hammer

ツチ骨 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. beat with or as if with a hammer; "hammer the metal flat"
2. the part of a gunlock that strikes the percussion cap when the trigger is pulled (同)cock
3. the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows); "the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard"; "the pounding of feet on the hallway" (同)pound, hammering, pounding
4. a power tool for drilling rocks (同)power hammer
5. a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive force by striking
6. a heavy metal sphere attached to a flexible wire; used in the hammer throw
7. a striker that is covered in felt and that causes the piano strings to vibrate
8. medium-sized live-bearing shark with eyes at either end of a flattened hammer-shaped head; worldwide in warm waters; can be dangerous (同)hammerhead shark
9. the striking part of a hammer
10. a hammer used in laying bricks
11. shaped in the form of a hammer
12. shaped or worked with a hammer and often showing hammer marks; "a bowl of hammered brass"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『金づち』,ハンマー / ハンマーに似た物,(銃の)撃鉄,(ピアノの弦を打つフェルトの)つち,(競売人の)木づち,(ベる・ゴングなどの)打ち子 / (ハンマー投げの)ハンマー / (耳の中の)槌骨(ついこつ) / (金づち・こぶしなどで)…‘を'『こつこつとたたく』(『打つ』)《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'つちでたたいて作る《+『名』+『out,』+『out』+『名』》 / (人の頭に)〈考え・事柄など〉‘を'繰り返して教え込む《+『名』+『into』(『in』)+『名』》 / 《話》〈相手〉‘を'打ち負かす,やっつける / (…を)金づちで打つ;(つえやこぶしなどで)(…を)ドンドンとたたく《+『at』(『on』)+『名』》
2. シュモクザメ(頭部がハンマーの頭に似ている)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/18 10:10:43」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Hammer (disambiguation).

A modern claw hammer

A hammer is a tool meant to deliver an impact to an object. The most common uses for hammers are to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal and break apart objects. Hammers are often designed for a specific purpose, and vary in their shape and structure. The term hammer is also used for some devices that are designed to deliver blows, e.g., the caplock mechanism of firearms.

The hammer is a basic tool of many professions. The usual features are a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head. The basic design is hand-operated, but there are also many mechanically operated models, such as steam hammers, for heavier uses.

History

The use of simple tools dates to about 2,400,000 BCE when various shaped stones were used to strike wood, bone, or other stones to break them apart and shape them. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used as hammers by about 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age.

The hammer's archeological record shows that it may be the oldest tool for which definite evidence exists of its early existence. Stone hammers that date back to 2,600,000 BCE have been found.

Designs and variations

The essential part of a hammer is the head, a compact solid mass that is able to deliver the blow to the intended target without itself deforming. The opposite side may have a ball, as in the ball-peen hammer and the cow hammer. Some upholstery hammers have a magnetized appendage, to pick up tacks. In the hatchet the hammer head is secondary to the cutting edge of the tool.

As the impact between steel hammer heads and the objects being hit can, and does, create sparks, which in some industries such as underground coal mining with methane gas, or in other hazardous environments containing flammable gases and vapours, can be dangerous and risk igniting the gases. In these environments, a variety of non-sparking metal tools are used, being principally, aluminium or beryllium copper-headed hammers.

The claw of a hammer is frequently used to remove nails.

In recent years the handles have been made of durable plastic or rubber.

Popular hand-powered variations include:

• Ball-peen hammer, or mechanic's hammer
• Carpenter's hammers (used for nailing), such as the framing hammer and the claw hammer
• Construction hammers, including the sledgehammer
• Cross-peen hammer, or Warrington hammer
• Drilling hammer - a lightweight, short handled sledgehammer
• Gavel, used by judges and presiding authorities in general
• Geologist's hammer or rock pick
• Knife-edged hammer, its properties developed to aid a hammerer the act of slicing whilst bludgeoning
• Lathe hammer (also known as a lath hammer, lathing hammer, or lathing hatchet), a tool used for cutting and nailing wood lath which has a small hatchet blade on one side (which features a small lateral nick used for pulling out nails) and a hammer head on the other
• Lump hammer, or club hammer
• Mallets, including the rubber hammer and dead blow hammer
• Soft-faced hammer
• Splitting maul
• Stonemason's hammer
• Tinner's Hammer
• Brass Hammer, also known as non sparking hammer or spark proof hammer and used mainly in heavy flammable areas like oil fields.
• Upholstery hammer

Mechanically powered hammers

Mechanically powered hammer

Mechanically powered hammers often look quite different from the hand tools, but nevertheless most of them work on the same principle. They include:

• Hammer drill, that combines a jackhammer-like mechanism with a drill
• High Frequency Impact Treatment-hammer for aftertreatment of weld transitions
• Jackhammer
• Steam hammer
• Trip hammer

In professional framing carpentry, the hammer has almost been completely replaced by the nail gun. In professional upholstery, its chief competitor is the staple gun.

