generalissimo

Common military ranks in English
Commissioned officers
Enlisted grades

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大元帥;全軍の最高責任者 / (台湾などの)総統

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/03 10:15:38」(JST)

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Generalissimo (Italian: Generalissimo [dʒeneraˈlissimo], Spanish: Generalísimo [xeneɾaˈlisimo], Portuguese: Generalíssimo [ʒenɨɾaˈlisimu], Latin: Generalissimus) is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the countries in which they are used. The word generalissimo is Italian and literally means "utmost, to the highest grade".

Notable examples of generalissimos include leader of the Republic of China from 1938 to 1975 Chiang Kai-shek,^[1] Alexander Menshikov of the Russian Imperial Army (1727-1728),^[2] Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla of the Revolutionary Army of Mexico (1809-1811),^[3] Kim Jong-Il of the Korean People's Army (1991-2011),^[4] George Washington of the Continental and United States Armies (1775-1799 and 1798-1799, respectively),^[5] John J. Pershing of the American Expeditionary Forces,^[6] Francisco Franco of the Spanish Armed Forces (1936-1975),^[7] Maxime Weygand of the French Army (1939), Emilio Aguinaldo of the Philppine Revolutionary Army (1898-1901),^[8] and Charles XIV John of Sweden of the Royal Swedish Army (1810-1811).^[9]

The rank Generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but Stalin refused to adopt the rank.^[10]^[11]

Usage

The word "generalissimo" is an Italian term, from generale, plus the superlative suffix -issimo, itself from Latin -issimus,^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] meaning "utmost, to the highest grade".

Historically this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a nation, usually only subordinate to the sovereign.^[17] Other usage of the rank has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers.

List of generalissimos

Chiang Kai-shek

Alexander Suvorov

Francisco Franco

Person	Service	Country	Era	Notes
Chiang Kai-shek	National Revolutionary Army	China !Republic of China	1935	His rank was Tèjí Shàngjiàng (特級上將), or "General Special Class"^[18] ^{[Note 1]}
Joffre, JosephJoseph Joffre	French Army	France	1914	His rank was Marshal of France, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Army was généralissime.
Suvorov, AlexanderAlexander Suvorov	Russian Imperial Army	Russian Empire	1799
Menshikov, AlexanderAlexander Menshikov	Russian Imperial Army	Russian Empire	1727–1728	^[2]
Foch, FerdinandFerdinand Foch	French Army	France	1918	Généralissime was the title used to describe Ferdinand Foch's Allied Command, starting 26 March 1918. He actually held the rank of général de division, and later the dignity of Marshal of France.^[19]
Gamelin, MauriceMaurice Gamelin	French Army	France	1939	His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Weygand, MaximeMaxime Weygand	French Army	France	1939	His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
de Miranda, FranciscoFrancisco de Miranda	Venezuelan Army	Venezuela	1812
Hidalgo y Costilla, MiguelMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla	Revolutionary Army of Mexico	América Mexicana	1810 September – 1811 February	^[3]
Franco, FranciscoFrancisco Franco	Spanish Armed Forces	Spain	1936–1975	generalísimo^[7]
Emilio Aguinaldo	Philippine Revolutionary Army	Philippines	1898–1901	Heneralismo^[8]
Ihsan Nuri	Ararat Forces	Kurdish Republic of Ararat	1927–1930	^[20]
Crown Prince Charles John	Royal Swedish Army	Sweden	1810–1818	^[9] ^{[Note 2]}
Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin	Soviet Armed Forces	Soviet Union	1945	Generalissimus of the Soviet Union^[21] (declined)
Kim Il-sung	Korean People's Army	Korea, North !North Korea	1992	Taewonsu^[22]
Kim Jong-Il	Korean People's Army	Korea, North !North Korea	2012	Taewonsu (Promoted posthumously)^[4]
Trujillo, RafaelRafael Trujillo	Dominican Army	Dominican Republic	1930	^[23]
Sun Yat-sen		China !Republic of China	1921	Technically as grand marshal^[24] (source does not support this)
Johann t’Serclaes von Tilly	30 Year's War	Holy Roman Empire via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"^[25]	1630	^[26]
Albrecht von Wallenstein	30 Year's War	Holy Roman Empire via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"^[25]	1625	^[26]
Pershing, JohnJohn Pershing	American Expeditionary Forces	United States of America	1919	^[6]
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington	Continental Army United States Army	United States of America	1776	Promoted posthumously ^[5]
da Fonseca, DeodoroDeodoro da Fonseca	Brazilian Army	Brazil	1890	First president of Brazilian Republic and responsible for the fall of the Brazilian empire.

