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- Haloperidol
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/21 22:30:40」(JST)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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4-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butan-1-one
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| Clinical data | |
| Pronunciation | /hæloʊpɛridɒl/ |
| Trade names | Haldol |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682180 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Legal status |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral, IM, IV, depot (as decanoate ester) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 60–70% (Oral)[1] |
| Protein binding | ~90%[1] |
| Metabolism | Liver-mediated[1] |
| Biological half-life | 14–26 hours (IV), 20.7 hours (IM), 14–37 hours (oral)[1] |
| Excretion | Biliary (hence in feces) and in urine[1][2] |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 52-86-8 Y |
| ATC code | N05AD01 |
| PubChem | CID 3559 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 86 |
| DrugBank | DB00502 Y |
| ChemSpider | 3438 Y |
| UNII | J6292F8L3D Y |
| KEGG | D00136 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:5613 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL54 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H23ClFNO2 |
| Molar mass | 375.9 g/mol |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| (verify) | |
Haloperidol, marketed under the trade name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic medication.[3] It is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, tics in Tourette syndrome, nausea and vomiting, delirium, agitation, acute psychosis, and hallucinations in alcohol withdrawal.[3][4] It may be used by mouth, as an injection into a muscle, or intravenously. Haloperidol typically works within thirty to sixty minutes. A long-acting formulation may be used as an injection every four weeks in people with schizophrenia or related illnesses who either forget or refuse to take the medication by mouth.[3]
Haloperidol may result in a movement disorder known as tardive dyskinesia which may be permanent. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and QT interval prolongation may occur. In older people with psychosis due to dementia it results in an increased risk of death.[3] When taken during pregnancy it may result in problems in the infant.[3][5] It should not be used in people with Parkinson's disease.[3]
Haloperidol was discovered in 1958 by Paul Janssen.[6] It was made from meperidine.[7] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[8] It is the most commonly used typical antipsychotic.[9] The yearly cost of the typical dose of haloperidol is about 20 to 800 pounds (30 to 1,250 US dollars) in the United Kingdom.[10][9] The cost in the United States is around 250 US dollars a year.[11]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Pregnancy and lactation
- 1.2 Other considerations
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Contraindications
- 2.2 Special cautions
- 2.3 Interactions
- 3 Overdose
- 3.1 Symptoms
- 3.2 Treatment
- 3.3 Prognosis
- 4 Pharmacology
- 5 Pharmacokinetics
- 5.1 Oral
- 5.2 Intramuscular injections
- 5.3 Intravenous injections
- 5.4 Therapeutic concentrations
- 5.5 Distribution and metabolism
- 6 History
- 6.1 Brand names
- 7 Veterinary use
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Medical uses
Haloperidol is used in the control of the symptoms of:
- Schizophrenia[12]
- Acute psychosis, such as drug-induced psychosis caused by LSD, psilocybin, amphetamines, ketamine,[13] and phencyclidine,[14] and psychosis associated with high fever or metabolic disease
- Hyperactivity, aggression
- Hyperactive delirium (to control the agitation component of delirium)
- Otherwise uncontrollable, severe behavioral disorders in children and adolescents
- Agitation and confusion associated with cerebral sclerosis
- Adjunctive treatment of alcohol and opioid withdrawal
- Treatment of severe nausea and emesis in postoperative and palliative care, especially for palliating adverse effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in oncology
- Treatment of neurological disorders, such as tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome, and chorea
- Therapeutic trial in personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder
- Treatment of intractable hiccups[15][16]
- Alcohol-induced psychosis
- Hallucinations in alcohol withdrawal[4]
Haloperidol was considered indispensable for treating psychiatric emergency situations,[17][18] although the newer atypical drugs have gained greater role in a number of situations as outlined in a series of consensus reviews published between 2001 and 2005.[19][20][21][22]
A multiple-year study suggested this drug and other neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs commonly given to Alzheimer's patients with mild behavioural problems often make their condition worse and its withdrawal was even beneficial for some cognitive and functional measures.[23]
Pregnancy and lactation
Data from animal experiments indicate haloperidol is not teratogenic, but is embryotoxic in high doses. In humans, no controlled studies exist. Reports in pregnant women revealed possible damage to the fetus, although most of the women were exposed to multiple drugs during pregnancy. In addition, reports indicate neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery, such as agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, and feeding disorder. Following accepted general principles, haloperidol should be given during pregnancy only if the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential fetal risk.[12]
Haloperidol, when given to lactating women, is found in significant amounts in their milk. Breastfed children sometimes show extrapyramidal symptoms. If the use of haloperidol during lactation seems indicated, the benefit for the mother should clearly outweigh the risk for the child, or breastfeeding should be stopped.[citation needed]
Other considerations
Skeletal formula of haloperidol decanoate. The decanoate group is highlighted in red.
