グランザイム
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/09/06 12:11:37」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Granzymes are serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. Their purpose is to induce apoptosis within virus-infected cells, thus destroying them.[1]
Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells release a protein called perforin, which attacks the target cells. Researchers used to think that perforin creates pores within the cell membranes, through which the granzymes can enter, inducing apoptosis. However, new evidence indicates that a multimeric complex (Granzyme B, perforin, and granulysin) can enter a cell through the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (or another receptor found in tumor cells) and is enclosed in a vesicle (a sac).[2] Perforin then allows GrB to pass through the vesicle surface and into the cell, causing apoptosis by various pathways.
They do so by cleaving caspases (especially caspase-3), which in turn activates caspase-activated DNase. This enzyme degrades DNA, thus inducing apoptotic cascades. Also, GrB cleaves the protein Bid, which recruits the protein Bax and Bak to change the membrane permeability of the mitochondria, causing the release of cytochrome c (which is one of the parts needed to activate caspase-9 via the Apoptosome), Smac/Diablo and Omi/HtrA2 (which suppress the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins(IAPs)), among other proteins. As well, GrB is shown to cleave many of the chemicals responsible for apoptosis without the aid of caspase, as proven by experiments on caspase knockout mice CTL cells incubated with other cells.
Granzyme secretion can be detected and measured using Western Blot or ELISA techniques. Granzyme secreting cells can be identified and quantified by flow cytometry or ELISPOT. Alternatively, granzyme activity can be assayed by virtue of their protease activity.
Genes
References
- ^ Bots M, Medema JP (2006). "Granzymes at a glance". J. Cell. Sci. 119 (Pt 24): 5011–4. doi:10.1242/jcs.03239. PMID 17158907.
- ^ Buzza MS, Bird PI (2006). "Extracellular granzymes: current perspectives". Biol. Chem. 387 (7): 827–37. doi:10.1515/BC.2006.106. PMID 16913832.
Endopeptidases: serine proteases/serine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21)
|
|
Digestive enzymes |
Enteropeptidase · Trypsin · Chymotrypsin · Elastase (Neutrophil, Pancreatic)
|
|
Coagulation |
factors: Thrombin · Factor VIIa · Factor IXa · Factor Xa · Factor XIa · Factor XIIa · Kallikrein (PSA, KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15)
fibrinolysis: Plasmin · Plasminogen activator (Tissue plasminogen activator · Urinary plasminogen activator)
|
|
Complement system |
Factor B · Factor D · Factor I · MASP (MASP1, MASP2) · C3-convertase
|
|
Other immune system |
Chymase · Granzyme · Tryptase · Proteinase 3/Myeloblastin
|
|
Venombin |
Ancrod · Batroxobin
|
|
Other |
Acrosin · Prolyl endopeptidase · Pronase · Proprotein convertases (1, 2) · Reelin · Subtilisin/Furin · Streptokinase · S1P · Cathepsin (A, G)
|
|
- B
- enzm
- 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 2.7.10
- 2.7.11-12
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
|
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- hIL-15 gene-modified human natural killer cells (NKL-IL15) augments the anti-human hepatocellular carcinoma effect in vivo.
- Jiang W1, Zhang C1, Tian Z1, Zhang J2.
- Immunobiology.Immunobiology.2014 Jul;219(7):547-53. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.03.007. Epub 2014 Mar 20.
- Genetic modification of NK cells may provide new possibilities for developing effective cancer immunotherapy by improving NK cell function and specificity. We previously established human interleukin-15 (hIL-15) gene-modified NKL cells (NKL-IL15) and demonstrated their therapeutic efficiency against
- PMID 24721706
- Different phenotypes of CD8+ T cells associated with bacterial load in active tuberculosis.
- Silva BD1, Trentini MM1, da Costa AC1, Kipnis A1, Junqueira-Kipnis AP2.
- Immunology letters.Immunol Lett.2014 Jul;160(1):23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Mar 30.
- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects millions of people worldwide with an annual mortality rate of 1.3 million. The mechanisms contributing to the loss of balance of immune responses and progression to active tuberculosis disease are unknown. Although CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the cyto
- PMID 24694750
- Immunopathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever: contribution to the study of human liver lesions.
- Pagliari C1, Quaresma JA, Fernandes ER, Stegun FW, Brasil RA, de Andrade HF Jr, Barros V, Vasconcelos PF, Duarte MI.
- Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 Jul;86(7):1193-7. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23758. Epub 2013 Sep 23.
- Dengue infection is an important tropical disease worldwide. The host immune response has been studied in order to better understand lesion mechanisms. It was performed an immunohistochemical study in 14 specimens of liver from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) to characterize cytokines a
- PMID 24114877
Japanese Journal
- Z-100, an Immunomodulatory Extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain Aoyama B, Prevents Spontaneous Lymphatic Metastasis of B16-BL6 Melanoma
- Horii Takayuki,Yoshinaga Koji,Kobayashi Nobuyoshi,Seto Koichi,Orikawa Yuki,Okamoto Masahiro,Eta Runa,Ohira Yuta,Katsunuma Kokichi,Hori Yuko,Tanaka Takao,Takei Mineo
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(4), 642-647, 2014
- … On day twenty-one after the injection, the right inguinal lymph nodes were excised, and the extent of metastasis, the number of immune cells, and the amount of granzyme B protein in the lymph nodes were examined. … Further, mice that had been given Z-100 were found to have more immune cells and granzyme B protein in the lymph nodes than control mice. …
- NAID 130003390982
- 細胞障害分子の診断的意味 (特集 血液腫瘍と細胞表面抗原)
- Expression of Endometrial Immune-related Genes Possibly Functioning During Early Pregnancy in the Mare
- TACHIBANA Yurika,NAKANO Yasuko,NAGAOKA Kentaro,KIKUCHI Masato,NAMBO Yasuo,HANEDA Shingo,MATSUI Motozumi,MIYAKE Yo-ichi,IMAKAWA Kazuhiko
- The Journal of reproduction and development 59(1), 85-91, 2013-02-01
- NAID 10031156816
Related Links
- Buy Granzyme antibodies from Santa Cruz. Select a Granzyme antibody from 19 monoclonal and 24 polyclonal antibodies. Granzyme si/shRNA products also available. ... HOVERcruz ,を紹介します。 a unique system for rapid ...
- 米国CST社の日本法人CSTジャパン株式会社【公式サイト】Granzyme B Antibodyページ。高品質の研究用試薬、米国本社の開発研究者による技術的サポートをご提供しております。
Related Pictures