glanders

　

WordNet

1. a destructive and contagious bacterial disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/22 15:19:15」(JST)

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Glanders
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	A24.0
ICD-9-CM	024
DiseasesDB	5222
eMedicine	emerg/884
MeSH	D005896

Glanders (from Middle English glaundres or Old French glandres, both meaning glands) (Latin: malleus German: Rotz) (also known as "equinia", "farcy", and "malleus") is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys. It can be contracted by other animals, such as dogs, cats, and goats. It is caused by infection with the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, usually by ingestion of contaminated feed or water. Signs of glanders include the formation of nodular lesions in the lungs and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract. The acute form results in coughing, fever, and the release of an infectious nasal discharge, followed by septicaemia and death within days. In the chronic form, nasal and subcutaneous nodules develop, eventually ulcerating. Death can occur within months, while survivors act as carriers.

Glanders is endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. It has been eradicated from North America, Australia, and most of Europe through surveillance and destruction of affected animals, and import restrictions.

B. mallei is able to infect humans, so is classed as a zoonotic agent. Transmission occurs by direct contact with infected animals and entry is through skin abrasions, nasal and oral mucosal surfaces, or by inhalation.

The mallein test is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders. Mallein (ATCvet code: QI05AR01), a protein fraction of the glanders organism (B. mallei), is injected intradermopalpebrally or given by eye drop. In infected animals, the eyelid swells markedly in 1 to 2 days.

Glanders has not been reported in the United States since 1945. It is a notifiable disease in the UK, although it has not been reported there since 1928.

Biological warfare use

Due to the high mortality rate in humans and the small number of organisms required to establish infection, B. mallei is regarded as a potential biological warfare or bioterrorism agent, as is the closely related organism, B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. During World War I, glanders was believed to have been spread deliberately by German agents to infect large numbers of Russian horses and mules on the Eastern Front. Other agents attempted to introduce the disease in the United States and Argentina. This had an effect on troop and supply convoys, as well as on artillery movement, which were dependent on horses and mules. Human cases in Russia increased with the infections during and after WWI. The Japanese deliberately infected horses, civilians, and prisoners of war with B. mallei at the Pinfang (China) Institute during World War II.

The U.S. studied this agent as a possible biological weapon in 1943–44, but did not weaponize it. U.S. interest in glanders (agent LA) continued through the 1950s, except it had an inexplicable tendency to lose virulence in the lab, making it difficult to weaponize. The Soviet Union is also believed to have been interested in B. mallei as a potential agent after World War II.

Before the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, glanders may have afflicted and greatly diminished the horses of Marshal Tallard's cavalry, helping the Duke of Marlborough win the battle.

Vaccine research

No vaccine is licensed for use in the US. Infection with either of these bacteria results in nonspecific symptoms and can be either acute or chronic, impeding rapid diagnosis. The lack of a vaccine for either bacterium also makes them potential candidates for bioweaponization. Together with their high rate of infectivity by aerosols and resistance to many common antibiotics, both bacteria have been classified as category B priority pathogens by the US NIH and US CDC, which has spurred a dramatic increase in interest in these microorganisms. Attempts have been made to develop vaccines for these infections, which would not only benefit military personnel, a group most likely to be targeted in an intentional release, but also individuals who may come in contact with glanders-infected animals or live in areas where melioidosis is endemic.

References

External links

• CDC article on the bioterrorism threat of glanders
• Current status of Glanders worldwide at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database
• Disease card
• Animal health aspects of glanders
• Center for Biosecurity Agent Fact Sheet
• Burkholderia mallei genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
• Notes On Glander Disease in Horse

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 生物テロの犠牲者の身元確認および管理identifying and managing casualties of biological terrorism [show details]
  …anthrax, tularemia, and plague . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may have a role in chemoprophylaxis for glanders and melioidosis . For brucellosis, combination therapy with doxycycline and rifampin for 21 days…

English Journal

• A real-time loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for molecular detection of Burkholderia mallei, the aetiological agent of a zoonotic and re-emerging disease glanders.

• Saxena A, Pal V, Tripathi NK, Goel AK.
• Acta tropica. 2019 Jun;194()189-194.
• Burkholderia mallei, a potential biological warfare agent, is the causative agent of an infectious, fatal, and zoonotic disease, called glanders. Accurate and early diagnosis of glanders is important to control the disease lethality and infection spread. Molecular detection of B. mallei is considere
• PMID 30958991

• A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens.

• Kinoshita Y, Cloutier AK, Rozak DA, Khan MSR, Niwa H, Uchida-Fujii E, Katayama Y, Tuanyok A.
• BMC veterinary research. 2019 May;15(1)133.
• Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). B. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. One of the pro
• PMID 31064357

• Development of Rose Bengal test against mallein test for rapid diagnosis of equine glanders.

• Karimi A, Mosavari N.
• Tropical animal health and production. 2019 Apr;().
• Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of the disease known as glanders. Clinical and bacteriological diagnosis of glanders is difficult in the early stages of the disease. Currently, mallein (allergic hypersensitivity test) is used for the diagnosis of glanders. The mallein test requires an exper
• PMID 31041722

Japanese Journal

• Clinico-Microbiological and Therapeutic Aspects of Glanders in Equines

• Muhammad Ghulam,Khan M.Zargham,Athar Muhammad
• Journal of equine science 9(3), 93-96, 1998-09
• … The role of glanders therapy as an alternative to test and slaughter policy was investigated in 13 draught equines (1 horse, 2 mares and 10 mules). … The possibility of a cure in clinical glanders using a longer course of treatment is proposed. …
• NAID 10006140582

• 鼻疽(Glanders)と類鼻疽(Melioidosis)

• 安斉 了
• 馬の科学 34(2), 117-121, 1997-04
• NAID 40004327258

• 鼻疽菌補体結合反応の反応域に関する研究-2・3-

• 西 武
• 帯広畜産大学学術研究報告 第1部 3(3), ????, 1962-10
• われわれは鼻疽補体結合反応に使用される抗原Osに化学的処置を加えて得た2種の分劃を抗原として補体結合反応における反応域の検索を行ない,Os抗原の本質に関する検討を試みた。その成績を総括すれば次の通りである。(1)Os抗原は三塩化酢酸添加によって沈澱を生じないが,アセトン添加によって沈澱部と可溶部に劃分することができる。前者をacetone precipitable fraction(AP分劃),後 …
• NAID 110006452990

Related Links

• Glanders | Define Glanders at Dictionary.com

Glanders definition, a contagious disease chiefly of horses and mules but communicable to humans, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by swellings beneath the jaw and a profuse mucous discharge ...

• Glanders | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei. While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses. It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally ...

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