Tools used in conjunction with hammers

• Masonry star drill
• Anvil
• Chisel
• Punch
• Woodsplitting maul - can be hit with a sledgehammer for splitting wood.
• Woodsplitting wedge - hit with a sledgehammer for splitting wood.

Physics of hammering

Hammer as a force amplifier

A hammer is basically a force amplifier that works by converting mechanical work into kinetic energy and back.

In the swing that precedes each blow, a certain amount of kinetic energy gets stored in the hammer's head, equal to the length D of the swing times the force f produced by the muscles of the arm and by gravity. When the hammer strikes, the head gets stopped by an opposite force coming from the target; which is equal and opposite to the force applied by the head to the target. If the target is a hard and heavy object, or if it is resting on some sort of anvil, the head can travel only a very short distance d before stopping. Since the stopping force F times that distance must be equal to the head's kinetic energy, it follows that F will be much greater than the original driving force f — roughly, by a factor D/d. In this way, great strength is not needed to produce a force strong enough to bend steel, or crack the hardest stone.

Effect of the head's mass

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the head's speed at the time of impact (). While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass, it increases quadratically with the speed (see the effect of the handle, below). High tech titanium heads are lighter and allow for longer handles, thus increasing velocity and delivering more energy with less arm fatigue than that of a steel head hammer of the same weight. As hammers must be used in many circumstances, where the position of the person using them cannot be taken for granted, trade-offs are made for the sake of practicality. In areas where one has plenty of room, a long handle with a heavy head (like a sledge hammer) can deliver the maximum amount of energy to the target. It is not practical to use such a large hammer for all tasks, however, and thus the overall design has been modified repeatedly to achieve the optimum utility in a wide variety of situations.

Effect of the handle

The handle of the hammer helps in several ways. It keeps the user's hands away from the point of impact. It provides a broad area that is better-suited for gripping by the hand. Most importantly, it allows the user to maximize the speed of the head on each blow. The primary constraint on additional handle length is the lack of space in which to swing the hammer. This is why sledge hammers, largely used in open spaces, can have handles that are much longer than a standard carpenter's hammer. The second most important constraint is more subtle. Even without considering the effects of fatigue, the longer the handle, the harder it is to guide the head of the hammer to its target at full speed. Most designs are a compromise between practicality and energy efficiency. Too long a handle: the hammer is inefficient because it delivers force to the wrong place, off-target. Too short a handle: the hammer is inefficient because it doesn't deliver enough force, requiring more blows to complete a given task. Recently, modifications have also been made with respect to the effect of the hammer on the user. A titanium head has about 3% recoil and can result in greater efficiency and less fatigue when compared to a steel head with up to 30% recoil. Handles made of shock-absorbing materials or varying angles attempt to make it easier for the user to continue to wield this age-old device, even as nail guns and other powered drivers encroach on its traditional field of use.

Effect of gravity

Gravity will exert a force on the hammer head. If hammering downwards, gravity will increase the acceleration during the hammer stroke and increase the energy delivered with each blow. If hammering upwards, gravity will reduce the acceleration during the hammer stroke and therefore reduce the energy delivered with each blow. Some hammering methods rely entirely on gravity for acceleration on the down stroke.

War hammers

Main article: War hammer

A war hammer is a late medieval weapon of war intended for close combat action.

Symbolic hammers

The hammer, being one of the most used tools by Homo sapiens, has been used very much in symbols and arms. In the Middle Ages it was used often in blacksmith guild logos, as well as in many family symbols. The hammer and pick is used as a symbol of mining. A well known symbol with a hammer in it is the Hammer and Sickle, which was the symbol of the former Soviet Union and is very interlinked with Communism/Socialism. The hammer in this symbol represents the industrial working class (and the sickle the agricultural working class). The hammer is used in some coat of arms in (former) socialist countries like East Germany.

In Norse Mythology, Thor, the god of thunder and lightning, wields a hammer named Mjölnir. Many artifacts of decorative hammers have been found, leading modern practitioners of this religion to often wear reproductions as a sign of their faith.

Judah Maccabee, "The Hammer".

In American folkore, the hammer of John Henry represents the strength and endurance of a man.

