WordNet
- a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
PrepTutorEJDIC
- =sense organ / 受信装置
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/08 05:24:06」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| galanin receptor 1 |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
GALR1 |
| Alt. symbols |
GALNR1, GALNR |
| Entrez |
2587 |
| HUGO |
4132 |
| OMIM |
600377 |
| RefSeq |
NM_001480 |
| UniProt |
P47211 |
| Other data |
| Locus |
Chr. 18 q23 |
| galanin receptor 2 |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
GALR2 |
| Entrez |
8811 |
| HUGO |
4133 |
| OMIM |
603691 |
| RefSeq |
NM_003857 |
| UniProt |
O43603 |
| Other data |
| Locus |
Chr. 17 q25.3 |
| galanin receptor 3 |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
GALR3 |
| Entrez |
8484 |
| HUGO |
4134 |
| OMIM |
603692 |
| RefSeq |
NM_003614 |
| UniProt |
O60755 |
| Other data |
| Locus |
Chr. 22 q12.2-13.1 |
The galanin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, or metabotropic receptor which binds galanin.[1]
Galanin receptors can be found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and the endocrine system. So far three subtypes are known to exist: GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3.[2] The specific function of each subtype remains to be fully elucidated, although as of 2009 great progress is currently being made in this respect with the generation of receptor subtype-specific knockout mice,[3][4] and the first selective ligands for galanin receptor subtypes. Selective galanin agonists are anticonvulsant,[5][6][7] while antagonists produce antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animals,[8][9][10][11][12] so either agonist or antagonist ligands for the galanin receptors may be potentially therapeutic compounds in humans.
Contents
- 1 Ligands
- 1.1 Agonists
- 1.2 Antagonists
- 2 References
- 3 External links
Ligands
Agonists
- Non-selective
- Galanin
- Galanin 1-15 fragment
- Galanin-like peptide - agonist at GAL1 and GAL2 but not GAL3
- Galmic[13]
- Galnon[14]
- NAX 5055[15][16]
- D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2[17]
- GAL1 selective
- GAL1/2 selective
- M1154 - has no GalR3 interaction[19]
- GAL2 selective
- Galanin 2-11 amide - also called AR-M 1896, anticonvulsant in mice, CAS# 367518-31-8
- M1145 - seletive compared to both GalR1 and GalR3 [20]
- M1153 - seletive compared to both GalR1 and GalR3[21]
- CYM 2503 (positive allosteric modulator)[22]
Antagonists
- Non-selective
- GAL1 selective
- GAL2 selective
- GAL3 selective
- SNAP-37889 [23]
- SNAP-398,299[24]
References
- ^ Lang R, Gundlach AL, Kofler B (2007). "The galanin peptide family: receptor pharmacology, pleiotropic biological actions, and implications in health and disease". Pharmacol. Ther. 115 (2): 177–207. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.05.009. PMID 17604107.
- ^ Branchek TA, Smith KE, Gerald C, Walker MW (2000). "Galanin receptor subtypes". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21 (3): 109–17. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01446-2. PMID 10689365.
- ^ Rustay NR, Wrenn CC, Kinney JW, Holmes A, Bailey KR, Sullivan TL, Harris AP, Long KC, Saavedra MC, Starosta G, Innerfield CE, Yang RJ, Dreiling JL, Crawley JN (June 2005). "Galanin impairs performance on learning and memory tasks: findings from galanin transgenic and GAL-R1 knockout mice". Neuropeptides 39 (3): 239–43. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.026. PMID 15944016.
- ^ Lu X, Ross B, Sanchez-Alavez M, Zorrilla EP, Bartfai T (August 2008). "Phenotypic analysis of GalR2 knockout mice in anxiety- and depression-related behavioral tests". Neuropeptides 42 (4): 387–97. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2008.04.009. PMC 3399724. PMID 18554714.
- ^ Mazarati A, Lundström L, Sollenberg U, Shin D, Langel U, Sankar R (August 2006). "Regulation of kindling epileptogenesis by hippocampal galanin type 1 and type 2 receptors: The effects of subtype-selective agonists and the role of G-protein-mediated signaling". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 318 (2): 700–8. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.104703. PMC 1508166. PMID 16699066.
- ^ Lerner JT, Sankar R, Mazarati AM (June 2008). "Galanin and epilepsy". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS 65 (12): 1864–71. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8161-8. PMID 18500639.