Notes

^ Chiang Kai-shek was a 特級上將 ("general special class") of the Republic of China, cf. 特級上將授任條例
^ The Napoleonic Marshal of France Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo, was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII in 1810. Given his exalted French military rank, the rank of generalissimus was likely granted him in order to give him precedence over "mere" Swedish field marshals. Once he became King of Sweden and Norway in 1818, the generalissimus rank became superfluous.

References

^ Jonathan Fenby (12 February 2015). Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost. Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN 978-1-4711-4295-6.
^ ^a ^b "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich „Generalissimus" nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.
^ ^a ^b Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, 24 Oct 1810.
^ ^a ^b The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North
^ ^a ^b Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States
^ ^a ^b Public Law 66-45 of September 3, 1919 to revive the office of General of the Armies
^ ^a ^b Cover, TIME magazine, 18 Oct 1943
^ ^a ^b Emilio Aguinaldo. Biography.com. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ ^a ^b (Swedish) Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813
^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.
^ S. M. Shtemenko. The General Staff in the War Years. Moskva 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587-588.
^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary. , French Larousse Étymologique.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ "Define Generalissimo at Dictionary.com". Reference.com.
^ "Generalissimo – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.
^ "Definition of generalissimo – Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford Dictionary of English.
^ Thomas Hobbes (1660), Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution, retrieved 16 August 2015
^ Jay Taylor:The Generalisimo:Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China (2009) Harvard Press
^ John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
^ Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, IHSAN NOURI PACHA Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes (French)
^ Joseph Stalin was appointed Generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya yentsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. (Russian)
^ The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut
^ Stanley Walker : Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library
^ Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history. Hong Kong University Press. p. 255. ISBN 962209287X. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
^ ^a ^b A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908
^ ^a ^b Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010. (German)

English Journal

T-helper 17 cytokines expression in leprosy skin lesions.

Quaresma JA1,2, Aarão TL1,2, Sousa JR1, Botelho BS1, Barros LF2, Araujo RS2, Rodrigues JL2, Prudente DL2, Pinto DS1, Carneiro FR2, Fuzii HT1.
The British journal of dermatology.Br J Dermatol.2014 Dec 15. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13608. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 25495069

Monitoring mercury exposure in reproductive aged women inhabiting the Tapajós river basin, Amazon.

de Oliveira Corvelo TC1, Oliveira ÉA, de Parijós AM, de Oliveira CS, do Socorro Pompeu de Loiola R, de Araújo AA, da Costa CA, de Lima Silveira LC, da Conceição Nascimento Pinheiro M.
Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.2014 Jul;93(1):42-6. doi: 10.1007/s00128-014-1279-5. Epub 2014 May 1.
Among Amazonian communities, exposure to methylmercury is associated mainly with fish consumption that may affect fetal development in pregnant women. Therefore a temporal assessment was performed to assess the exposure of reproductive aged women to mercury who reside in the riparian communities of
PMID 24789525

Clinical aspects of envenomation caused by Tityus obscurus (Gervais, 1843) in two distinct regions of Pará state, Brazilian Amazon basin: a prospective case series.