The hammer in the song If I Had a Hammer represents a relentless message of justice broadcast across the land. The song became a symbol of the American Civil Rights movement.

Gallery

• Ball-peen hammer

• Ball peen hammer

• Bush hammer

• Claw hammer

• Cross-peen hammer

• Dog-head hammer (blacksmithing)

• Framing hammer

• Geologist's hammer

• Long cross-face hammer (blacksmithing)

• Perforated hammer head of stone

• Rubber mallet

• Sledgehammer

• Stone tapping hammer

• Straight pane sledgehammer

• Twist hammer (blacksmithing)

• Upholstery hammer

• Wooden mallet

• An early stone hammer

• Ancient Greek bronze sacrificial hammer, 7th century BC, from Dodona

• 16th century claw hammer from Dürer's "Melencolia I" (1514)

• HiFIT-hammer for aftertreatment of weld transitions

See also

• Category:Tools

References

External links

• Hammer types images and descriptions.
• The Hammer Museum
• "Choosing a Hammer." Popular Science, June 1960, pp. 164–167.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Possible role of Cdx2 in the serrated pathway of colorectal cancer characterized by BRAF mutation, high-level CpG Island methylator phenotype and mismatch repair-deficiency.

• Dawson H1, Galván JA, Helbling M, Muller DE, Karamitopoulou E, Koelzer VH, Economou M, Hammer C, Lugli A, Zlobec I.Author information 1Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.AbstractColorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the histomorphological, clinical and molecular level. Approximately 20% of cases may progress through the "serrated" pathway characterized by BRAF mutation and high-level CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). A large subgroup are additionally microsatellite instable (MSI) and demonstrate significant loss of tumor suppressor Cdx2. The aim of this study is to determine the specificity of Cdx2 protein expression and CpG promoter hypermethylation for BRAF(V600E) and high-level CIMP in colorectal cancer. Cdx2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh6, and Pms2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a multi-punch tissue microarray (TMA; n = 220 patients). KRAS and BRAF(V600E) mutation analysis, CDX2 methylation and CIMP were investigated. Loss of Cdx2 was correlated with larger tumor size (P = 0.0154), right-sided location (P = 0.0014), higher tumor grade (P < 0.0001), more advanced pT (P = 0.0234) and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.0351). Specificity was 100% for mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency (P < 0.0001), 92.2% (P < 0.0001) for BRAF(V600E) and 91.8% for CIMP-high. Combined analysis of BRAF(V600E)/CIMP identified Cdx2 loss as sensitive (80%) and specific (91.5%) for mutation/high status. These results were validated on eight well-established colorectal cancer cell lines. CDX2 methylation correlated with BRAF(V600E) (P = 0.0184) and with Cdx2 protein loss (P = 0.0028). These results seem to indicate that Cdx2 may play a role in the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer as underlined by strong relationships with BRAF(V600E), CIMP-high and MMR-deficiency. Whether this protein can only be used as a "surrogate" marker, or is functionally involved in the progression of these tumors remains to be elucidated.
• International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 May 15;134(10):2342-51. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28564. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
• Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the histomorphological, clinical and molecular level. Approximately 20% of cases may progress through the "serrated" pathway characterized by BRAF mutation and high-level CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). A large subgroup are additionally microsa
• PMID 24166180

• Defining enthesitis in spondyloarthritis by ultrasound: results of a delphi process and of a reliability reading exercise.

• Terslev L1, Naredo E, Iagnocco A, Balint PV, Wakefield RJ, Aegerter P, Aydin SZ, Bachta A, Hammer HB, Bruyn GA, Filippucci E, Gandjbakhch F, Mandl P, Pineda C, Schmidt WA, D'Agostino MA; Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Ultrasound Task Force.Author information 1Copenhagen University Hospital at Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.AbstractOBJECTIVE: To standardize ultrasound (US) in enthesitis.
• Arthritis care & research.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken).2014 May;66(5):741-8. doi: 10.1002/acr.22191.
• OBJECTIVE: To standardize ultrasound (US) in enthesitis.METHODS: An initial Delphi exercise was undertaken to define US-detected enthesitis and its core components. These definitions were subsequently tested on static images taken from spondyloarthritis patients in order to evaluate their reliabilit
• PMID 24151222

• Kelp use in patients with thyroid cancer.