- ^ Zhang L, Robertson CR, Green BR, Pruess TH, White HS, Bulaj G (February 2009). "Structural Requirements for a Lipoamino Acid in Modulating the Anticonvulsant Activities of Systemically Active Galanin Analogues". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 52 (5): 1310–6. doi:10.1021/jm801397w. PMC 2765488. PMID 19199479.
- ^ Lu X, Barr AM, Kinney JW, Sanna P, Conti B, Behrens MM, Bartfai T (January 2005). "A role for galanin in antidepressant actions with a focus on the dorsal raphe nucleus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (3): 874–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408891102. PMC 545581. PMID 15647369.
- ^ Barr AM, Kinney JW, Hill MN, Lu X, Biros S, Rebek J, Bartfai T (September 2006). "A novel, systemically active, selective galanin receptor type-3 ligand exhibits antidepressant-like activity in preclinical tests". Neuroscience Letters 405 (1–2): 111–5. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.033. PMID 16854525.
- ^ Lu X, Sharkey L, Bartfai T (June 2007). "The brain galanin receptors: targets for novel antidepressant drugs". CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 6 (3): 183–92. doi:10.2174/187152707780619335. PMID 17511615.
- ^ Kuteeva E, Hökfelt T, Wardi T, Ogren SO (June 2008). "Galanin, galanin receptor subtypes and depression-like behaviour". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS 65 (12): 1854–63. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8160-9. PMID 18500640.
- ^ Kuteeva E, Wardi T, Lundström L, Sollenberg U, Langel U, Hökfelt T, Ogren SO (October 2008). "Differential role of galanin receptors in the regulation of depression-like behavior and monoamine/stress-related genes at the cell body level". Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (11): 2573–85. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301660. PMID 18172432.
- ^ Ceide SC, Trembleau L, Haberhauer G, Somogyi L, Lu X, Bartfai T, Rebek J (November 2004). "Synthesis of galmic: a nonpeptide galanin receptor agonist". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (48): 16727–32. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407543101. PMC 534730. PMID 15557002.
- ^ Rajarao SJ, Platt B, Sukoff SJ, Lin Q, Bender CN, Nieuwenhuijsen BW, Ring RH, Schechter LE, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Beyer CE (October 2007). "Anxiolytic-like activity of the non-selective galanin receptor agonist, galnon". Neuropeptides 41 (5): 307–20. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2007.05.001. PMID 17637475.
- ^ Bulaj G, Green BR, Lee HK, Robertson CR, White K, Zhang L, Sochanska M, Flynn SP, Scholl EA, Pruess TH, Smith MD, White HS (December 2008). "Design, synthesis, and characterization of high-affinity, systemically-active galanin analogues with potent anticonvulsant activities". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 51 (24): 8038–47. doi:10.1021/jm801088x. PMID 19053761.
- ^ White HS, Scholl EA, Klein BD, Flynn SP, Pruess TH, Green BR, Zhang L, Bulaj G (April 2009). "Developing novel antiepileptic drugs: characterization of NAX 5055, a systemically-active galanin analog, in epilepsy models". Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 6 (2): 372–80. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2009.01.001. PMID 19332332.
- ^ Robertson, CR et al. (May 2012). "Generating orally active galanin analogues with analgesic activities.". ChemMedChem. (2012) 7 (5): 903–9. doi:10.1002/cmdc.201100574. PMID 22374865.
- ^ a b Sollenberg UE, Runesson J, Sillard R, Langel U (March 2010). "Binding of Chimeric Peptides M617 and M871 to Galanin Receptor Type 3 Reveals Characteristics of Galanin Receptor–Ligand Interaction". International journal of peptide research and therapeutids 16 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1007/s10989-009-9197-9.
- ^ Runesson J, Saar I, Sillard R, Langel U (2010). "M1154 – A Novel Galanin Ligand to Delineate the Galaninergic System". Proceeding of the 31st European Peptide Symposium: 452–453.
- ^ Runesson J, Saar I, Lundström L, Järv J, Langel U (2009). "A novel GalR2-specific peptide agonist". Neuropeptides 43 (3): 187–92. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2009.04.004. PMID 19467704.
- ^ Saar I, Runesson J, McNamara I, Järv J, Robinson JK, Langel U (2011). "Novel galanin receptor subtype specific ligands in feeding regulation". Neurochemistry International 58 (6): 714–720. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.02.012. PMID 21333705.
- ^ Mittapalli, GK et al. (2014). "Structure Activity Relationships of Novel Antiepileptic Drugs.". Curr Med Chem. (2013) 21 (6): 722–54. doi:10.2174/0929867320666131119153215. PMID 24251563.
