原尿、腎糸球体濾液、糸球体濾液

WordNet

the product of filtration; a gas or liquid that has been passed through a filter
of or relating to glomeruli

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ろ過水,ろ過液 / =filter

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/28 16:30:57」(JST)

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Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney

In renal physiology, ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys. As in nonbiological examples of ultrafiltration, pressure (in this case blood pressure) and concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane (provided by the podocytes). The Bowman's capsule contains a dense capillary network called the glomerulus. Blood flows into these capillaries through the afferent arterioles and leaves through the efferent arterioles.

The high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules in the tubular fluid such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood in the glomerular capsule across the basement membrane of the Bowman's capsule and into the renal tubules. This process is called ultrafiltration; the resulting fluid, virtually free of large proteins and blood cells, is referred to as glomerular filtrate, or ultrafiltrate.^[1] Further modification of ultrafiltrate, by reabsorption and secretion, transforms it into urine.

Glomerular pressure is about 75 millimeters of mercury (10 kPa). It is opposed by osmotic pressure (30 mmHg, 4.0 kPa) and hydrostatic pressure (20 mmHg, 2.7 kPa) of solutes present in capsular space. This difference in pressure is called effective pressure (25 mmHg, 3.3 kPa).

In hemodialysis centers, ultrafiltration takes place on the hemodialysis machines when the venous pressure is greater than the transmembrane pressure (TMP). This cleans whole blood while keeping its blood cells intact.

Selectivity

The structures of the layers of the glomerulus determine their permeability-selectivity (permselectivity). For instance, small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely, while larger plasma proteins, such as hemoglobin tetramers, haptoglobin bound hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all. Also, negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than positively charged ones.

Slow continuous ultrafiltration

Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration (SCUF) is an artificial method which approximately mimics the ultrafiltration function of the kidneys. SCUF is a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) generally used to remove fluid from fluid overloaded patients suffering acute renal failure. During SCUF blood is removed from the body and is passed through an extracorporeal circuit through a hemofilter and a predetermined percentage of plasma water is removed based upon a prescription. Typically, no more than 2 liters an hour of fluid is removed. The remaining blood is returned to the patient. Unlike hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration, no dialysate or replacement fluids are used in SCUF.^[2]

References

^ Koushanpour, Esmail (1986). Renal Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 53–72. ISBN 978-0-387-96304-4.
^ Ronco C, Bellomo R, Ricci Z (2001). "Hemodynamic response to fluid withdrawal in overhydrated patients treated with intermittent ultrafiltration and slow continuous ultrafiltration: role of blood volume monitoring". Cardiology. 96 (3-4): 196–201. doi:10.1159/000047404. PMID 11805387.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 糸球体足細胞のバイオロジー biology of glomerular podocytes
2. 糸球体半月体形成の機序 mechanisms of glomerular crescent formation
3. 血清クレアチニン濃度と慢性腎疾患の関係 reciprocal serum creatinine concentration and chronic kidney disease
4. 成人における血尿の原因および評価 etiology and evaluation of hematuria in adults
5. 微小変化群やその他のネフローゼ症候群における急性腎障害（AKI） acute kidney injury aki in minimal change disease and other forms of nephrotic syndrome

English Journal

Renal parenchymal resistance in patients with biopsy proven glomerulonephritis: Correlation with histological findings.

Gigante A1, Barbano B2, Di Mario F2, Rosato E2, Simonelli M2, Rocca AR3, Conti F4, Ceccarelli F4, Giannakakis K5, Valesini G4, Cianci R2.
International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.2016 Sep;29(3):469-74. doi: 10.1177/0394632016645590. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
Renal Doppler ultrasound is increasingly used in nephrology for the evaluation of renovascular disease, allograft dysfunction, and chronic nephropathies. We compared intrarenal hemodynamic parameters to biopsy findings of glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, crescents, arter
PMID 27091839

Incidence of hyponatremia with high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole exposure.

Tsapepas D1, Chiles M2, Babayev R2, Rao MK2, Jaitly M3, Salerno D4, Mohan S5.
The American journal of medicine.Am J Med.2016 Aug 16. pii: S0002-9343(16)30789-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.012. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a commonly prescribed antibiotic used at high doses for treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia and other infections. Trimethoprim is structurally related to the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride and has been associated with hyperkalemia and hypo
PMID 27542610

Revisiting the physiological roles of SGLTs and GLUTs using positron emission tomography in mice.

