ガンマヘルペスウイルス

関: gamma-herpesvirus

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/13 05:01:18」(JST)

wiki en

Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae. Viruses in Gammaherpesvirinae are distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are currently 32 species in this subfamily, divided among 4 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: HHV-4: infectious mononucleosis. HHV-8: kaposi's sarcoma.^[1]^[2]

Introduction

Herpesviruses represent a group of double-stranded DNA viruses distributed widely within the animal kingdom. The family Herpesviridae, which contains eight viruses that infect humans, is the most extensively studied group within this order and comprises three subfamilies, namely Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae. Gammaherpesviruses belong to four separate genera: the well-established genera Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus and the more recently defined genera Macavirus and Percavirus.

Gammaherpesviruses are of primary interest due to the two human viruses, EBV and KSHV and the diseases they cause.The gammaherpesviruses replicate and persist in lymphoid cells but some are capable of undergoing lytic replication in epithelial or fibroblast cells. Gammaherpesviruses may be a cause of chronic fibrotic lung diseases in humans and in animals.^[3]

These viruses can be subdivided into two genera: lymphocryptoviruses (gamma-1) and rhadinoviruses (gamma-2). The lymphocryptoviruses (gamma-1) include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Human herpesvirus 4, Lymphocryptovirus of rhesus monkeys and Herpesvirus papio of baboons, whereas the rhadinoviruses (gamma-2) include Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or Human herpesvirus 8, Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), Equine herpesvirus 2 and Murid herpesvirus 68 (an important model system for the study of gammaherpesviruses with tractable genetics). The gammaherpesviruses, including HVS, EBV, KSHV, and RRV, are capable of establishing latent infection in lymphocytes.^[4]

Within this genus there are a number of unclassified viruses including cynomys herpesvirus 1 (CynGHV-1)^[5] Elephantid herpesvirus 3, Elephantid herpesvirus 4, Elephantid herpesvirus 5, Procavid herpesvirus 1, Trichechid herpesvirus 1.^[6]

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA

Order: Herpesvirales

Family: Herpesviridae
- Sub-Family: Gammaherpesvirinae
  - Genus: Lymphocryptovirus
    
    Callitrichine herpesvirus 3
    
    Cercopithecine herpesvirus 14
    
    Gorilline herpesvirus 1
    
    Human herpesvirus 4
    
    Macacine herpesvirus 4
    
    Panine herpesvirus 1
    
    Papiine herpesvirus 1
    
    Pongine herpesvirus 2
  - Genus: Macavirus
    
    Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1
    
    Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2
    
    Bovine herpesvirus 6
    
    Caprine herpesvirus 2
    
    Hippotragine herpesvirus 1
    
    Ovine herpesvirus 2
    
    Suid herpesvirus 3
    
    Suid herpesvirus 4
    
    Suid herpesvirus 5
  - Genus: Percavirus
    
    Equid herpesvirus 2
    
    Equid herpesvirus 5
    
    Mustelid herpesvirus 1
  - Genus: Rhadinovirus
    
    Ateline herpesvirus 2
    
    Ateline herpesvirus 3
    
    Bovine herpesvirus 4
    
    Cricetid herpesvirus 2
    
    Human herpesvirus 8
    
    Macacine herpesvirus 5
    
    Murid herpesvirus 4
    
    Murid herpesvirus 7
    
    Saimiriine herpesvirus 2
  - Genus: Unassigned
    
    Equid herpesvirus 7
    
    Phocid herpesvirus 2
    
    Saguinine herpesvirus 1

^[2]

Structure

Viruses in Gammaherpesvirinae are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 180kb in length.^[1]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Macavirus	Spherical Pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Percavirus	Spherical Pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Lymphocryptovirus	Spherical Pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Rhadinovirus	Spherical Pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Virus Life cycle

The main stages in the lifecycle of Gamma herpes virus are namely
• Virus attachment and entry
• Viral DNA injection through nuclear pore complex (NPC) into nucleus
• Assembly of nucleocapsids and encapsidation of viral genome
• Primary envelopment, invaginations of nuclear membrane(s) and nuclear egress
• Tegumentation and secondary envelopment in the cytoplasm
• Egress and extracellularvirions release ^[7]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Macavirus	Mammals	T-lymphocytes	Glycoprotiens	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Nasal and ocular secretion
Percavirus	Mammals	B-lymphocytes	Glycoprotiens	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Sex; saliva
Lymphocryptovirus	Humans; mammals	B-lymphocytes	Glycoprotiens	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Saliva
Rhadinovirus	Humans; mammals	B-lymphocytes	Glycoprotiens	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Sex; saliva

