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duplicate or match; "The polished surface twinned his face and chest in reverse" (同)duplicate, parallel
give birth to twins
grow as twins; "twin crystals"
either of two offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy

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Geminus of Rhodes (Greek: Γεμῖνος ὁ Ῥόδιος), was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, who flourished in the 1st century BC. An astronomy work of his, the Introduction to the Phenomena, still survives; it was intended as an introductory astronomy book for students. He also wrote a work on mathematics, of which only fragments quoted by later authors survive.

Life

Nothing is known about the life of Geminus. It is not even certain that he was born in Rhodes, but references to mountains on Rhodes in his astronomical works suggests that he worked there. His dates are not known with any certainty either. A passage in his works referring to the Annus Vagus (Wandering Year) of the Egyptian calendar of 120 years before his own time, has been used to imply a date of c. 70 BC for the time of writing,^[1] which would be consistent with the idea that he may have been a pupil of Posidonius, but a date as late as 50 AD has also been suggested.^[2]

The crater Geminus on the Moon is named after him.

Astronomy

The only work of Geminus to survive is his Introduction to the Phenomena (Greek: Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ Φαινόμενα), often just called the Isagoge. This introductory astronomy book, based on the works of earlier astronomers such as Hipparchus, was intended to teach astronomy for beginning students in the subject. In it, Geminus describes the zodiac and the motion of the Sun; the constellations; the celestial sphere; days and nights; the risings and settings of the zodiacal signs; luni-solar periods and their application to calendars; phases of the Moon; eclipses; star phases; terrestrial zones and geographical places; and the foolishness of making weather predictions by the stars.^[3]

He also wrote a commentary on Posidonius' work On Meteorology. Fragments of this commentary are preserved by Simplicius in his commentary on Aristotle's Physics.

Mathematics

Geminus also wrote extensively on mathematics, including a comprehensive Doctrine, (or Theory) of Mathematics.^[4] Although this work has not survived, many extracts are preserved by Proclus, Eutocius, and others. He divided mathematics into two parts: Mental (Greek: νοητά) and Observable (Greek: αἰσθητά), (or in other words, Pure and Applied.) In the first category he placed geometry and arithmetic (including number theory), and in the second category he placed mechanics, astronomy, optics, geodesy, canonics (musical harmony), and logistics. Long extracts of his work are also preserved by Al-Nayrizi in his commentary on Euclid's Elements.

Notes

^ Dicks, D., Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York. (1970).
^ Neugebauer, O., A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. New York. (1975).
^ Evans, J., The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy, page 91. Oxford University Press. (1998).
^ Heath, T., A Manual of Greek Mathematics, Dover Publications. (2003).

Bibliography

Evans, J., Berggren, J.L., Geminos's Introduction to the Phenomena: A Translation and Study of a Hellenistic Survey of Astronomy. (Princeton University Press, 2006.) (This is the first complete English translation of this book.)

External links

Εἰσαγωγή εἰς τὰ Φαινόμενα (Introduction to Phaenomena), original text online
Technology Museum of Thessaloniki Entry
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Geminus", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews .
PDF scans of Manitius' edition of the Geminus' Elementa Astronomiae ("Elements of Astronomy") - public domain (Classical Greek with German translation)]

English Journal

Mediastinal teratoma with hydrops fetalis in a newborn and development of chronic respiratory insufficiency.

Simoncic M1, Kopriva S1, Zupancic Z2, Jerse M3, Babnik J4, Srpcic M5, Grosek S1.
Radiology and oncology.Radiol Oncol.2014 Nov 5;48(4):397-402. doi: 10.2478/raon-2013-0080. eCollection 2014.
BACKGROUND: Mediastinal fetal teratoma can be detected as a mass in the chest during a routine prenatal ultra-sound screening. Because of the pressure on mediastinal structures it can be the cause of non-immune hydrops fetalis and polyhydramnion. The development of hydrops fetalis leads to fetal dea
PMID 25435854

Field evaluation of four widely used mosquito traps in Central Europe.

Lühken R1, Pfitzner WP, Börstler J, Garms R, Huber K, Schork N, Steinke S, Kiel E, Becker N, Tannich E, Krüger A.
Parasites & vectors.Parasit Vectors.2014 Jun 12;7:268. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-268.
BACKGROUND: To monitor adult mosquitoes several trapping devices are available. These are differently constructed and use various mechanisms for mosquito attraction, thus resulting in different trapping sensitivities and efficacies for the various species. Mosquito monitoring and surveillance progra
PMID 24924481

The Compendiosa of Thomas Geminus, part 2.

Donaldson IM1.
The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.J R Coll Physicians Edinb.2014;44(2):180-2. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2014.219.
PMID 24999783