gambit

　 　 　

WordNet

1. a chess move early in the game in which the player sacrifices minor pieces in order to obtain an advantageous position
2. an opening remark intended to secure an advantage for the speaker (同)ploy

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (チェスで展開を有利にするための)序盤の手,指し始めの手 / (事を有利に運ぶための)手始めの行動(発言)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/13 04:13:46」(JST)

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This article is about the chess tactic. For alternate meanings, see Gambit (disambiguation).

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Queen's Gambit. The gambit is introduced by 2.c4. If Black takes the pawn (dxc4), White can move e2–e4 and take control of the center, while threatening to capture the black pawn with the bishop (Bxc4).

A gambit (from ancient Italian gambetto, meaning "to trip") is a chess opening in which a player, more often White, sacrifices material, usually a pawn, with the hope of achieving a resulting advantageous position. Some well-known examples are the King's Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4), Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4), and Evans Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4). A gambit used by Black may also be called a gambit (e.g. the Latvian Gambit—1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5 or Englund Gambit—1.d4 e5), but is sometimes called a "countergambit" (e.g. the Albin Countergambit—1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 and Greco Counter-Gambit, an old-fashioned name for the Latvian Gambit).

The word "gambit" was originally applied to chess openings in 1561 by Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura, from an Italian expression dare il gambetto (to put a leg forward in order to trip someone). Lopez studied this maneuver, and so the Italian word gained the Spanish form gambito that led to French gambit, which has influenced the English spelling of the word. The broader sense of "opening move meant to gain advantage" was first recorded in English in 1855.

Strategy

a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h Queen's Gambit Accepted

a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h Queen's Gambit Declined

Gambits are often said to be 'offered' to an opponent, and that offer is then said to be either 'accepted' or 'declined.' If a player who is offered a gambit captures the piece (and thus gains material) the gambit is said to be accepted. If the player who was offered the gambit ignores it and instead continues his or her development, then the gambit is said to be declined.

In modern chess, the typical response to a moderately sound gambit is to accept the material and give the material back at an advantageous time. For gambits that are less sound, the accepting player is more likely to try to hold on to his extra material. A rule of thumb often found in various primers on chess suggests that a player should get three moves (see tempo) of development for a sacrificed pawn, but it is unclear how useful this general maxim is since the "free moves" part of the compensation is almost never the entirety of what the gambiteer gains. Of course, a player is not obliged to accept a gambit. Often, a gambit can be declined without disadvantage.

Soundness

A gambit is said to be 'sound' if it is capable of procuring adequate concessions from the opponent. There are three general criteria in which a gambit is often said to be sound:

• Time gain: the player accepting the gambit must take time to procure the sacrificed material and possibly must use more time to reorganize his pieces after the material is taken.
• Generation of differential activity: Often a player accepting a gambit will decentralize his pieces or pawns and his poorly placed pieces will allow the gambiteer to place his own pieces and pawns on squares that might otherwise have been inaccessible. In addition, bishops and rooks can become more active simply because the loss of pawns often gives rise to open files and diagonals. Former world champion Mikhail Tal, one of the most extraordinary attacking players of the 20th century, once reportedly told Mikhail Botvinnik that he had sacrificed a pawn because it was simply in his way.
• Generation of positional weaknesses: Finally, accepting a gambit may lead to a compromised pawn structure, holes or other positional deficiencies.

A good example of a sound gambit is the Scotch Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Bc4. Here Black can force White to sacrifice a pawn speculatively with 4...Bb4+, but White gets very good compensation for one pawn after 5.c3 dxc3 6.bxc3, or for two pawns after 6.0-0 inviting 6...cxb2 7.Bxb2, due to the development advantage and attacking chances against the black king. As a result, Black is often advised not to try to hold on to the extra pawn. A more dubious gambit is the so-called Halloween Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nxe5?! Nxe5 5.d4. Here the investment (a knight for just one pawn) is too large for the moderate advantage of having a strong center.

Examples

Main article: List of chess gambits

• King's Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.f4
• Queen's Gambit: 1.d4 d5 2.c4
• Evans Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4
• Rousseau Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 f5
• Smith–Morra Gambit: 1.e4 c5 2.d4 intending 2. ..cxd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Nxc3
• Two Knights Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 with 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 7.dxc6 bxc6 likely to follow.
• Blackmar–Diemer Gambit (BDG): 1.d4 d5 2.e4 dxe4 3.Nc3 followed by 4.f3
• From's Gambit: 1.f4 e5
• Staunton Gambit: 1.d4 f5 2.e4
• Budapest Gambit: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5
• Scotch Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Bc4
• Latvian Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5
• Blackburne Shilling Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!

This is not a true gambit by Black, since after 4.Nxe5!? Qg5! Black wins material. White can (and from this position should) play a gambit himself with 5.Bxf7+! Ke7 6.0-0! Qxe5 7.Bxg8 Rxg8 8.c3 Nc6 9.d4, when White's two pawns and rolling pawn center, combined with Black's misplaced king, give White strong compensation for the sacrificed bishop.

