関: generalise、generalization、generalize

WordNet

an idea or conclusion having general application; "he spoke in broad generalities" (同)generalisation, generality
reasoning from detailed facts to general principles (同)generalisation, induction, inductive reasoning
(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus (同)generalisation, stimulus_generalization, stimulus generalisation
draw from specific cases for more general cases (同)generalise, extrapolate, infer
become systemic and spread throughout the body; "this kind of infection generalizes throughout the immune system" (同)generalise
speak or write in generalities (同)generalise

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉一般化すること,概括すること / 〈C〉一般的な考え(説明,法則),一般論

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/10 16:35:28」(JST)

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For the term in the context of mathematical formal logic, see Generalization (logic).

Look up generalisation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A generalization (or generalisation) of a concept is an extension of the concept to less-specific criteria. It is a foundational element of logic and human reasoning.^{[citation needed]} Generalizations posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements. As such, it is the essential basis of all valid deductive inferences. The process of verification is necessary to determine whether a generalization holds true for any given situation.

The concept of generalization has broad application in many related disciplines, sometimes having a specialized context- meaning.

Of any two related concepts, such as A and B, A is considered a "generalization" of concept B if and only if:

every instance of concept B is also an instance of concept A; and
there are instances of concept A which are not instances of concept B.

For instance, animal is a generalization of bird because every bird is an animal, and there are animals which are not birds (dogs, for instance). (See also: specialization).

Hypernym and hyponym

Examples

Biological generalization

When the mind makes a generalization, it extracts the essence of a concept based on its analysis of similarities from many discrete objects. The resulting simplification enables higher-level thinking.

An animal is a generalization of a mammal, a bird, a fish, a amphibian and a reptile.

Cartographic generalization of geo-spatial data

Main article: Cartographic generalization

Generalization has a long history in cartography as an art of creating maps for different scale and purpose. Cartographic generalization is the process of selecting and representing information of a map in a way that adapts to the scale of the display medium of the map. In this way, every map has, to some extent, been generalized to match the criteria of display. This includes small-scale maps, which cannot convey every detail of the real world. Cartographers must decide and then adjust the content within their maps to create a suitable and useful map that conveys geospatial information within their representation of the world.

Generalization is meant to be context-specific. That is to say, correctly generalized maps are those that emphasize the most important map elements while still representing the world in the most faithful and recognizable way. The level of detail and importance in what is remaining on the map must outweigh the insignificance of items that were generalized, as to preserve the distinguishing characteristics of what makes the map useful and important.

Geometric generalizations

A polygon is a generalization of a 3-sided triangle, a 4-sided quadrilateral, and so on to n sides. A hypercube is a generalization of a 2-dimensional square, a 3-dimensional cube, and so on to n dimensions.

English Journal

The enhancement of beneficial effects following audio feedback by cognitive preparation in the treatment of social anxiety: A single-session experiment.

Nilsson JE, Lundh LG, Faghihi S, Roth-Andersson G.SourceKognio, Centre for CBT, Annedalsvagen 9, 227 64 Lund, Sweden.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2011 Dec;42(4):497-503. Epub 2011 May 31.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: : According to cognitive models, negatively biased processing of the publicly observable self is an important aspect of social phobia; if this is true, effective methods for producing corrective feedback concerning the public self should be strived for. Video feedback is p
PMID 21683053

Learning to learn: From within-modality to cross-modality transfer during infancy.

Hupp JM, Sloutsky VM.SourceDepartment of Psychology, The Ohio State University at Newark, Newark, OH 43055, USA.
Journal of experimental child psychology.J Exp Child Psychol.2011 Nov;110(3):408-21. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
One critical aspect of learning is the ability to apply learned knowledge to new situations. This ability to transfer is often limited, and its development is not well understood. The current research investigated the development of transfer between 8 and 16 months of age. In Experiment 1, 8- and 16
PMID 21663920