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Paratonia or gegenhalten is defined as "a form of hypertonia with an involuntary variable resistance during passive movement."^[1] In other words, attempting to move the limb of a person with paratonia will result in that person involuntarily resisting the movement. The amount of resistance is determined by the speed of the movement: faster, more forceful movements will result in greater amounts of resistance.^[1] It is also present regardless of the direction of the movement.^[1]

Paratonia can be distinguished from spasticity by observing a lack of exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and a lack of a clasp-knife response.^[1] It can be distinguished from Parkinsonian (aka "lead-pipe") rigidity in that the amount of resistance in Parkinsonian rigidity does not vary with the velocity of the movement.^[1]

Paratonia develops during a period of dementia and the degree of effect is dependent upon the disease's progress.^[1]

Paratonia was classified very recently by experts, and is unrelated to the much more typical spasticity associated with spastic diplegia and similar forms of cerebral palsy. also in frontal lobe stroke.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hobbelen, JS; Koopmans, RT, Verhey, FR, Van Peppen, RP, de Bie, RA (2006). "Paratonia: a Delphi procedure for consensus definition.". Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001) 29 (2): 50–6. doi:10.1519/00139143-200608000-00002. PMID 16914066. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)

Article defining spasticity, rigidity, and dystonia: Sanger, TD; Delgado, MR, Gaebler-Spira, D, Hallett, M, Mink, JW, Task Force on Childhood Motor, Disorders (January 2003). "Classification and definition of disorders causing hypertonia in childhood.". Pediatrics 111 (1): e89–97. doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.e89. PMID 12509602. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/p/paratonia.php

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English Journal

Neck Rigidity as a Physical Manifestation of Higher Brain Hypo-function/Dysfunction.

Sudo K, Mito Y, Tajima Y, Matsumoto A, Yabe I, Otsuki M, Tashiro K.SourceDepartment of Neurology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Nishi 13, Kita 11, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8604, Japan. kazumasa.sudo@doc.city.sapporo.jp.
In vivo (Athens, Greece).In Vivo.2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):821-4.
A total of 308 patients, who received inpatient rehabilitation in department of Neurology in Sapporo City General Hospital, were studied. The patients were divided into four subgroups according to the presence or absence of Parkinsonism and the location of organic neurological lesions: group A consi
PMID 21753140