During long-term treatment of chronic psychiatric disorders, the daily dose should be reduced to the lowest level needed for maintenance of remission. Sometimes, it may be indicated to terminate haloperidol treatment gradually.[24] In addition, during long-term use, routine monitoring including measurement of BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and lipids, is recommended due to the risk of side effects.[25]
Other forms of therapy (psychotherapy, occupational therapy/ergotherapy, or social rehabilitation) should be instituted properly.[citation needed] PET imaging studies have suggested low doses are preferable. Clinical response was associated with at least 65% occupancy of D2 receptors, while greater than 72% was likely to cause hyperprolactinaemia and over 78% associated with extrapyramidal side effects. Doses of haloperidol greater than 5 mg increased the risk of side effects without improving efficacy.[26] Patients responded with doses under even 2 mg in first-episode psychosis.[27] For maintenance treatment of schizophrenia, an international consensus conference recommended a reduction dosage by about 20% every 6 months until a minimal maintenance dose is established.[25]
- Depot forms are also available; these are injected deeply intramuscularly at regular intervals. The depot forms are not suitable for initial treatment, but are suitable for patients who have demonstrated inconsistency with oral dosages.[citation needed]
The decanoate ester of haloperidol (haloperidol decanoate, trade names Haldol decanoate, Halomonth, Neoperidole) has a much longer duration of action, so is often used in people known to be noncompliant with oral medication. A dose is given by intramuscular injection once every two to four weeks.[28] The IUPAC name of haloperidol decanoate is [4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]piperidin-4-yl] decanoate.
Topical formulations of haloperidol should not be used as treatment for nausea because research does not indicate this therapy is more effective than alternatives.[29]
Adverse effects
Sources for the following lists of adverse effects[30][31][32][33]
- Common (>1% incidence)
- Extrapyramidal side effects such as: (As haloperidol is a high-potency typical antipsychotic, it tends to produce significant extrapyramidal side effects. According to a recent meta-analysis of the comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs it was the most prone of the 15 for causing extrapyramidal side effects.[34])
- Dystonia
- Muscle rigidity
- Akathisia
- Parkinsonism
- Hypotension
- Anticholinergic side effects such as: (These adverse effects are more common than with lower-potency typical antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine.)