• Elephant Gambit: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d5!?
• Englund Gambit: 1.d4 e5?!
• Italian Gambit: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. d4
• Fried Liver Attack: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7
• Albin Countergambit: 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e5
• Benko Gambit: 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 b5
• Milner Barry Gambit: 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.Nf3 Qb6 6.Bd3 cxd4 7.cxd4 Bd7 8.Nc3 Nxd4 9.Nxd4 Qxd4

Notes

Further reading

• Schiller, Eric (2002). Gambit Chess Openings. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-58042-038-9. 

External links

• Guide to Chess Gambits (Part 1)
• Guide to Chess Gambits (Part 2)
• Emil Diemer (1908–1990) et les gambits sur le site Mieux jouer aux échecs
• Le gambit letton sur le site Mieux jouer aux échecs
• Le gambit Humphrey Bogart sur le site Mieux jouer aux échecs
• Le gambit Fajarowicz sur le site Mieux jouer aux échecs
• Le gambit Boden sur le site Mieux jouer aux échecs
• David Gedult (1897-1981) et les gambits sur le site Mieux jouer aux échecs
• Scacchi: Enciclopedia pratica dei Gambetti (Italian)

English Journal

• Lipopolysaccharide Neutralization by Antimicrobial Peptides: A Gambit in the Innate Host Defense Strategy.

• Pulido D, Nogués MV, Boix E, Torrent M.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
• Journal of innate immunity.J Innate Immun.2012 Mar 21. [Epub ahead of print]
• Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are nowadays understood as broad multifunctional tools of the innate immune system to fight microbial infections. In addition to its direct antimicrobial action, AMPs can modulate the host immune response by promoting or restraining the recruitment of cells and chemical
• PMID 22441679

• [CFD numerical simulation onto the gas-liquid two-phase flow behavior during vehicle refueling process].

• Chen JQ, Zhang N, Wang JH, Zhu L, Shang C.SourceDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China. Jiaqing@bipt.edu.cn
• Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue / [bian ji, Zhongguo ke xue yuan huan jing ke xue wei yuan hui "Huan jing ke xue" bian ji wei yuan hui.].Huan Jing Ke Xue.2011 Dec;32(12):3710-6.
• With the gradual improvement of environmental regulations, more and more attentions are attracted to the vapor emissions during the process of vehicle refueling. Research onto the vehicle refueling process by means of numerical simulation has been executed abroad since 1990s, while as it has never b
• PMID 22468545

• Where's Waldo? The 'decapitation gambit' and the definition of death.

• Lizza JP.SourceDepartment of Philosophy, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA 19530, USA. lizza@kutztown.edu
• Journal of medical ethics.J Med Ethics.2011 Dec;37(12):743-6. Epub 2011 Oct 11.
• The 'decapitation gambit' holds that, if physical decapitation normally entails the death of the human being, then physiological decapitation, evident in cases of total brain failure, entails the death of the human being. This argument has been challenged by Franklin Miller and Robert Truog, who arg
• PMID 21989065

Japanese Journal

• 抗不整脈薬の分類, 作用機序と使用上の原則と留意点

• 白神 麻依子,林 行雄
• 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 = The Journal of Japan Society for Clinical Anesthesia 32(3), 428-437, 2012-05-15
• NAID 10030763363

• Effects of Antiarrhythmic Drugs on the Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Current

• TAMURA Atsushi,OGURA Takehiko,UEMURA Hiroko,REIEN Yoshie,KISHIMOTO Takashi,NAGAI Toshio,KOMURO Issei,MIYAZAKI Masaru,NAKAYA Haruaki
• Journal of pharmacological sciences 110(2), 150-159, 2009-06-20
• … After the report of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, a tabular framework of the Sicilian Gambit has been proposed to display actions of antiarrhythmic drugs on ion channels and receptors and to provide more rational pharmacotherapy of arrhythmias. …
• NAID 10025737030

• 心房細動のトータルマネジメント : リニューアル心房細動治療(薬物)ガイドライン Overview

• 小川 聡
• 心電図 = Electrocardiology 29(3), 257-260, 2009-06-04
• … リニューアルした「心房細動治療（薬物）ガイドライン（2008年改訂版）」が発表された．この新ガイドラインは，Sicilian Gambitの概念と我が国でのエビデンスを融合させた点に特徴がある．また，洞調律維持の治療戦略では，孤立性心房細動（AF）と器質的病的心に伴うAFとを分けて提示した点も特徴である．孤立性発作性AFの洞調律維持治療ではI群薬のNaチャネル遮断薬5剤を第一選択としたが，使用実態と適応症を考慮 …
• NAID 10026293200

• A hopeless gambit?: German U-boats in the Atlantic, 1939-43

• Jones Marcus
• 戦史研究年報 (12), 95-106, 2009-03
• NAID 40016642879

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