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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/19 13:14:33」(JST)

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Gnotobiosis (from Greek roots gnostos 'known' and bios 'life') is a condition in which all the forms of life present within an organism can be accounted for. Typically gnotobiotic organisms are germfree or gnotophoric (having only one contaminant).

Gnotobiotic animals

A gnotobiotic animal is an animal in which only certain known strains of bacteria and other microorganisms are present. Technically, the term also includes germ-free animals, as the status of their microbial communities is also known.^[1] However, the term gnotobiotic is often incorrectly contrasted with germ-free.

Gnotobiotic animals (also 'gnotobiotes' or 'gnotobionts') are born in aseptic conditions, which may include removal from the mother by Caesarean section and immediate transfer of the newborn to an isolator where all incoming air, food and water is sterilized.^[2] Such animals are normally reared in a sterile or microbially-controlled laboratory environment, and they are only exposed to those microorganisms that the researchers wish to have present in the animal. These gnotobionts are used to study the symbiotic relationships between an animal and one or more of the microorganisms that may inhabit its body. This technique is important for microbiologists because it allows them to study only a select few symbiotic interactions at a time (see Scientific control), whereas animals that develop under normal conditions may quickly acquire a microbiota that includes hundreds or thousands of unique organisms.

Animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony often have poorly developed immune systems, lower cardiac output, thin intestinal walls and high susceptibility to infectious pathogens.^[2]

Such animals may also be used in animal production, especially in the rearing of pigs. After the Caesarean birth, these animals are introduced to their natural microflora in a stepwise fashion. This avoids undesired infections and leads to faster growth.

References

^ Reyniers JA (1959). "Germfree Vertebrates: Present Status". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 78 (1): 3. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb53091.x.
^ ^a ^b Foster, John W. and Slonczewski, Joan L. (2009). Microbiology, An Evolving Science. W. W. Norton. p. 871. ISBN 978-0-393-93447-2.

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1. 成人におけるウイルス性胃腸炎の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of viral gastroenteritis in adults
2. 移植片対宿主病の病因 pathogenesis of graft versus host disease

English Journal

Tandem truncated rotavirus VP8* subunit protein with T cell epitope as non-replicating parenteral vaccine is highly immunogenic.

Wen X1, Cao D2, Jones RW3, Hoshino Y3, Yuan L2.
Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics.Hum Vaccin Immunother.2015 Oct 3;11(10):2483-9. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1054583.
The two currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®), are highly efficacious in the developed countries. However, the efficacy of such vaccines in resource deprived countries in Africa and Southeast Asia is low. We reported previously that a bacterially-expressed rot
PMID 26091081

A Gnotobiotic Pig Model for Determining Human Norovirus Inactivation by High-Pressure Processing.

Lou F1, Ye M2, Ma Y3, Li X2, DiCaprio E3, Chen H2, Krakowka S3, Hughes J4, Kingsley D5, Li J6.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2015 Oct 1;81(19):6679-87. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01566-15. Epub 2015 Jul 17.
Human norovirus (NoV) is responsible for over 90% of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and accounts for 60% of cases of foodborne illness in the United States. Currently, the infectivity of human NoVs is poorly understood due to the lack of a cell culture system. In this stud
PMID 26187968

Regulators of Gut Motility Revealed by a Gnotobiotic Model of Diet-Microbiome Interactions Related to Travel.

Dey N1, Wagner VE2, Blanton LV2, Cheng J2, Fontana L3, Haque R4, Ahmed T4, Gordon JI5.
Cell.Cell.2015 Sep 24;163(1):95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.059.
To understand how different diets, the consumers' gut microbiota, and the enteric nervous system (ENS) interact to regulate gut motility, we developed a gnotobiotic mouse model that mimics short-term dietary changes that happen when humans are traveling to places with different culinary traditions.
PMID 26406373

Japanese Journal

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 宿主認識分子の多型解析と豚マイコプラズマ肺炎制御技術への応用 : 豚TLR2の1塩基多型(C406G→P136A)を含むアリルのMhpノトバイオート感染に対する効果

宗田吉広,新開浩樹,柴田千尋,皆川遊,小川洋介,芝原友幸,下地善弘,上西博英
日本マイコプラズマ学会雑誌 = Japanese Journal of Mycoplasmology 36, 52-56, 2010-03-31
NAID 10026388772

Immune Response of Gnotobiotic Piglets against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae(Immunology)

MUNETA Yoshihiro,MINAGAWA Yu,SHIMOJI Yoshihiro,OGAWA Yohsuke,HIKONO Hirokazu,MORI Yasuyuki
The journal of veterinary medical science 70(10), 1065-1070, 2008-10-25
… In this study, several cytokine responses were investigated during Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection using a gnotobiotic infection model. … These results suggested that Mhp infection modulates the immune response of pigs by inducing several cytokines, and causes immuno-suppression of pigs in a gnotobiotic condition. …
NAID 110006967089