haematuria

血尿

関

haematuric、hematuria、hematuric

WordNet

1. the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease (同)haematuria

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/17 17:37:16」(JST)

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Hematuria
Classification and external resources
Microscopic hematuria
ICD-10	N02, R31
ICD-9	599.7, 791.2
DiseasesDB	19635
MedlinePlus	003138
eMedicine	ped/951
MeSH	D006417

In medicine, hematuria, or haematuria, is the presence of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the urine. It may be idiopathic and/or benign, or it can be a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, prostate, and urethra), ranging from trivial to lethal. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells, then it is a signal of urinary tract infection.

Occasionally "hemoglobinuria" is used synonymously, although more precisely it refers only to hemoglobin in the urine.

Types

Red discoloration of the urine can have various causes:

• Red blood cells
  • Microscopic hematuria (small amounts of blood, can be seen only on urinalysis or light microscopy)
  • Macroscopic hematuria (or "frank" or "gross" hematuria)
• Hemoglobin (only the red pigment, not the red blood cells)
• Other pigments
  • Myoglobin in myoglobinuria
  • Porphyrins in porphyria
  • Betanin, after eating beets
  • Drugs such as rifampicin and phenazopyridine

Diagnosis

Acute hematuria due to trauma.

Often, the diagnosis is made on the basis of the medical history and some blood tests—especially in young people in whom the risk of malignancy is negligible and the symptoms are generally self-limiting.

Ultrasound investigation of the renal tract is often used to distinguish between various sources of bleeding. X-rays can be used to identify kidney stones, although CT scanning is more precise.

In older patients, cystoscopy with biopsy of suspected lesions is often employed to investigate for bladder cancer.

If combined with pain, it may be loin pain hematuria syndrome.

Causes

The most common causes of hematuria are:

• Urinary tract infection with viruses, other sexually transmitted diseases (particularly in women) or some bacterial species including strains of EPEC, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus

• Bladder stones
• Kidney stones or ureter stones
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia, in older men, especially those over 50

Other, less common causes of hematuria include:

• IgA nephropathy ("Berger's disease") - occurs during viral infections in predisposed patients
• Trauma (e.g., a blow to the kidneys)
• Tumors and/or cancer in the urinary system, for example bladder cancer or renal cell carcinoma
• Kidney diseases
• Urinary Schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium) - a major cause for hematuria in many African and Middle-Eastern countries;
• Prostate infection or inflammation (prostatitis)

Rare causes include:

• Benign familial hematuria
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria - a rare disease where hemoglobin of hemolyzed cells is passed into the urine
• Sickle cell trait can precipitate large amounts of red blood cell discharge, but only a small number of individuals endure this problem
• Arteriovenous malformation of the kidney (rare, but may impress like renal cell carcinoma on scans as both are highly vascular)
• Nephritic syndrome (a condition associated with post-streptococcal and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis)
• Fibrinoid necrosis of the Glomeruli (as a result of malignant hypertension)
• Vesical varices may rarely develop secondary to obstruction of the inferior vena cava
• Allergy may rarely cause episodic gross hematuria in children
• Left renal vein hypertension, also called "nutcracker phenomenon" or "nutcracker syndrome," is a rare vascular abnormality responsible for gross hematuria
• Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) is a rare condition beginning from birth in which the ureter is blocked between the kidney and bladder. This condition may cause blood in the urine
• March hematuria secondary to repetitive impacts on the body, usually the feet
• Athletic nephritis secondary to strenuous exercise
• Medications can cause red discoloration of the urine, but not hematuria. Some examples include: sulfonamides, quinine, rifampin, phenytoin
• Alport syndrome

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人における血尿の原因および評価 etiology and evaluation of hematuria in adults
• 2. 小児における顕微鏡的血尿の評価 evaluation of microscopic hematuria in children
• 3. 小児における肉眼的血尿の評価 evaluation of gross hematuria in children
• 4. 腰痛血尿症候群 loin pain hematuria syndrome
• 5. 運動誘発性血尿 exercise induced hematuria

English Journal

• Severe coagulation factor VII deficiency caused by a novel homozygous mutation (p. Trp284Gly) in loop 140s.