Lytic Cycle

The lytic cycle of the gammaherpesviruses is initiated only on rare occasions (Oehmig et al., 2004). Therefore, the least contribution to pathogenicity has to be expected from this stage. The ORFs expressed during that stage are further divided into immediate-early, early, and late. Promoter activation mediated by these proteins has also a strong effect on DNA synthesis from the origins of lytic DNA replication. As a result, virions are generated and released from the productively infected cells.^[8]

Growth De-regulating genes of Gammaherpesvirus

Herpesviruses have large genomes containing a wide array of genes. Although the first ORF in these gammaherpesviruses have oncogenic potential, other viral genes may also play a role in viral transformation. A striking feature of the four gammaherpesviruses is that they contain distinct ORFs involved in lymphocyte signaling events. At the left end of each viral genome are located ORFs encoding distinct transforming proteins.The Gammaherpes viral genes are capable of modulating cellular signals such that cell proliferation and viral replication occur at the appropriate times in the viral life cycle.^[4]

Immune evasion strategies

Viruses that establish lifelong latent infections must ensure that the viral genome is maintained within the latently infected cell throughout the life of the host, yet at the same time must also be capable of avoiding elimination by the immune surveillance system especially must avoid being detected by host CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The gamma-herpesviruses are characteristically latent in lymphocytes and drive the proliferation that requires the expression of latent viral antigens.^[9] The majority of gammaherpesviruses encode a specific protein that is critical for maintenance of the viral genome within latently infected cells termed the genome maintenance protein (GMP). GMPs are DNA-binding proteins that ensures that, as the host cell progresses through mitosis, the viral episomes are partitioned to daughter cells. This provides continuous existence of the viral genome within the host cells.^[4]

Vaccines

Attenuated virus mutants represent a promising approach towards gamma-herpesvirus infection control. Surprisingly, latency-deficient and, therefore, apathogenic MHV-68 mutants are found to be highly effective vaccines against these viruses.^[9] Research in this area is almost exclusively performed using MHV68 as KSHV and EBV (the major human pathogens of this family) do not productively infect model organisms typically used for this type of experimentation.

References

^ ^a ^b "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Williams, KJ (March 2014). "Gammaherpesviruses and Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence From Humans, Horses, and Rodents". Veterinary Pathology 51 (2): 372–384. doi:10.1177/0300985814521838. PMID 24569614.
^ ^a ^b ^c Blake, N. (2010). "Immune evasion by gammaherpesvirus genome maintenance proteins". Journal of General Virology 91 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1099/vir.0.018242-0. PMID 20089802.
^ Nagamine B, Jones L, Tellgren-Roth C, Cavender J, Bratanich AC (2011) A novel gammaherpesvirus isolated from a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Arch Virol
^ Wellehan JF, Johnson AJ, Childress AL, Harr KE, Isaza R (2008) Six novel gammaherpesviruses of Afrotheria provide insight into the early divergence of the Gammaherpesvirinae. Vet Microbiol 127(3-4):249-257
^ Peng, L.; Ryazantsev, S.; Sun, R.; Zhou, Z. H. (2010). "Three-Dimensional Visualization of Gammaherpesvirus Life Cycle in Host Cells by Electron Tomography". Structure 18 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1016/j.str.2009.10.017. PMC 2866045. PMID 20152152.
^ Ackermann, M. (2006). "Pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections". Veterinary Microbiology 113 (3–4): 211–222. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.008. PMID 16332416.
^ ^a ^b Stevenson, P. G. (2004). "Immune evasion by gamma-herpesviruses". Current Opinion in Immunology 16 (4): 456–462. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.05.002. PMID 15245739.

External links

Gammaherpesvirinae at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
ICTVdb Overview
ICTVdb Details
Taxonomic Proposals from the Herpesviridae Study Group
Viralzone: Gammaherpesvirinae
ICTV

English Journal

Mouse gammaherpesvirus-68 infection acts as a rheostat to set the level of type I interferon signaling in primary macrophages.

Wood BM, Mboko WP, Mounce BC, Tarakanova VL.SourceDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
Virology.Virology.2013 Aug 15;443(1):123-33. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.036. Epub 2013 May 23.
Type I interferon (IFN) is a critical antiviral response of the host. We found that Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3) was responsible for induction of type I IFN following mouse gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68) infection of primary macrophages. Intriguingly, type I IFN signaling was maintained throu
PMID 23706314

Environmental perturbation, inflammation and behavior in healthy and virus-infected mice.

