関: haemorheological、hemorheological、hemorheology

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/30 05:05:56」(JST)

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Hemodynamics, meaning literally "blood movement" is the study of blood flow or the circulation. It explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.

Physiology[edit]

All animal cells require oxygen (O₂) for the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide (CO₂), water and energy in a process known as aerobic respiration. The circulatory system functions to transport the blood to deliver O₂, nutrients and chemicals to the cells of the body to ensure their health and proper function, and to remove the cellular waste products.

The circulatory system is a connected series of tubes, which includes the heart, the arteries, the microcirculation, and the veins.

The heart is the driver of the circulatory system generating cardiac output (CO) by rhythmically contracting and relaxing. This creates changes in regional pressures, and, combined with a complex valvular system in the heart and the veins, ensures that the blood moves around the circulatory system in one direction. The “beating” of the heart generates pulsatile blood flow which is conducted into the arteries, across the micro-circulation and eventually, back via the venous system to the heart. The aorta, the main artery, leaves the left heart and proceeds to divide into smaller and smaller arteries until they become arterioles, and eventually capillaries, where oxygen transfer occurs. The capillaries connect to venules, into which the deoxygenated blood passes from the cells back into the blood, and the blood then travels back through the network of veins to the right heart. The micro-circulation—the arterioles, capillaries, and venules—constitutes most of the area of the vascular system and is the site of the transfer of O₂, glucose, and enzyme substrates into the cells. The venous system returns the de-oxygenated blood to the right heart where it is pumped into the lungs to become oxygenated and CO₂ and other gaseous wastes exchanged and expelled during breathing. Blood then returns to the left side of the heart where it begins the process again. Clearly the heart, vessels and lungs are all actively involved in maintaining healthy cells and organs, and all influence hemodynamics. Hemodynamic disorders- These are the disturbances in the blood movement in our body.

The factors influencing hemodynamics are complex and extensive but include CO, circulating fluid volume, respiration, vascular diameter and resistance, and blood viscosity. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs or alcohol, obesity and excess weight.

Our understanding of hemodynamics depends on measuring the blood flow at different points in the circulation. A basic approach to understanding hemodynamics is by “feeling the pulse”. This gives simple information regarding the strength of the circulation via the systolic stroke and the heart rate, both important components of the circulation which may be altered in disease. The blood pressure can be simply measured using a plethysmograph or cuff connected to a pressure sensor (mercury or aneroid manometer). This is the most common clinical measure of circulation and provides a peak systolic pressure and a diastolic pressure, often quoted as a normal 115/75. Sometimes the mean arterial pressure is calculated.

MAP ≈ ((BP_dia × 2) + BP_sys)/3 mm_Hg (or torr)

BP_dia is counted twice since the heart spends two thirds of the heart beat cycle in the diastolic.

where:

MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure
BP_dia = Diastolic blood pressure
BP_sys = Systolic blood pressure.

The arterial pulse pressure can be measured by placing a tonometer or pressure sensor on the skin surface above an artery. This provides a continuous pressure trace or arterial pulse pressure waveform which reflects cardiovascular performance (Fig1). A non-invasive Doppler can also be used to measure blood flow at any point in the circulation, including within the heart, the CO, and can be converted to a pressure difference using the modified Bernoulli equation, ΔP=4V2. An invasive manometer (pressure sensor) can be inserted into an artery on the end of a catheter to measure intra-arterial pulse pressures providing information on cardiovascular performance. Importantly all of these measures should be accompanied by a measure of CO so that the function of the heart and vessels can be distinguished. This allows for more effective understanding and treatment of the cardiovascular system.

The heart and the vascular beds are a dynamic and connected part of the circulatory system and combine to effect efficient transportation of the blood. Circulation is influenced by the resistance of the vascular bed against which the heart is pumping. For the right heart this is the pulmonary vascular bed, creating Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR), while for the systemic circulation this is the systemic vascular bed, creating Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR). The vessels actively change diameter under the influence of physiology or therapy, vasoconstrictors decrease vessel diameter and increase resistance, while vasodilators increase vessel diameter and decrease resistance. Put simply increasing resistance (narrowing the vessel) decreases CO, and conversely decreased resistance (widening the vessel) increases CO.

This can be explained mathematically:

By simplifying Darcy's Law, we get the equation that:

Flow = Pressure/Resistance

When applied to the circulatory system, we get:

CO = 80 x (MAP – RAP)/TPR

RAP = Mean Right Atrial Pressure in mmHg and

TPR = Total Peripheral Resistance in dynes-sec-cm-5.

