| Streptococcus agalactiae |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Firmicutes |
| Class: |
Bacilli |
| Order: |
Lactobacillales |
| Family: |
Streptococcaceae |
| Genus: |
Streptococcus |
| Species: |
S. agalactiae |
| Binomial name |
Streptococcus agalactiae
Lehmann and Neumann, 1896 |
Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as Group B streptococcus or GBS) is a beta-hemolytic Gram-positive streptococcus.[1]
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Contents
- 1 Identification
- 2 Clinical significance
- 3 Prevention
- 4 Nonhuman infections
- 4.1 Cattle
- 4.2 Other animals
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
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Identification
This is an example of a positive CAMP test indicated by the formation of an arrowhead where the Strep group B (Streptococcus agalactiae) meets the Staphylococcus aureus (white middle streak).
The CAMP test is an important test for identification. GBS (group B Streptococcus species) are screened through this test. It is characterized by the presence of group B Lancefield antigen and by its ability to hydrolyze sodium hippurate.[2]
It is also sensitive to bile, and will lyse in its presence.
S. agalactiae's polysaccharide antiphagocytic capsule is its main virulence factor.
Clinical significance
S. agalactiae is a member of the gastrointestinal normal flora in some humans and can spread to secondary sites - including the vagina in 10–30% of women. This is of clinical importance: S. agalactiae can be transferred to a neonate passing through the birth canal and can cause serious group B streptococcal infection.[1] In the western world, S. agalactiae is the major cause of bacterial septicemia of the newborn, which can lead to death or long-term sequelae. S. agalactiae invades via alveolar and pulmonary epithelial cells; newborns are especially susceptible to infection because they lack alveolar macrophages to prevent invasion. Newborn GBS disease is separated into early-onset disease occurring on living days 0–7 and late-onset disease which starts on days 7–90. Early-onset septicemia is more prone to be accompanied by pneumonia, while late-onset septicimia is more often accompanied by meningitis. S. agalactiae neonatal meningitis doesn't present with the hallmark sign of adult meningitis, a stiff neck; rather, it presents with nonspecific symptoms, such as fever, vomiting and irritability, and can consequently lead to late diagnosis.[1] Hearing loss can be a long-term sequela of GBS-meningitis. Infection with GBS is the cause of some instances of stillbirth.
S. agalactiae is present in up to one-third of women of childbearing age, and 1.8 cases per 1000 live births will be affected by group B streptococcal infection.[1] In the elderly or persons with compromised immune systems, septicemia or other serious infections are seen. This can also occur during pregnancy or maternity.
Prevention
There is no reliable way to prevent newborn disease, currently; however, prophylactic treatment with antibiotics (typically intravenous penicillin) during delivery can prevent early-onset disease.[1] Vaccination of adolescent women is considered an ideal solution; though research for the development of such a vaccine is underway, a good candidate vaccine has yet to surface.
Different western countries use different strategies to select which women in labor are most likely to need antibiotics.
- The United States uses the most effective strategy: all pregnant women are screened for S. agalactiae[3] and prophylactic antibiotics are given to all women testing positive . Because of this strategy, the US has seen a marked reduction in babies born with early-onset infection.[4]
- Increasingly, western countries are screening pregnant women routinely for GBS, including USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Australia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Kenya and Argentina, with others offering a less effective risk-based strategy at time of delivery, including the UK, Denmark and Bulgaria.
- Part of the neonatal care in Mexico includes undergoing a screening with culture of a cervicovaginal swab during the third trimester of pregnancy, though chemoprophylaxis based on positive results remains below 50%.[5]
Nonhuman infections
S.agalactiae has been found in many mammals such as camels, dogs, cats, crocodiles, seals or dolphins.
Cattle
S.agalactiae was recognised as a pathogen in cattle before the Second World War. Its significance as human pathogen was not discovered before the 1950s. In cattle it causes mastitis, an infection of the udder. It can either give acute, febrile disease or sub-acute, more chronic disease. Both lead to diminishing milk production (hence its name: agalactiae meaning "no milk"). Outbreaks in herds are common. This is of major significance for the dairy industry and programs to reduce the impact of S.agalactiae disease have been enforced in many countries over at least the last 30–40 years.[6]
Other animals
Fisheries and wildlife officers from Queensland, Australia, have been investigating the deaths of more than 50 grouper fish, between 2008 and 2010, that have washed up dead on beaches in the north of the state. The fish had been infected with S. agalactiae.[7]
See also
- Group B streptococcal infection
- Streptococcus
References
- ^ a b c d e Ryan KJ, Ray CG, et al, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 286–8. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ Smith JP, Durfee KK, Marymont JH (March 1979). "A review of laboratory methods for identification of group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae)". Am J Med Technol 45 (3): 199–204. PMID 371403.
- ^ Apgar BS, Greenberg G, Yen G (March 2005). "Prevention of group B streptococcal disease in the newborn". Am Fam Physician 71 (5): 903–10. PMID 15768620.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (February 2009). "Trends in Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease - United States, 2000-2006". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 58 (5): 109–112. PMID 19214159. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5805a2.htm.
- ^ Maternal chemoprophylaxis against group B Streptococcus colonization. The consequences of not adopting the international recommendation. Jesús Reyna-Figueroa, M en C M; Federico Javier Ortiz-Ibarra, MC; Beatriz Pérez-Antonio, MC; Sujey Navarro-Godínez, MC; Gerardo Casanova-Román, M en C BM; Laura Erika García-Carrillo, MC. Salud pública Méx v.50 n.2 Cuernavaca mar./abr. 2008
- ^ Keefe GP (July 1997). "Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis: a review". Can Vet J 38 (3): 199–204. PMC 1576741. PMID 9220132. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1576741/.
- ^ Paull, Nathan (April 6, 2010). "Mystery groper deaths". Townsville Bulletin. http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.au/article/2010/04/05/127795_news.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
External links
- Group B Strep Association
- Group B Strep Support
- Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease August 16, 2002 MMWR 2000;49:228-232.
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Firmicutes (low-G+C) Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: G+ (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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| Bacilli |
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Lactobacillales
(Cat-)
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Streptococcus
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α
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optochin susceptible: S. pneumoniae (Pneumococcal infection)
optochin resistant: S. viridans: S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, milleri group
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β
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A, bacitracin susceptible: S. pyogenes (Scarlet fever, Erysipelas, Rheumatic fever, Streptococcal pharyngitis)
B, bacitracin resistant, CAMP test+: S. agalactiae
ungrouped: Streptococcus iniae (Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection)
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γ
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D, BEA+: Streptococcus bovis
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Enterococcus
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BEA+: Enterococcus faecalis (Urinary tract infection) · Enterococcus faecium
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Bacillales
(Cat+)
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Staphylococcus
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Cg+ S. aureus (Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, Toxic shock syndrome, MRSA)
Cg- novobiocin susceptible (S. epidermidis) · novobiocin resistant (S. saprophyticus)
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Bacillus
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Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) · Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
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Listeria
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Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis)
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| Clostridia |
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Clostridium (spore-forming)
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motile: Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis) · Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) · Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
nonmotile: Clostridium perfringens (Gas gangrene, Clostridial necrotizing enteritis)
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Peptostreptococcus (non-spore forming)
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Peptostreptococcus magnus
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| Mollicutes |
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Mycoplasmataceae
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Ureaplasma urealyticum (Ureaplasma infection) · Mycoplasma genitalium · Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mycoplasma pneumonia)
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Anaeroplasmatales
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Erysipeloid)
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gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o
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