• Hao X1, Cheng X, Ye J, Wang Y, Yang L, Wang M, Jin Y.
• Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis.Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis.2016 Jun;27(4):461-3. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0000000000000499.
• Congenital coagulation factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a rare disorder caused by mutation in F7 gene. Herein, we reported a patient who had unexplained hematuria and vertigo with consanguineous parents. He has been diagnosed as having FVII deficiency based on the results of reduced FVII activity (2.
• PMID 26761581

• Altered stress fibers and integrin expression in the Malpighian epithelium of Drosophila type IV collagen mutants.

• Kiss AA1, Popovics N1, Szabó G1, Csiszár K2, Mink M1.
• Data in brief.Data Brief.2016 Mar 19;7:868-72. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.03.059. eCollection 2016.
• Basement membranes (BMs) are highly specialized extracellular matrices (ECMs) that provide support and polarization cues for epithelial cells. Proper adhesion to the BM is pivotal in epithelial cell function and survival. Type IV collagens are the predominant components of all types of BMs, that for
• PMID 27077087

• Identification of 47 novel mutations in patients with Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy.

• Weber S1, Strasser K1, Rath S2, Kittke A2, Beicht S2, Alberer M3, Lange-Sperandio B4, Hoyer PF1, Benz MR5, Ponsel S4, Weber LT5, Klein HG2, Hoefele J6,7.
• Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany).Pediatr Nephrol.2016 Jun;31(6):941-55. doi: 10.1007/s00467-015-3302-4. Epub 2016 Jan 25.
• BACKGROUND: Alport syndrome (ATS) is a progressive hereditary nephropathy characterized by hematuria and proteinuria. It can be associated with extrarenal manifestations. In contrast, thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) is characterized by microscopic hematuria, is largely asymptomatic, and is
• PMID 26809805

Japanese Journal

• Towards Schistosomiasis control and elimination: comprehensive interventions involving chemotherapy, health education, and environmental modification covering Japan, China, and Iraq: a literature review

• Asaad Asaad Mahdi
• 保健医療科学 60(5), 441-442, 2011-10
• … Papyrus of Kuhn (2000 BC) hieroglyphics were believed to refer to haematuria, a clinical sign of urinary schistosomiasis, and the Ebers Papyrus was said to give remedies for its cure, but this interpretation is questionable. …
• NAID 110009586556

• 常染色体性 Alport 症候群

• 岡 政史,野津 寛大,飯島 一誠,松尾 雅文
• 日本小児腎臓病学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of pediatric nephrology 23(1), 8-12, 2010-04-15
• 　Alport症候群 (AS) は感音性難聴を伴う遺伝性進行性腎疾患である。高頻度に末期腎不全に至るとされ臨床的に重要な疾患であるが，その臨床像，自然予後は十分には解明されていない。今回，分子遺伝学的特徴および近年報告された家族性良性血尿症候群との関連について，常染色体性Alport症候群を中心に概要をまとめる。
• NAID 10026412082

• Alport 症候群

• 野津 寛大,飯島 一誠,松尾 雅文
• 日本小児腎臓病学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of pediatric nephrology 21(2), 117-121, 2008-11-15
• 　Alport症候群は難聴を伴う遺伝性進行性腎疾患で，高頻度に末期腎不全へと進行する疾患である。中でも最も頻度の高い，X染色体連鎖型Alport症候群を中心に概要をまとめる。
• NAID 10025170337

Related Links

• Haematuria | Doctor | Patient - Symptom Checker, Health ...

Blood may originate from the kidney or the collecting system. Urine testing for haematuria should only be performed for identifiable clinical reasons;... ... Aetiology Common causes include UTI, bladder tumours, urinary tract stones ...

• haematuriaの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

haematuria in bladder cancer 〈英〉→ hematuria in bladder cancer - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

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リンク元	「hematuric」「haematuric」

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• 血尿の

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haematuria、haematuric、hematuria

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血尿の

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haematuria、hematuria、hematuric