Pardal PP1, Ishikawa EA, Vieira JL, Coelho JS, Dórea RC, Abati PA, Quiroga MM, Chalkidis HM.
The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases.J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis.2014 Feb 11;20(1):3. doi: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-3.
BACKGROUND: Scorpion envenomations are a major public health problem in Brazil, whose most dangerous cases are attributable to the genus Tityus. This study was designed to compare the clinical and demographic features of envenomations by Tityus obscurus in two areas of the state of Pará located in
PMID 24517181

Japanese Journal

アイとホルエムヘブ:ポスト・アマルナ時代史の一局面

河合望
オリエント 51(2), 27-56, 2009
… I demonstrate that they were the most prominent figures in different social groups, suggesting that Ay was the fatherly advisor of the king at the court, while Horemheb was the actual governor of all the administration in the country as the "Regent" and "Generalissimo" under Tutankhamun. …
NAID 130003396279

中世成立期の征夷大将軍について

中村久美
史文 (8), 1-12, 2006
NAID 40015465083

Demobilization and Repatriation of Japanese Armed Forces in China:Japan's Wartime Diplomacy and the Postwar Visions

加藤陽子
国際政治 (109), 110-125,L12, 1995
… Generalissimo Chiang asked United States to transfer his army to the northern part of China, as quickly as possible, or the Soviet and Chinese Communist Party would have enterd into the vacuum.In short, the repatriation of Japanese, demobilization of Americans, and transportation of Chinese were absolutely necessary for Washington. …
NAID 130004302935

Related Pictures

For el Generalissimo ( generalissimo by doccarlson generalissimo Day 46 – Generalissimo | 138 Days of 30 The EnD || Generalissimo || HD - YouTube Rock - 3x10 - Generalissimo - Serialmente Generalissimo (30 Rock) - Wikipedia, the and legions 13 generalissimo an anagram

[19] Chiang Kai-shek was a 特級上將 ("general special class") of the Republic of China, cf. 特級上將授任條例

[22] The Napoleonic Marshal of France Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corvo, was elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII in 1810. Given his exalted French military rank, the rank of generalissimus was likely granted him in order to give him precedence over "mere" Swedish field marshals. Once he became King of Sweden and Norway in 1818, the generalissimus rank became superfluous.

[1] Jonathan Fenby (12 February 2015). Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost. Simon & Schuster UK. ISBN 978-1-4711-4295-6.

[Jena96-2] "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich „Generalissimus" nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.

[dhdm-3] Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, 24 Oct 1810.

[kimj-4] The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North

[PL-Washington-5] Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States

[PL-Pershing-6] Public Law 66-45 of September 3, 1919 to revive the office of General of the Armies

[franciscof-7] Cover, TIME magazine, 18 Oct 1943

[emilio-8] Emilio Aguinaldo. Biography.com. Retrieved 16 August 2015.

[svj-9] (Swedish) Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813

[10] Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.

[11] S. M. Shtemenko. The General Staff in the War Years. Moskva 1985. Vietnamese version (vol. 2) . pp. 587-588.

[12] Webster's Third New International Dictionary. , French Larousse Étymologique.

[13] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[14] "Define Generalissimo at Dictionary.com". Reference.com.

[15] "Generalissimo – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster.

[16] "Definition of generalissimo – Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)". Oxford Dictionary of English.

[17] Thomas Hobbes (1660), Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution, retrieved 16 August 2015

[18] Jay Taylor:The Generalisimo:Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China (2009) Harvard Press

[20] John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott

[Chirguh-21] Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, IHSAN NOURI PACHA Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes (French)

[23] Joseph Stalin was appointed Generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya yentsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. (Russian)

[yomuiri-24] The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut

[25] Stanley Walker : Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library

[26] Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history. Hong Kong University Press. p. 255. ISBN 962209287X. Retrieved 2010-10-31.

[books.google.de-27] A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908

[ReferenceA-28] Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010. (German)

Common military ranks in English
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