Sala-Rabanal M1,2, Hirayama BA1, Ghezzi C1, Liu J1, Huang SC1, Kepe V1,3, Koepsell H4, Yu A1,5, Powell DR6, Thorens B7, Wright EM1, Barrio JR1.
The Journal of physiology.J Physiol.2016 Aug 1;594(15):4425-38. doi: 10.1113/JP271904. Epub 2016 May 10.
KEY POINTS: Glucose transporters are central players in glucose homeostasis. There are two major classes of glucose transporters in the body, the passive facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the secondary active sodium-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs). In the present study, we report th
PMID 27018980

Japanese Journal

Podocyte Cell Biology Update:Understanding the Formation of Podocyte Structure in Health and Disease

KURIHARA HIDETAKE
順天堂醫事雑誌 60(2), 151-155, 2014
… The podocyte possesses a unique morphology characterized by a large cell body and numerous foot processes, which enwrap the glomerular capillary. … The intercellular space between foot processes is kept wide open to pass through the glomerular filtrate and connected with the slit diaphragms. … The podocyte is derived from the polarized epithelial cell mass converted from the undifferentiated metanephric mesenchyme at the first stage of glomerular development. …
NAID 130004684333

Aquaporin water channels in transepithelial fluid transport

Tradtrantip Lukmanee,Tajima Masato,Li Lihua,Verkman AS
The Journal of Medical Investigation 56(Supplement), 179-184, 2009
… The physiological functions of these epithelia, such as absorption of glomerular filtrate by proximal tubule and secretion of saliva by salivary gland, involve rapid transcellular water transport across epithelial cell barriers. …
NAID 130004822592

糸球体 charge barrier 機能の再検討

齋藤宏,高橋昌里,土屋達行,長田道夫,楊国昌,根東義明,松山健,関根孝司,五十嵐隆
日本小児腎臓病学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of pediatric nephrology 21(1), 55-59, 2008-04-15
　近年，ネフローゼ症候群における蛋白尿の主因はスリット膜障害にあると考えられているが，その中でcharge barrier機能障害による尿蛋白出現という仮説は放置された状態である。今回われわれは，charge selectivity index (CSI)1)を用いてPodocyte病35名，慢性糸球体腎炎72名，Dent病8名のCSIを測定しcharge barrier機能の再検討を行った。また …
NAID 10024846587

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「原尿」
関連記事	「glomerular」「filtrate」

「原尿」

　　[★]

英: glomerular filtrate, primitive urine
関: 糸球体濾液、尿

原尿の生成

2007年後期生理学授業プリント

心拍出量は4-8 l/minといわれている→5 l/minとする。
全血液の1/5が腎臓にいくので(cf. 心拍出量, PT.295)、腎血流量(RBF)は1.0 l/minとなる。
ヘマトクリットを45%とすると、腎血漿流量(RPF)は550 ml/minとなる。
腎に流れ込んだ血漿のうち1/5が糸球体で濾過される(濾過比は0.2)ので、糸球体濾過量は110 ml/minとなる。

一般的な値

腎血流量	0.95-1.25 l/min
腎血漿流量	500-700 ml/min
糸球体濾過量	80-150 ml/min

「glomerular」

　　[★]

adj.

糸球体の、腎糸球体の

関: glomeruli、glomerulus、kidney glomerulus、renal glomeruli、renal glomerulus

「filtrate」

　　[★]

n.

濾過されたもの。濾過水、濾液

vt.vi.

濾過する

関: filter、filtration、leach

[1] Koushanpour, Esmail (1986). Renal Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 53–72. ISBN 978-0-387-96304-4.

[2] Ronco C, Bellomo R, Ricci Z (2001). "Hemodynamic response to fluid withdrawal in overhydrated patients treated with intermittent ultrafiltration and slow continuous ultrafiltration: role of blood volume monitoring". Cardiology. 96 (3-4): 196–201. doi:10.1159/000047404. PMID 11805387.

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glomerular filtrate