granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

同

G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor

WordNet

1. a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country (同)dependency
2. a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home states system of government; "the American colony in Paris" (同)settlement
3. (microbiology) a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell
4. a group of organisms of the same type living or growing together
5. a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated; "a nudist colony"; "an artists colony"
6. be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
7. any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
8. an independent variable in statistics
9. anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
10. consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
11. resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
12. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
13. a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
14. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
15. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
16. the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos (同)Costa Rican colon
17. the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos (同)El Salvadoran colon
18. a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)
19. the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
20. rousing or quickening activity or the senses; "a stimulating discussion"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『植民地』 / 植民団,居留民;(外国人の)集団居留地 / (同ど人種・宗教・職業などの人たちが住む)『集団』,部落 / (動物・鳥・虫などの)集団;(生物の)群体,群落《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the Colonies》アメリカ合衆国を形成した13州のイギリス植民地
2. (…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
3. 〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
4. コロン(:)(句読点の一種で,文中においてセミコロン以上を分離を示すほか,対照,例証,引用文などを示すのに用いる)
5. (大腸の)結腸[部]
6. 刺激する;激励する,元気づける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/22 10:57:17」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Not to be confused with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte)
Ribbon diagram showing three molecules of human G-CSF. From PDB: 1rhg
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1CD9, 1GNC, 1PGR, 1RHG, 2D9Q
Identifiers
Symbols	CSF3 ; C17orf33; CSF3OS; GCSF
External IDs	OMIM: 138970 MGI: 1339751 HomoloGene: 7677 GeneCards: CSF3 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • cytokine activity • granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor binding • growth factor activity • enzyme binding Cellular component • extracellular space Biological process • immune response • multicellular organismal development • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway • positive regulation of actin filament polymerization • granulocyte differentiation • positive regulation of protein binding • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation • positive regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus • positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide • cellular response to cytokine stimulus • negative regulation of neuron death • positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1440	12985
Ensembl	ENSG00000108342	ENSMUSG00000038067
UniProt	P09919	P09920
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000759	NM_009971
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000750	NP_034101
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 40.02 – 40.02 Mb	Chr 11: 98.7 – 98.7 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF 3), is a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream. Functionally, it is a cytokine and hormone, a type of colony-stimulating factor, and is produced by a number of different tissues. The pharmaceutical analogs of naturally occurring G-CSF are called filgrastim and lenograstim.

G-CSF also stimulates the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of neutrophil precursors and mature neutrophils. G-CSF regulates them using Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signal transduction pathway.

Discovery

Mouse granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was first recognised and purified in Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia in 1983, and the human form was cloned by groups from Japan and Germany/United States in 1986.

Biological function

G-CSF is produced by endothelium, macrophages, and a number of other immune cells. The natural human glycoprotein exists in two forms, a 174- and 177-amino-acid-long protein of molecular weight 19,600 grams per mole. The more-abundant and more-active 174-amino acid form has been used in the development of pharmaceutical products by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology.

The G-CSF-receptor is present on precursor cells in the bone marrow, and, in response to stimulation by G-CSF, initiates proliferation and differentiation into mature granulocytes. G-CSF is also a potent inducer of HSCs mobilization from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, although it has been shown that it does not directly affect the hematopoietic progenitors that are mobilized.

Beside the effect on the hematopoietic system, G-CSF can also act on neuronal cells as a neurotrophic factor. Indeed, its receptor is expressed by neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The action of G-CSF in the central nervous system is to induce neurogenesis, to increase the neuroplasticity and to counteract apoptosis. These properties are currently under investigations for the development of treatments of neurological diseases such as cerebral ischemia.

Genetics

The gene for G-CSF is located on chromosome 17, locus q11.2-q12. Nagata et al. found that the GCSF gene has 4 introns, and that 2 different polypeptides are synthesized from the same gene by differential splicing of mRNA.

The 2 polypeptides differ by the presence or absence of 3 amino acids. Expression studies indicate that both have authentic GCSF activity.

It is thought that stability of the G-CSF mRNA is regulated by an RNA element called the G-CSF factor stem-loop destabilising element.

Therapeutic use

G-CSF stimulates the production of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. In oncology and hematology, a recombinant form of G-CSF is used with certain cancer patients to accelerate recovery from neutropenia after chemotherapy, allowing higher-intensity treatment regimens. Chemotherapy can cause myelosuppression and unacceptably low levels of white blood cells, making patients susceptible to infections and sepsis.It is administered to oncology patients via subcutaneous or intravenous routes.