- Constipation
- Dry mouth
- Blurred vision
- Somnolence (which is not a particularly prominent side effect, as is supported by the results of the aforementioned meta-analysis.[34])
- Unknown frequency
- Prolonged QT interval
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Increased respiratory rate
- Anemia
- Visual disturbances
- Headache
- Rare (<1% incidence)
- Jaundice
- Hepatitis
- Cholestasis
- Acute hepatic failure
- Liver function test abnormal
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyponatremia
- Anaphylactic reaction
- Hypersensitivity
- Agranulocytosis
- Neutropenia
- Leukopenia
- Thrombocytopania
- Pancytopenia
- Psychotic disorder
- Agitation
- Confusional state
- Depression
- Insomnia
- Seizure
- Torsades de pointes
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Extrasystoles
- Bronchospasm
- Laryngospasm
- Laryngeal edema
- Dyspnea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
- Dermatitis exfoliative
- Urticaria
- Photosensitivity reaction
- Rash
- Pruritis
- Hyperhidrosis
- Urinary retention
- Priapism
- Gynecomastia
- Sudden death
- Face edema
- Edema
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- Injection site abscess
- Anorexia
- Pulmonary embolism
- Tardive dyskinesia
- Cataracts
- Retinopathy
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Contraindications
- Pre-existing coma, acute stroke
- Severe intoxication with alcohol or other central depressant drugs
- Known allergy against haloperidol or other butyrophenones or other drug ingredients
- Known heart disease, when combined will tend towards cardiac arrest[citation needed]
Special cautions
- Pre-existing Parkinson's disease[35] or dementia with Lewy bodies
- Patients at special risk for the development of QT prolongation (hypokalemia, concomitant use of other drugs causing QT prolongation)
- Compromised liver function, as haloperidol is metabolized and eliminated mainly by the liver
- In patients with hyperthyreosis, the action of haloperidol is intensified and side effects are more likely.
- IV injections: risk of hypotension or orthostatic collapse
- Patients with a history of leukopenia: a complete blood count should be monitored frequently during the first few months of therapy and discontinuation of the drug should be considered at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in white blood cells.[12]
- Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis: analysis of 17 trials showed the risk of death in this group of patients was 1.6 to 1.7 times that of placebo-treated patients. Most of the causes of death were either cardiovascular or infectious in nature. It is not clear to what extent this observation is attributed to antipsychotic drugs rather than the characteristics of the patients. The drug bears a boxed warning about this risk.[12]
Interactions
[citation needed]
- Other central depressants (alcohol, tranquilizers, narcotics): actions and side effects of these drugs (sedation, respiratory depression) are increased. In particular, the doses of concomitantly used opioids for chronic pain can be reduced by 50%.
- Methyldopa: increased risk of extrapyramidal side effects and other unwanted central effects
- Levodopa: decreased action of levodopa
- Tricyclic antidepressants: metabolism and elimination of tricyclics significantly decreased, increased toxicity noted (anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects, lowering of seizure threshold)
- Lithium: rare cases of the following symptoms have been noted: encephalopathy, early and late extrapyramidal side effects, other neurologic symptoms, and coma.[36]
- Guanethidine: antihypertensive action antagonized
- Epinephrine: action antagonized, paradoxical decrease in blood pressure may result
- Amphetamine and methylphenidate: counteracts increased action of norepinephrine and dopamine in patients with narcolepsy or ADD/ADHD
- Amiodarone: Q-Tc interval prolongation (potentially dangerous change in heart rhythm).[37]
- Other drugs metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme system: inducers such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and rifampicin decrease plasma levels and inhibitors such as quinidine, buspirone, and fluoxetine increase plasma levels [12]
Overdose
Experimental evidence from animal studies indicates the doses needed for acute poisoning are quite high in relation to therapeutic doses. Overdoses with depot injections are uncommon, because only certified personnel are legally permitted to administer them to patients.[citation needed]
Symptoms
Symptoms are usually due to side effects. Most often encountered are:
- Severe extrapyramidal side effects with muscle rigidity and tremors, akathisia, etc.