However, as MAP >> RAP, and RAP is approximately 0, this can be simplified to:

CO ~= 80 x MAP/TPR

For right heart CO ~= MAP/PVR

For left heart CO ~= MAP/SVR

Physiologists will often re-arrange this equation, making MAP the subject, to study the body's responses.

80 x MAP ~= CO x TPR

Hemodynamics both as a clinical medical and as a discipline in physiology and bioengineering has many layers of complexity, beginning in the modern sense in the 1950s. For further information see the references at the end of the article on the Windkessel effect, and also the 1954 reference to the dynamics of pulsatile blood flow below.

Since the blood flow and blood pressure controls are performed by the cardiovascular system on the basic clock of the system (i.e., the heartbeat) and not on a per-minute basis, the new concepts of "per-beat hemodynamics" have been introduced and propagated by the International Hemodynamic Society.^[1]

Monitoring[edit]

An anesthetic machine with integrated systems for monitoring of several hemodynamic parameters, including blood pressure and heart rate.

Hemodynamic monitoring is the observation of hemodynamic parameters over time, such as blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure can be monitored either invasively through an inserted blood pressure transducer assembly (providing continuous monitoring), or noninvasively by repeatedly measuring the blood pressure with an inflatable blood pressure cuff.

Notes and references[edit]

^ Concept summary of per-beat hemodynamics
Detailed explanation of per-beat hemodynamics

Bibliography[edit]

Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular physiology. 7th Ed Mosby 1997
Rowell LB. Human Cardiovascular Control. Oxford University press 1993
Braunwald E (Editor). Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th Ed. W.B.Saunders 1997
Siderman S, Beyar R, Kleber AG. Cardiac Electrophysiology, Circulation and Transport. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1991
American Heart Association
Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA. Recommendations for Quantification of Doppler Echocardiography: A Report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:167-184
Peterson LH, The Dynamics of Pulsatile Blood Flow, Circ. Res. 1954;2;127-139
Hemodynamic Monitoring, Bigatello LM, George E., Minerva Anestesiol, 2002 Apr;68(4):219-25

External links[edit]

Hemodynamic Society
Learn hemodynamics
Educational Particle Image Velocimetry (e-PIV) - resources and demonstrations

English Journal

The investigation of interspecies diversity of erythrocyte aggregation properties by two different photometric methods in four animal species.

Kiss F1, Toth E, Peto K, Miko I, Nemeth N.
Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl).2015 Mar 18. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12301. [Epub ahead of print]
Among the haemorheological parameters, red blood cell (RBC) aggregation shows the largest interspecies diversity, and often controversial data can be found in the literature, besides the methodology-dependent issues. In this present investigation, we compared four experimental/laboratory animal spec
PMID 25788141

Red blood cell distribution width and erythrocyte deformability in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Vayá A1, Rivera L1, de la Espriella R2, Sanchez F1, Suescun M1, Hernandez JL1, Fácila L2.
Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation.Clin Hemorheol Microcirc.2015 Jan 1;59(2):107-14. doi: 10.3233/CH-131751.
Increased RDW has been found to be a marker of adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the exact mechanism remains unclear. Recently, several authors have found that higher RDW is associated with decreased erythrocyte deformability, which can impair blood flow through microcircula
PMID 23752170

Effects of oxidative stress on red blood cell rheology in sickle cell patients.

Hierso R1, Waltz X, Mora P, Romana M, Lemonne N, Connes P, Hardy-Dessources MD.
British journal of haematology.Br J Haematol.2014 Aug;166(4):601-6. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12912. Epub 2014 Apr 23.
Sickle cell anaemia (SS) and sickle cell-haemoglobin C disease (SC) patients exhibit severe red blood cell (RBC) rheological alterations involved in the development of several complications. The contribution of oxidative stress in these haemorheological abnormalities is still unknown. We compared RB
PMID 24754710

Japanese Journal

Hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis associated with prosthetic heart valve replacement : rheological study of erythrocyte modifications

CAPRARI Patrizia,TARZIA Anna,MOJOLI Giorgio,CIANCIULLI Paolo,MANNELLA Emilio,MARTORANA Maria Cristina
International journal of hematology 89(3), 285-293, 2009-04-15
NAID 10025160624