• Rosen JE1, Gardiner P, Saper RB, Pearce EN, Hammer K, Gupta-Lawrence RL, Lee SL.Author information 1Department of Surgery, Boston University, 820 Harrison Avenue Suite 5007, Boston, MA, 02118, USA, Jennifer.Rosen@bmc.org.AbstractTo report on the incidence and use of kelp among patients with thyroid cancer. Data were collected using a web-based online anonymous survey under Institutional Review Board approval from Boston University. This report is based on 27 responses from subjects with thyroid cancer who use kelp. Demographic factors and complementary and alternative use were included. Respondents were primarily over age 40, white, female and have at least a high school education. The top five modalities were multivitamins, special diets, herbal supplements, prayer for health reasons and herbal tea. Only one patient reported perceiving a particular modality had a negative effect on treatment. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) was more often perceived as being used to aid their thyroid cancer treatment than to help with symptoms. On average, respondents who use kelp also use at least 11 additional CAM modalities. Only 1/2 of respondents who use kelp reported telling their physicians about their CAM use, and nearly 1/3 of respondents reported their CAM use was neither known, prescribed nor asked about by their physicians. In comparison to both national surveys of the general US population and patients with thyroid cancer, kelp users with thyroid cancer use at least twice the number of additional CAM therapies and report their use far less often. Physicians who treat patients with thyroid cancer should be aware of these data to further assist in their assessment and care.
• Endocrine.Endocrine.2014 May;46(1):123-30. doi: 10.1007/s12020-013-0048-2. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
• To report on the incidence and use of kelp among patients with thyroid cancer. Data were collected using a web-based online anonymous survey under Institutional Review Board approval from Boston University. This report is based on 27 responses from subjects with thyroid cancer who use kelp. Demograp
• PMID 24573490

• Methenamine: a forgotten drug for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in a multidrug resistance era.

• Lo TS1, Hammer KD, Zegarra M, Cho WC.Author information 1Infectious Disease Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2101 Elm Street N, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.AbstractIn the era of multidrug resistance, it is critical to utilize antibiotics in an appropriate manner and to identify new treatments or revisit the use of 'forgotten' drugs. Because urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, particularly in an increasing elderly population, the 'forgotten' drug, methenamine, may become important as a preventive therapy for recurrent UTIs. Methenamine, a urinary antibacterial agent, can be used as methenamine hippurate or methenamine mandelate preparations and is United States Food and Drug Administration-approved. This article discusses the place of preventive therapy for recurrent UTIs, chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacology, clinical uses, dosage, adverse reactions and safety, and drug interactions of methenamine. Because of its unique antiseptic property, the authors suggest that methenamine should be considered when more commonly used antibiotics fail to suppress recurrent UTIs.
• Expert review of anti-infective therapy.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.2014 May;12(5):549-54. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.904202. Epub 2014 Apr 1.
• In the era of multidrug resistance, it is critical to utilize antibiotics in an appropriate manner and to identify new treatments or revisit the use of 'forgotten' drugs. Because urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, particularly in an increasing elderly population, the 'forgotten' drug, methe
• PMID 24689705

Japanese Journal

• 第46回日本芳香族工業会大会(長崎大会)における発表 ダイナミックシミュレーションの利用による既存設備の有効活用 : 長距離配管の油撃・液柱分離,制御性検討

• 木畑 聡
• アロマティックス 65(秋季), 238-243, 2013-11
• NAID 40019895382

• 「強化磁器食器の縁部衝撃試験方法」のJIS制定 (特集 セラミックスの標準化)

• 林 亜希美
• Ceramics Japan = セラミックス : bulletin of the Ceramic Society of Japan 48(10), 796-800, 2013-10
• NAID 40019804950

• 水撃作用の固液連成力学 (特集 流体が関連して発生する騒音・振動)

• 因幡 和晃
• フルードパワーシステム : 日本フルードパワーシステム学会誌 44(5), 290-292, 2013-09
• NAID 40019811988

• 知っておきたい･建設マネジメントAtoZ 社会インフラを取り巻く社会構造の変化とコンクリート構造物の長寿命化と維持管理(その13)緊急点検の中心となる打音検査の課題は何か

• 牛島 栄
• セメント・コンクリート (799), 49-52, 2013-09
• NAID 40019806066

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ツチ骨」
拡張検索	「hammer toe syndrome」「hammer toe症候群」「hypothenar hammer syndrome」

「ツチ骨」

　　[★]

英

hammer

ラ

malleus (KL)

同

槌骨

関

中耳、内耳

• 鼓膜に接している耳小骨

カテゴリ

耳小骨＞:耳小骨

「hammer toe syndrome」

　　[★]

槌趾症候群、hammer toe症候群

関

hammer toe

「hammer toe症候群」

　　[★]

英

hammer toe syndrome

関

槌趾症候群

「hypothenar hammer syndrome」

　　[★] 小指球ハンマー症候群