- Hypotension or hypertension
- Sedation
- Anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, paralytic ileus, difficulties in urinating, decreased perspiration)
- Coma in severe cases, accompanied by respiratory depression and massive hypotension, shock
- Rarely, serious ventricular arrhythmia (torsades de pointes), with or without prolonged QT-time
- Epileptic seizures[citation needed]
Treatment
Treatment is merely symptomatic and involves intensive care with stabilization of vital functions. In early detected cases of oral overdose, induction of emesis, gastric lavage, and the use of activated charcoal can all be tried. Epinephrine is avoided for treatment of hypotension and shock, because its action might be reversed. In the case of a severe overdose, antidotes such as bromocryptine or ropinirole may be used to treat the extrapyramidal effects caused by haloperidol, acting as dopamine receptor agonists.[citation needed] ECG and vital signs should be monitored especially for QT prolongation and severe arrhythmias should be treated with antiarrhythmic measures.[12]
Prognosis
In general, the prognosis of overdose is good, and lasting damage is not known, provided the person has survived the initial phase. An overdose of haloperidol can be fatal.[38]
Pharmacology
Haloperidol, 10-mg oral tablet
Haloperidol is a typical butyrophenone type antipsychotic that exhibits high affinity dopamine D2 receptor antagonism and slow receptor dissociation kinetics.[39] It has effects similar to the phenothiazines.[16] The drug binds preferentially to D2 and α1 receptors at low dose (ED50 = 0.13 and 0.42 mg/kg, respectively), and 5-HT2 receptors at a higher dose (ED50 = 2.6 mg/kg). Given that antagonism of D2 receptors is more beneficial on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors on the negative symptoms, this characteristic underlies haloperidol's greater effect on delusions, hallucinations and other manifestations of psychosis.[40] Haloperidol's negligible affinity for histamine H1 receptors and muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptors yields an antipsychotic with a lower incidence of sedation, weight gain, and orthostatic hypotension though having higher rates of treatment emergent extrapyramidal symptoms.
Haloperidol acts on these receptors: (Ki)
- D1 (silent antagonist) — Unknown efficiency[citation needed]
- D5 (silent antagonist) — Unknown efficiency[citation needed]
- D2 (inverse agonist) — 1.55 nM[41]
- D3 (inverse agonist) — 0.74 nM[42]
- D4 (inverse agonist) — 5–9 nM[43]
- σ1 (irreversible inactivation by haloperidol metabolite HPP+) – 3 nM[44]
- σ2 (agonist): 54 nM[45]
- 5HT1A receptor agonist – 1927 nM[46]
- 5HT2A (silent antagonist) – 53 nM[46]
- 5HT2C (silent antagonist) – 10,000 nM[46]
- 5HT6 (silent antagonist) – 3666 nM[46]
- 5HT7 (irreversible silent antagonist) — 377.2 nM[46]
- H1 (silent antagonist) — 1,800 nM[46]
- M1 (silent antagonist) — 10,000 nM[46]
- α1A (silent antagonist) — 12 nM[46]
- α2A (silent antagonist) — 1130 nM[46]
- α2B (silent antagonist) — 480 nM[46]
- α2C (silent antagonist) — 550 nM[46]
- NR1/NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptor (antagonist; ifenprodil site): IC50 — 2,000 nM[47]
Pharmacokinetics
Oral
The bioavailability of oral haloperidol ranges from 60–70%. However, there is a wide variance in reported mean Tmax and T1/2 in different studies, ranging from 1.7 to 6.1 hours and 14.5 to 36.7 hours respectively.[1]
Intramuscular injections
The drug is well and rapidly absorbed with a high bioavailability when injected intramuscularly. The Tmax is 20 minutes in healthy individuals and 33.8 minutes in patients with schizophrenia. The mean T1/2 is 20.7 hours.[1] The decanoate injectable formulation is for intramuscular administration only and is not intended to be used intravenously. The plasma concentrations of haloperidol decanoate reach a peak at about six days after the injection, falling thereafter, with an approximate half-life of three weeks.[48]
Intravenous injections