G-CSF is also used to increase the number of hematopoietic stem cells in the blood of the donor before collection by leukapheresis for use in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. For this purpose, G-CSF appears to be safe in pregnancy during implantation as well as during the second and third trimesters. Breastfeeding should be withheld for 3 days after CSF administration to allow for clearance of it from the milk.

G-CSF may also be given to the receiver in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, to compensate for conditioning regimens.

Itescu planned in 2004 to use G-CSF to treat heart degeneration by injecting it into the blood-stream, plus SDF (stromal cell-derived factor) directly to the heart.

A Washington University School of Medicine study in mice has shown that G-CSF may decrease bone mineral density.

Due to its neuroprotective properties, G-CSF is currently under investigation for cerebral ischemia in a clinical phase IIb and several clinical pilot studies are published for other neurological disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Sweet's syndrome is a known side effect of using this drug.

It was first marketed by Amgen with the brand name Neupogen. Several bio-generic versions are now also available in markets such as Europe and Australia.

The recombinant human G-CSF synthesised in an E. coli expression system is called filgrastim. The structure of filgrastim differs slightly from the structure of the natural glycoprotein. Most published studies have used filgrastim. Filgrastim (Neupogen) and PEG-filgrastim (Neulasta) are two commercially-available forms of rhG-CSF (recombinant human G-CSF). The PEG (polyethylene glycol) form has a much longer half-life, reducing the necessity of daily injections.

Another form of recombinant human G-CSF called lenograstim is synthesised in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO cells). As this is a mammalian cell expression system, lenograstim is indistinguishable from the 174-amino acid natural human G-CSF. No clinical or therapeutic consequences of the differences between filgrastim and lenograstim have yet been identified, but there are no formal comparative studies.

G-CSF when given early after exposure to radiation may improve white blood cell counts, and is stockpiled for use in radiation incidents.

People who have been administered colony-stimulating factors do not have a higher risk of leukemia than people who have not.

See also

• PEGylation

References

Further reading

• Duarte RF, Franf DA (2003). "The synergy between stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF): molecular basis and clinical relevance". Leuk. Lymphoma 43 (6): 1179–87. doi:10.1080/10428190290026231. PMID 12152985. 
• Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M (2005). "Hematopoietic cytokines as tumor markers". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 42 (12): 1347–54. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.253. PMID 15576295. 
• Sallerfors B, Olofsson T (1993). "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) secretion by adherent monocytes measured by quantitative immunoassays". Eur. J. Haematol. 49 (4): 199–207. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.1992.tb00047.x. PMID 1281454. 
• Zink T, Ross A, Ambrosius D et al. (1993). "Secondary structure of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor derived from NMR spectroscopy". FEBS Lett. 314 (3): 435–9. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81521-M. PMID 1281794.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Kubota N, Orita T, Hattori K et al. (1990). "Structural characterization of natural and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factors". J. Biochem. 107 (3): 486–92. PMID 1692828.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Nagata S, Tsuchiya M, Asano S et al. (1986). "The chromosomal gene structure and two mRNAs for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor". EMBO J. 5 (3): 575–81. PMC 1166801. PMID 2423327.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Simmers RN, Smith J, Shannon MF et al. (1988). "Localization of the human G-CSF gene to the region of a breakpoint in the translocation typical of acute promyelocytic leukemia". Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 134–6. doi:10.1007/BF00278182. PMID 2448221.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Tweardy DJ, Cannizzaro LA, Palumbo AP et al. (1988). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) from a glioblastoma multiforme cell line and localization of the G-CSF gene to chromosome band 17q21". Oncogene Res. 1 (3): 209–20. PMID 2453015.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Tsuchiya M, Nomura H, Asano S et al. (1987). "Characterization of recombinant human granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor produced in mouse cells". EMBO J. 6 (3): 611–6. PMC 553441. PMID 3034599.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Devlin JJ, Devlin PE, Myambo K et al. (1987). "Expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor by human cell lines". J. Leukoc. Biol. 41 (4): 302–6. PMID 3494801.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Kanda N, Fukushige S, Murotsu T et al. (1987). "Human gene coding for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is assigned to the q21-q22 region of chromosome 17". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (6): 679–84. doi:10.1007/BF01534488. PMID 3499671.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Le Beau MM, Lemons RS, Carrino JJ et al. (1988). "Chromosomal localization of the human G-CSF gene to 17q11 proximal to the breakpoint of the t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia". Leukemia 1 (12): 795–9. PMID 3501046.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Zink T, Ross A, Lüers K et al. (1994). "Structure and dynamics of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor determined by NMR spectroscopy. Loop mobility in a four-helix-bundle protein". Biochemistry 33 (28): 8453–63. doi:10.1021/bi00194a009. PMID 7518249.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Corcione A, Baldi L, Zupo S et al. (1994). "Spontaneous production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro by human B-lineage lymphocytes is a distinctive marker of germinal center cells". J. Immunol. 153 (7): 2868–77. PMID 7522243.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Watari K, Ozawa K, Tajika K et al. (1994). "Production of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor by various kinds of stromal cells in vitro detected by enzyme immunoassay and in situ hybridization". Stem Cells 12 (4): 416–23. doi:10.1002/stem.5530120409. PMID 7524894.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• Hill CP, Osslund TD, Eisenberg D (1993). "The structure of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and its relationship to other growth factors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (11): 5167–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.11.5167. PMC 46676. PMID 7685117. 
• Haniu M, Horan T, Arakawa T et al. (1996). "Extracellular domain of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor. Interaction with its ligand and identification of a domain in close proximity of ligand-binding region". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 324 (2): 344–56. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.0047. PMID 8554326.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
• McCracken S, Layton JE, Shorter SC et al. (1996). "Expression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and its receptor is regulated during the development of the human placenta". J. Endocrinol. 149 (2): 249–58. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1490249. PMID 8708536.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