- ^ Ogren SO, Kuteeva E, Hökfelt T, Kehr J (2006). "Galanin receptor antagonists : a potential novel pharmacological treatment for mood disorders". CNS Drugs 20 (8): 633–54. doi:10.2165/00023210-200620080-00003. PMID 16863269.
- ^ Swanson CJ, Blackburn TP, Zhang X, Zheng K, Xu ZQ, Hökfelt T, Wolinsky TD, Konkel MJ, Chen H, Zhong H, Walker MW, Craig DA, Gerald CP, Branchek TA (November 2005). "Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like profiles of the galanin-3 receptor (Gal3) antagonists SNAP 37889 and SNAP 398299". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (48): 17489–94. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508970102. PMC 1283534. PMID 16287967.
External links
- "Galanin Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
- Galanin Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
|
Neuropeptide receptors
|
|
| G protein-coupled receptor |
| Hormone receptors |
| Hypothalamic |
- CRH
- FSH
- LHRH
- TRH
- Somatostatin
|
|
| Pituitary |
- Vasopressin
- Oxytocin
- LHCG
- TSH
|
|
| Other |
- Atrial natriuretic factor
- Calcitonin
- Cholecystokinin
- VIP
|
|
|
| Opioid receptors |
- Delta
- Kappa
- Mu
- Nociceptin
|
|
| Other neuropeptide receptors |
- Angiotensin
- Bradykinin
- Tachykinin
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Galanin
- GPCR neuropeptide
- Neurotensin
|
|
|
| Type I cytokine receptor |
|
|
| Enzyme-linked receptor |
- Atrial natriuretic factor
|
|
| Other |
|
|
|
Index of signal transduction
|
|
| Description |
- Intercellular
- neuropeptides
- growth factors
- cytokines
- hormones
- Cell surface receptors
- ligand-gated
- enzyme-linked
- G protein-coupled
- immunoglobulin superfamily
- integrins
- neuropeptide
- growth factor
- cytokine
- Intracellular
- adaptor proteins
- GTP-binding
- MAP kinase
- Calcium signaling
- Lipid signaling
- Pathways
- hedgehog
- Wnt
- TGF beta
- MAPK ERK
- notch
- JAK-STAT
- apoptosis
- hippo
- TLR
|
|
|
|
Neuropeptidergics
|
|
| CGRP |
- Agonists: Amylin
- CGRP
- Pramlintide
- Antagonists: BI 44370 TA
- BMS-927711
- CGRP (8-37)
- MK-3207
- Olcegepant
- Rimegepant
- SB-268262
- Telcagepant
- Ubrogepant
|
|
| Cholecystokinin |
|
CCKA
|
- Agonists: Cholecystokinin
- CCK-4
- Antagonists: Amiglumide
- Asperlicin
- Devazepide
- Dexloxiglumide
- Lintitript
- Lorglumide
- Loxiglumide
- Pranazepide
- Proglumide
- Tarazepide
- Tomoglumide
|
|
|
CCKB
|
- Agonists: Cholecystokinin
- CCK-4
- Gastrin
- Antagonists: CI-988 (PD-134,308)
- Itriglumide
- L-365,360
- Netazepide
- Proglumide
- Spiroglumide
|
|
|
| CRH |
|
CRF1
|
- Agonists: Cortagine
- Corticorelin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Sauvagine
- Stressin I
- Urocortin
- Antagonists: Antalarmin
- Astressin-B
- CP-154,526
- Emicerfont
- Hypericin
- LWH-234
- NBI-27914
- Pexacerfont
- R-121,919
- TS-041
- Verucerfont
|
|
|
CRF2
|
- Agonists: Corticorelin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone
- Sauvagine
- Urocortin
|
|
|
| Galanin |
|
GAL1
|
- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galanin-like peptide
- Galmic
- Galnon
- Antagonists: C7
- Dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxide
- Galantide (M15)
- M32
- M35
- M40
- SCH-202596
|
|
|
GAL2
|
- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galanin (2-11)
- Galanin-like peptide
- Galmic
- Galnon
- J18
- Antagonists: C7
- Galantide (M15)
- M32
- M35
- M40
- M871
|
|
|
GAL3
|
- Agonists: Galanin
- Galanin (1-15)
- Galmic
- Galnon
- Antagonists: C7
- Galantide (M15)
- GalR3ant
- HT-2157
- M32