The bioavailability is 100% in intravenous (IV) injection, and the very rapid onset of action is seen within seconds. The T1/2 is 14.1 to 26.2 hours. The apparent volume of distribution is between 9.5 to 21.7 L/kg.[1] The duration of action is four to six hours. If haloperidol is given as a slow IV infusion, the onset of action is slowed, and the duration of action is prolonged.[citation needed]
Haloperidol for injection
Therapeutic concentrations
Plasma levels of four to 25 micrograms per liter are required for therapeutic action. The determination of plasma levels can be used to calculate dose adjustments and to check compliance, particularly in long-term patients. Plasma levels in excess of the therapeutic range may lead to a higher incidence of side effects or even pose the risk of haloperidol intoxication.[citation needed]
The concentration of haloperidol in brain tissue is about 20-fold higher compared to blood levels. It is slowly eliminated from brain tissue,[49] which may explain the slow disappearance of side effects when the medication is stopped.[49][50]
Distribution and metabolism
Haloperidol is heavily protein bound in human plasma, with a free fraction of only 7.5 to 11.6%. It is also extensively metabolized in the liver with only about 1% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. The greatest proportion of the hepatic clearance is by glucuronidation, followed by reduction and CYP-mediated oxidation, primarily by CYP3A4.[1]
History
Haloperidol was discovered by Paul Janssen.[51] It was developed in 1958 at the Belgian company Janssen Pharmaceutica and submitted to the first of clinical trials in Belgium later that year.[52][53]
Haloperidol was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on April 12, 1967; it was later marketed in the U.S. and other countries under the brand name Haldol by McNeil Laboratories.[citation needed]
Brand names
Haloperidol is the INN, BAN, USAN, AAN approved name.
It is sold under the tradenames Aloperidin, Bioperidolo, Brotopon, Dozic, Duraperidol (Germany), Einalon S, Eukystol, Haldol (common tradename in the US and UK), Halosten, Keselan, Linton, Peluces, Serenace and Sigaperidol.[citation needed]
Veterinary use
Haloperidol is also used on many different kinds of animals. It appears to be particularly successful when given to birds, e.g., a parrot that will otherwise continuously pluck its feathers out.[54]
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- ^ Malmberg, Åsa; Mikaels, Åsa; Mohell, Nina (1998). "Agonist and Inverse Agonist Activity at the Dopamine D3 Receptor Measured by Guanosine 5′-[γ-Thio]Triphosphate-[35S] Binding". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 285 (1): 119–26. PMID 9536001.
- ^ Leysen, JE; Janssen, PM; Megens, AA; Schotte, A (1994). "Risperidone: A novel antipsychotic with balanced serotonin-dopamine antagonism, receptor occupancy profile, and pharmacologic activity". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55 (Suppl): 5–12. PMID 7520908.
- ^ Cobos, Enrique J.; Del Pozo, Esperanza; Baeyens, José M. (2007). "Irreversible blockade of sigma-1 receptors by haloperidol and its metabolites in guinea pig brain and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells". Journal of Neurochemistry 102 (3): 812–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04533.x. PMID 17419803.
- ^ Colabufo, Nicolaantonio; Berardi, Francesco; Contino, Marialessandra; Niso, Mauro; Abate, Carmen; Perrone, Roberto; Tortorella, Vincenzo (2004). "Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of some σ2 agonists and σ1 antagonists in tumour cell lines". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 370 (2): 106–13. doi:10.1007/s00210-004-0961-2. PMID 15322732.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kroeze, Wesley K; Hufeisen, Sandra J; Popadak, Beth A; Renock, Sean M; Steinberg, Seanna; Ernsberger, Paul; Jayathilake, Karu; Meltzer, Herbert Y; Roth, Bryan L (2003). "H1-Histamine Receptor Affinity Predicts Short-Term Weight Gain for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (3): 519–26. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.
- ^ Ilyin, VI; Whittemore, ER; Guastella, J; Weber, E; Woodward, RM (1996). "Subtype-selective inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by haloperidol". Molecular Pharmacology 50 (6): 1541–50. PMID 8967976.
- ^ "drugs.com".