External links

• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 化学療法による好中球減少症を有する成人患者と、急性白血病、骨髄異形成症候群、造血細胞移植以外の病態を有する成人患者における顆粒球コロニー刺激因子の利用 use of granulocyte colony stimulating factors in adult patients with chemotherapy induced neutropenia and conditions other than acute leukemia myelodysplastic syndrome and hematopoietic cell transplantation
• 2. 組換え造血成長因子の概要 introduction to recombinant hematopoietic growth factors
• 3. 骨髄造血の制御 regulation of myelopoiesis
• 4. 好酸球の生物学および好酸球増多症の原因 eosinophil biology and causes of eosinophilia
• 5. 敗血症に対する治験剤および無効剤 investigational and ineffective therapies for sepsis

English Journal

• The use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induced mobilization for isolation of dental pulp stem cells with high regenerative potential.

• Murakami M, Horibe H, Iohara K, Hayashi Y, Osako Y, Takei Y, Nakata K, Motoyama N, Kurita K, Nakashima M.SourceDepartment of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, 35 Gengo, Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Dec;34(36):9036-47. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.011. Epub 2013 Aug 27.
• Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) contain subsets of progenitor/stem cells with high angiogenic, neurogenic and regenerative potential useful for cell therapy. It is essential to develop a safe and efficacious method to isolate the clinical-grade DPSCs subsets from a small amount of pulp tissue w
• PMID 23988014

• Nanoparticles-based multi-adjuvant whole cell tumor vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.

• Liu SY, Wei W, Yue H, Ni DZ, Yue ZG, Wang S, Fu Q, Wang YQ, Ma GH, Su ZG.SourceNational Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Nov;34(33):8291-300. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.020. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
• Whole cell tumor vaccine (WCTV), as a potential treatment modality, elicits limited immune responses because of the poor immunogenicity. To address this issue, researchers have attempted to transduce a cytokine adjuvant into tumor cells, but these single-adjuvant WCTVs curtail the high expectations.
• PMID 23910466

• Multiplex analyses of cytokine and chemokine release from the cultured fibroblast of nasal polyps: the effect of IL-17A.

• Homma H, Kamiya K, Kusunoki T, Ikeda K.SourceDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.
• Acta oto-laryngologica.Acta Otolaryngol.2013 Oct;133(10):1065-72. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2013.796091.
• Abstract Conclusion: Our results demonstrate for the first time a potentially enhanced basal secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin (IL)-17A-stimulated secretion of IL-6 from nasal polyp fibroblasts, enhanced basal secretion of IL-6 from eosinophilic nasal polyp fibr
• PMID 24032570

Japanese Journal

• 造血器腫瘍の治療におけるG-CSF適正使用 (第77回日本血液学会学術集会 教育講演特集号) -- (支持療法)

• 薄井 紀子
• 臨床血液 56(10), 2267-2276, 2015-10
• NAID 40020597604

• 前立腺がんに対するカバジタキセルの適正使用について (特集 婦人科がん・泌尿器がん)

• 近藤 千紘
• 腫瘍内科 = Clinical oncology 16(2), 143-149, 2015-08
• NAID 40020571500

• がん治療におけるG-CSF適正使用ガイドラインとその改訂

• 馬場 英司,内野 慶太
• 血液内科 = Hematology 71(1), 175-180, 2015-07
• NAID 40020550126

Related Links

• Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) | Cancer ...

