.[3] In equation form, this is
where v is speed, d is distance, and t is time. A cyclist who covers 30 metres in a time of 2 seconds, for example, has a speed of 15 metres per second. Objects in motion often have variations in speed (a car might travel along a street at 50 km/h, slow to 0 km/h, and then reach 30 km/h).
In mathematical terms, the speed v is defined as the magnitude of the velocity v, that is, the derivative of the position r with respect to time:
If s is the length of the path travelled until time t, the speed equals the time derivative of s:
In the special case where the velocity is constant (that is, constant speed in a straight line), this can be simplified to v = s/t. The average speed over a finite time interval is the total distance travelled divided by the time duration.
Instantaneous speed[edit]
By looking at a speedometer, one can read the speed of a car at any instant, or its instantaneous speed.[3] A car travelling at 50 km/h generally goes at that speed for less than one hour, but if it did go at that speed for a full hour, it would travel 50 km. If the vehicle continued at that speed for half an hour, it would cover half that distance (25 km). If it continued for only one minute, it would cover about 833 m.
Average speed[edit]
Different from instantaneous speed, average speed is defined as the total distance covered over the time interval. For example, if a distance of 80 kilometres is driven in 1 hour, the average speed is 80 kilometres per hour. Likewise, if 320 kilometres are travelled in 4 hours, the average speed is also 80 kilometres per hour. When a distance in kilometres (km) is divided by a time in hours (h), the result is in kilometres per hour (km/h). Average speed does not describe the speed variations that may have taken place during shorter time intervals (as it is the entire distance covered divided by the total time of travel), and so average speed is often quite different from a value of instantaneous speed.[3] If the average speed and the time of travel are known, the distance travelled can be calculated by rearranging the definition to
Using this equation for an average speed of 80 kilometres per hour on a 4-hour trip, the distance covered is found to be 320 kilometres.
Expressed in graphical language, the slope of a tangent line at any point of a distance-time graph is the instantaneous speed at this point, while the slope of a chord line of the same graph is the average speed during the time interval covered by the chord.
Tangential speed[edit]
Linear speed is the distance traveled per unit of time, while tangential speed (or tangential velocity) is the linear speed of something moving along a circular path.[4] A point on the outside edge of a merry-go-round or turntable travels a greater distance in one complete rotation than a point nearer the center. Travelling a greater distance in the same time means a greater speed, and so linear speed is greater on the outer edge of a rotating object than it is closer to the axis. This speed along a circular path is known as tangential speed because the direction of motion is tangent to the circumference of the circle. For circular motion, the terms linear speed and tangential speed are used interchangeably, and both use units of m/s, km/h, and others.
Rotational speed (or angular speed) involves the number of revolutions per unit of time. All parts of a rigid merry-go-round or turntable turn about the axis of rotation in the same amount of time. Thus, all parts share the same rate of rotation, or the same number of rotations or revolutions per unit of time. It is common to express rotational rates in revolutions per minute (RPM) or in terms of the number of "radians" turned in a unit of time. There are little more than 6 radians in a full rotation (2π radians exactly). When a direction is assigned to rotational speed, it is known as rotational velocity or angular velocity. Rotational velocity is a vector whose magnitude is the rotational speed.
Tangential speed and rotational speed are related: the greater the RPMs, the larger the speed in metres per second. Tangential speed is directly proportional to rotational speed at any fixed distance from the axis of rotation.[4] However, tangential speed, unlike rotational speed, depends on radial distance (the distance from the axis). For a platform rotating with a fixed rotational speed, the tangential speed in the centre is zero. Towards the edge of the platform the tangential speed increases proportional to the distance from the axis.[5] In equation form:
where v is tangential speed and ω (Greek letter omega) is rotational speed. One moves faster if the rate of rotation increases (a larger value for ω), and one also moves faster if movement farther from the axis occurs (a larger value for r). Move twice as far from the rotational axis at the centre and you move twice as fast. Move out three times as far and you have three times as much tangential speed. In any kind of rotating system, tangential speed depends on how far you are from the axis of rotation.
When proper units are used for tangential speed v, rotational speed ω, and radial distance r, the direct proportion of v to both r and ω becomes the exact equation
Thus, tangential speed will be directly proportional to r when all parts of a system simultaneously have the same ω, as for a wheel, disk, or rigid wand. (The direct proportionality of v to r is not valid for planets, because planets have different rotational speeds).
Units[edit]
Main article: Conversion of units#Speed or velocity
Units of speed include:
- metres per second (symbol m s−1 or m/s), the SI derived unit;
- kilometres per hour (symbol km/h);
- miles per hour (symbol mi/h or mph);
- knots (nautical miles per hour, symbol kn or kt);
- feet per second (symbol fps or ft/s);
- Mach number (dimensionless), speed divided by the speed of sound;
- in natural units (dimensionless), speed divided by the speed of light in vacuum (symbol c = 299,792,458 m/s).