- ^ a b Kornhuber, Johannes; Schultz, Andreas; Wiltfang, Jens; Meineke, Ingolf; Gleiter, Christoph H.; Zöchling, Robert; Boissl, Karl-Werner; Leblhuber, Friedrich; Riederer, Peter (1999). "Persistence of Haloperidol in Human Brain Tissue". The American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (6): 885–90. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.885. PMID 10360127.
- ^ Kornhuber, Johannes; Wiltfang, Jens; Riederer, Peter; Bleich, Stefan (2006). "Neuroleptic drugs in the human brain: Clinical impact of persistence and region-specific distribution". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256 (5): 274–80. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0661-7. PMID 16788768.
- ^ Healy, David (1996). The psychopharmacologists 1. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-1-86036-008-4. [page needed]
- ^ Granger, Bernard; Albu, Simona (2005). "The Haloperidol Story". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 17 (3): 137–40. doi:10.1080/10401230591002048. PMID 16433054.
- ^ Lopez-Munoz, Francisco; Alamo, Cecilio (2009). "The Consolidation of Neuroleptic Therapy: Janssen, the Discovery of Haloperidol and Its Introduction into Clinical Practice". Brain Research Bulletin 79: 130–141. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.005. PMID 19186209.
- ^ "Veterinary:Avian at Lloyd Center Pharmacy".
External links
- Rx-List.com – Haloperidol
- Medline plus – Haloperidol
- Swiss scientific information on Haldol
- "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF) (16th list (updated) ed.). World Health Organization. March 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Haloperidol
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UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. Delayed emergence and emergence delirium in adults
- 2. Pediatric bipolar disorder: Overview of choosing treatment
- 3. 統合失調症に対する薬物療法：持効性抗精神病薬注射製剤 pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia long acting injectable antipsychotic drugs
- 4. 第1世代抗精神病剤：薬理学、投与、および副作用の比較 first generation antipsychotic medications pharmacology administration and comparative side effects
- 5. せん妄および急性錯乱状態：予防、治療、および予後 delirium and acute confusional states prevention treatment and prognosis
English Journal
- Haloperidol and rimonabant increase delay discounting in rats fed high-fat and standard-chow diets.
- Boomhower SR1, Rasmussen EB.
- Behavioural pharmacology.Behav Pharmacol.2014 Dec;25(8):705-16. doi: 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000058.
- The dopamine and endocannabinoid neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in delay discounting, a measure of impulsive choice, and obesity. The current study was designed to determine the extent to which haloperidol and rimonabant affected delay discounting in rats fed standard-chow and high-fa
- PMID 25000488
- Evaluating aripiprazole as a potential bipolar disorder therapy for adults.
- Moro MF1, Carta MG.
- Expert opinion on investigational drugs.Expert Opin Investig Drugs.2014 Dec;23(12):1713-30. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2014.971152. Epub 2014 Oct 14.
- INTRODUCTION: Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have emerged as new treatment options for bipolar disorders (BDs). Aripiprazole (ARI) is already an SGA approved therapy for the treatment of BD type-I, both as a monotherapy as well as an add-on therapy in acute mania and in long-term maintenanc
- PMID 25311824
- Haloperidol prophylaxis does not prevent postoperative delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, open-label prospective trial.
- Fukata S1, Kawabata Y, Fujisiro K, Katagawa Y, Kuroiwa K, Akiyama H, Terabe Y, Ando M, Kawamura T, Hattori H.
- Surgery today.Surg Today.2014 Dec;44(12):2305-13. doi: 10.1007/s00595-014-0859-7. Epub 2014 Feb 16.
- PURPOSE: Postoperative delirium is the most common postoperative complication in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the preventive administration of low-dose haloperidol on the development of postoperative delirium after abdominal or orthopedic sur
- PMID 24532143
Related Links
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- Learn about the prescription medication Haldol (Haloperidol Injection), drug uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, reviews and patient labeling. ... What are the possible side effects of haloperidol (Haldol)? Get ...
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