G-CSF is also called granulocyte colony stimulating factor. It is a man made version of proteins that stimulate the bone marrow to make white blood cells. ... View a transcript of the video showing how to give a subcutaneous ...

• Use of granulocyte colony stimulating factors in adult patients ...

Use of granulocyte colony stimulating factors in adult patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and conditions other than acute leukemia, myelodysplastic ... To continue reading this article, you must log in with your personal ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「サイトカイン」「G-CSF」「顆粒球コロニー刺激因子」「granulocyte colony stimulating factor」
拡張検索	「granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor」「recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor」
関連記事	「fact」「factor」「stimulating」「colony」「colon」

「サイトカイン」

　　[★]

cyto=cell kin(e)=small substance

ex. manikine

細胞が分泌する糖タンパク質で、生物活性(増殖・分化・タンパク産生誘導などを)を有するもの

英

cytokine, cytokines

関

サイトカイン受容体、インターロイキン、リンホカイン

生態情報伝達方式

• 傍分泌系、自己分泌系により情報を伝達する。局所ホルモンともいえる(ホルモンは血流を介して他臓器に働く)

産生細胞・機能による分類名

• インターロイキン
• リンホカイン
• モノカイン
• ケモカイン
• その他(TNFTGF-βTNF)

機能

機能	サブグループ	サイトカイン	標的	機能
炎症性サイトカイン	TNFファミリー	TNF-α	白血球、上皮細胞	活性化
	インターロイキン	IL-1	上皮細胞、リンパ球	活性化
		IL-6	種々の細胞	活性化
		IL-8	白血球	炎症部位遊走
T細胞の増殖・分化	インターロイキン	IL-2	T細胞	活性化。増殖
		IL-4	T細胞	増殖
			Th2細胞	分化誘導
		IL-12	Th1細胞	分化誘導
	インターフェロン	IFN-γ	Th2細胞	分化抑制
B細胞の増殖・分化	インターロイキン	IL-2	B細胞	活性化
		IL-4	B細胞	活性化、増殖、分化
		IL-5	B細胞	活性化、増殖
		IL-6	B細胞	増殖、分化
		TGF-β	B細胞	分化(IgA分泌)
アレルギー調節サイトカイン	インターロイキン	IL-3	肥満細胞	増殖、分化促進
		IL-4	B細胞	IgEクラススイッチ促進
		IL-5	好酸球	増殖、分化促進
		IL-13	B細胞	IgEクラススイッチ促進
	インターフェロン	IFN-γ	B細胞	IgEクラススイッチ抑制
走化性サイトカイン(ケモカイン)	CCケモカイン	MIP-1	好中球	遊走
		MIP-2
		RANTES	単球
	CXCケモカイン	IL-8	好中球、リンパ球、好塩基球
		SDF-1
造血系サイトカイン		SCF
	インターロイキン	IL-7
		erythropoietin
	コロニー刺激因子	GM-CSF
		G-CSF
		M-CSF

組み換えサイトカインと臨床利用 first aid step1 2006 p.327

agent		clinical uses
aldesleukin	interleukin-2	renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma
erythropoietin	epoetin	anemias (especially in renal failure)
filgrastim	granulocyte colony-stimulating factor	recovery of bone marrow
sargramostim	granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor	recovery of bone marrow
α-interferon		hepatitis B and C, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemias, malignant melanoma
β-interferon		multiple sclerosis
γ-interferon		chronic granulomatous disease
oprelvekin	interleukin-11	thrombocytopenia
thrombopoietin		thrombocytopenia

「G-CSF」

　　[★] granulocyte colony-stimulating factor granulocyte colony stimulating factor

「顆粒球コロニー刺激因子」

　　[★]

英

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor、G-CSF

「granulocyte colony stimulating factor」

　　[★] granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF

「granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor」

　　[★]

• 顆粒球コロニー刺激因子受容体、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子レセプター

関

G-CSF receptor

「recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor」

　　[★]

• 組換え顆粒球コロニー刺激因子

「fact」

　　[★]

• n.

• 事実、現状、実際、実態

関

actual、actually、in fact、in practice、indeed、practically

　 　 　 　 　

「factor」

　　[★]

• n.

• 因子、要因、要素、ファクター

関

element、elementary、factorial、parameter

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「stimulating」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 刺激的な

関

exciting、irritant

　 　

「colony」

　　[★]

• n.

• (細菌の)コロニー

　 　 　 　 　 　

「colon」

　　[★] 結腸