Trammell RA, Verhulst S, Toth LA.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, United States.
Brain, behavior, and immunity.Brain Behav Immun.2013 Jul 15. pii: S0889-1591(13)00235-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.001. [Epub ahead of print]
The development of so-called "sickness behaviors" (e.g., anorexia, anhedonia, reduced social interaction, fatigue) during infectious and inflammatory disease has been linked to facets of the immune response. Such problems can be particularly troublesome during chronic latent infection, as the host i
PMID 23867134

Efficient heterologous antigen gene delivery and expression by a replication-attenuated BoHV-4-based vaccine vector.

Capocefalo A, Mangia C, Franceschi V, Jacca S, van Santen VL, Donofrio G.SourceDipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2013 Jul 3. pii: S0264-410X(13)00844-X. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.052. [Epub ahead of print]
Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the Rhadinovirus genus and due to its biological characteristics has been proposed as a vaccine vector for veterinary vaccines. Because viral vector-associated risk is a major concern for viral vector applications, attenuation is a des
PMID 23830977

Japanese Journal

Molecular identification of novel alpha- and gammaherpesviruses from cetaceans stranded on Japanese coasts

Miyoshi Kanna,Nishida Shin,Sone Emi [他]
Zoological science 28(2), 126-133, 2011-02
NAID 40018702777

南アフリカの野生動物に検出された新しいガンマヘルペスウイルス(ウイルス学)

PAGAMJAV Ochir,坂田貫,IBRAHIM El Sayed M.,杉本千尋,高井伸二,PAWESKA Janusz T.,山口剛士,安田準,福士秀人
The journal of veterinary medical science 67(11), 1185-1188, 2005-11-25
南アフリカの13種の野生動物の血液DNA261検体のうちインパラ22検体およびスプリングボック2検体からヘルペスウイルスDNAが検出された.インパラ22検体の塩基配列は同一であった.スプリングボック2検体の塩基配列はそれぞれ異なっていた.これら3推定アミノ酸配列は既知のガンマヘルペスウイルスに44から71%の相同性を示し, 未知のガンマヘルペスウイルスに由来し, これら新規ウイルスは家畜動物に潜在 …
NAID 110004049164

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「gamma-herpesvirus」「ガンマヘルペスウイルス」

「gamma-herpesvirus」

Gammaherpesvirinae
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Herpesviridae
Subfamily:	Gammaherpesvirinae
Genera
	Macavirus; Rhadinovirus; Lymphocryptovirus; Percavirus;

　　[★]

ガンマヘルペスウイルス

関: gammaherpesvirus

「ガンマヘルペスウイルス」

　　[★]

英: gammaherpesvirus、gamma-herpesvirus

[ViralZone-1] "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[ICTV-2] ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[Williams2014-3] Williams, KJ (March 2014). "Gammaherpesviruses and Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence From Humans, Horses, and Rodents". Veterinary Pathology 51 (2): 372–384. doi:10.1177/0300985814521838. PMID 24569614.

[Neil-4] Blake, N. (2010). "Immune evasion by gammaherpesvirus genome maintenance proteins". Journal of General Virology 91 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1099/vir.0.018242-0. PMID 20089802.

[Nagamine2011-5] Nagamine B, Jones L, Tellgren-Roth C, Cavender J, Bratanich AC (2011) A novel gammaherpesvirus isolated from a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Arch Virol

[Wellehan2008-6] Wellehan JF, Johnson AJ, Childress AL, Harr KE, Isaza R (2008) Six novel gammaherpesviruses of Afrotheria provide insight into the early divergence of the Gammaherpesvirinae. Vet Microbiol 127(3-4):249-257

[7] Peng, L.; Ryazantsev, S.; Sun, R.; Zhou, Z. H. (2010). "Three-Dimensional Visualization of Gammaherpesvirus Life Cycle in Host Cells by Electron Tomography". Structure 18 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1016/j.str.2009.10.017. PMC 2866045. PMID 20152152.

[8] Ackermann, M. (2006). "Pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections". Veterinary Microbiology 113 (3–4): 211–222. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.008. PMID 16332416.

[pmid15245739-9] Stevenson, P. G. (2004). "Immune evasion by gamma-herpesviruses". Current Opinion in Immunology 16 (4): 456–462. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.05.002. PMID 15245739.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

gammaherpesvirus