Conversions between common units of speed
|
m/s |
km/h |
mph |
knot |
ft/s |
| 1 m/s = |
1 |
3.6 |
2.236936 |
1.943844 |
3.280840 |
| 1 km/h = |
0.277778 |
1 |
0.621371 |
0.539957 |
0.911344 |
| 1 mph = |
0.44704 |
1.609344 |
1 |
0.868976 |
1.466667 |
| 1 knot = |
0.514444 |
1.852 |
1.150779 |
1 |
1.687810 |
| 1 ft/s = |
0.3048 |
1.09728 |
0.681818 |
0.592484 |
1 |
(Values in bold face are exact.)
Examples of different speeds[edit]
|
|
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) |
Main article: Orders of magnitude (speed)
| Speed |
m/s |
ft/s |
km/h |
mph |
Notes |
| Approximate rate of continental drift |
0.00000001 |
0.00000003 |
0.00000004 |
0.00000002 |
4 cm/year. Varies depending on location. |
| Speed of a common snail |
0.001 |
0.003 |
0.004 |
0.002 |
1 millimetre per second |
| A brisk walk |
1.7 |
5.5 |
6.1 |
3.8 |
5.5 feet per second |
| A typical road cyclist |
4.4 |
14.4 |
16 |
10 |
Varies widely by person, terrain, bicycle, effort, weather |
| A fast martial arts kick |
7.7 |
25.2 |
27.7 |
17.2 |
Fastest kick recorded at 130 milliseconds from floor to target at 1 meter distance. Average velocity speed across kick duration[6] |
| Sprint runners |
10 |
32.8 |
36 |
22 |
Average speed over 100 metres. |
| Approximate average speed of road cyclists |
12.5 |
41.0 |
45 |
28 |
On flat terrain, will vary |
| Typical suburban speed limit in most of the world |
13.8 |
45.3 |
50 |
30 |
|
| Taipei 101 observatory elevator |
16.7 |
54.8 |
60.6 |
37.6 |
1010 m/min |
| Typical rural speed limit |
24.6 |
80.66 |
88.5 |
56 |
|
| British National Speed Limit (single carriageway) |
26.8 |
88 |
96.56 |
60 |
|
| Category 1 hurricane |
33 |
108 |
119 |
74 |
Minimum sustained speed over 1 minute |
| Speed limit on a French autoroute |
36.1 |
118 |
130 |
81 |
|
| Highest recorded human-powered speed |
37.02 |
121.5 |
133.2 |
82.8 |
Sam Whittingham in a recumbent bicycle[7] |
| Muzzle velocity of a paintball marker |
90 |
295 |
320 |
200 |
|
| Cruising speed of a Boeing 747-8 passenger jet |
255 |
836 |
917 |
570 |
Mach 0.85 at 35,000 ft altitude |
| The official land speed record |
341.1 |
1119.1 |
1227.98 |
763 |
|
| The speed of sound in dry air at sea-level pressure and 20 °C |
343 |
1125 |
1235 |
768 |
Mach 1 by definition. 20 °C = 293.15 kelvins. |
| Muzzle velocity of an AK47 assault rifle bullet |
710 |
2,330 |
2,600 |
1600 |
|
| Official flight airspeed record for jet engined aircraft |
980 |
3,215 |
3,530 |
2,194 |
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird |
| Space shuttle on re-entry |
7,800 |
25,600 |
28,000 |
17,500 |
|
| Escape velocity on Earth |
11,200 |
36,700 |
40,000 |
25,000 |
11.2 km·s-1 |
| Average orbital speed of planet Earth |
29,783 |
97,713 |
107,218 |
66,623 |
|
| Speed of light in vacuum (symbol c) |
299,792,458 |
983,571,056 |
1,079,252,848 |
670,616,629 |
Exactly 299,792,458 m/s, by definition of the metre |
Vehicles often have a speedometer to measure the speed they are moving.
See also[edit]
- Air speed
- Land speed
- List of vehicle speed records
- Speedometer
- Typical projectile speeds
- V speeds
References[edit]
- Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I, Section 8-2. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1963). ISBN 0-201-02116-1.
- ^ Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1901). Vector analysis: a text-book for the use of students of mathematics and physics, founded upon the lectures of J. Willard Gibbs. p. 125. This is the likely origin of the speed/velocity terminology in vector physics.
- ^ "Speed & Velocity".
- ^ a b c Hewitt (2006), p. 42
- ^ a b Hewitt (2006), p. 131
- ^ Hewitt (2006), p. 132
- ^ http://www.kickspeed.com.au/Improve-measure-kicking-speed.html
- ^ http://www.wisil.recumbents.com/wisil/whpsc2009/results.htm
|
Kinematics
|
|
- ← Integrate … Differentiate →
|
|
- Displacement (Distance)
- Velocity (Speed)
- Acceleration
- Jerk
- Jounce
|
|