- M35
- M40
- SNAP-37889
- SNAP-398299
|
|
|
| MCH |
|
MCH1
|
- Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone
- Antagonists: ATC-0065
- ATC-0175
- GW-803,430
- NGD-4715
- SNAP-7941
- SNAP-94847
|
|
|
MCH2
|
- Agonists: Melanin concentrating hormone
|
|
|
| Melanocortin |
|
MC1
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- BMS-470,539
- Bremelanotide
- HS-014
- HS-024
- Melanotan II
- Modimelanotide
- PL-8177
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
- SNAP-7941
|
|
|
MC2
|
- Agonists: ACTH (corticotropin)
- Alsactide
- Codactide
- Giractide
- Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
- Seractide
- Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
- Tosactide (octacosactrin)
- Tricosactide
- Tridecactide
|
|
|
MC3
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- Bremelanotide
- Melanotan II
- Modimelanotide
- PG-931
- Antagonists: AGRP
- ASIP
- HS-014
- ML-00253764
- PG-106
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
|
|
|
MC4
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- AZD2820
- BIM-22493
- Bremelanotide
- LY-2112688
- Melanotan II
- MK-0493
- Modimelanotide
- PF-00446687
- PG-931
- PL-6983
- Ro 27-3225
- Setmelanotide
- THIQ
- Antagonists: AGRP
- ASIP
- HS-014
- HS-024
- HS-131
- JKC-363
- MCL-0020
- MCL-0042
- MCL-0129
- ML-00253764
- MPB-10
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
|
|
|
MC5
|
- Agonists: α-MSH
- β-MSH
- γ-MSH
- ACTH (corticotropin)
- Afamelanotide
- Bremelanotide
- HS-014
- HS-024
- Melanotan II
- Modimelanotide
- SHU-8914
- SHU-9005
- SHU-9119
- Antagonists: ASIP
- ML-00253764
|
|
|
Unsorted
|
- Agonists: Alsactide
- Codactide
- Giractide
- Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
- Seractide
- Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
- Tosactide (octacosactrin)
- Tricosactide
- Tridecactide
|
|
|
| Neuropeptide S |
|
|
| Neuropeptide Y |
|
Y1
|
- Agonists: Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
- Antagonists: BIBO-3304
- BIBP-3226
- BVD-10
- GR-231,118
- PD-160,170
|
|
|
Y2
|
- Agonists: 2-Thiouridine 5'-triphosphate
- Neuropeptide Y
- Neuropeptide Y (13-36)
- Peptide YY
- Peptide YY (3-36)
- Antagonists: BIIE-0246
- JNJ-5207787
- SF-11
|
|
|
Y4
|
- Agonists: GR-231,118
- Neuropeptide Y
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Peptide YY
|
|
|
Y5
|
- Agonists: BWX-46
- Neuropeptide Y
- Peptide YY
- Antagonists: CGP-71683
- FMS-586
- L-152,804
- Lu AA-33810
- MK-0557
- NTNCB
- Velneperit (S-2367)
|
|
|
| Neurotensin |
|
NTS1
|
- Agonists: Neurotensin
- Neuromedin N
- Antagonists: Meclinertant
- SR-142,948
|
|
|
NTS2
|
- Antagonists: Levocabastine
- SR-142,948
|
|
|
| Opioid |
See here instead.
|
|
| Orexin |
|
OX1
|
- Agonists: Orexin-A
- Orexin-B
- Antagonists: ACT-335827
- ACT-462206
- Almorexant
- Filorexant
- Lemborexant
- SB-334,867
- SB-408,124
- SB-649,868
- Suvorexant
- TCS-1102
|
|
|
OX2
|
- Agonists: Orexin-A
- Orexin-B
- SB-668,875
- Antagonists: ACT-335827
- ACT-462206
- Almorexant
- EMPA
- Filorexant
- JNJ-10397049
- JNJ-42847922
- Lemborexant
- MK-1064
- SB-649,868
- Suvorexant
- TCS-1102
- TCS-OX2-29
|
|
|
| Oxytocin |
- Agonists: Aspartocin
- Carbetocin
- Cargutocin
- Demoxytocin
- Merotocin
- Nacartocin
- Oxytocin
- TC OT 39
- TGOT
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- WAY-267,464
- Antagonists: Atosiban
- Barusiban
- Epelsiban
- Erlosiban
- L-368,899
- L-371,257
- L-372,662
- OBE001
- Retosiban
- SSR-126,768
- Tocinoic acid
- WAY-162,720
|
|
| Tachykinin |
|
NK1
|
- Antagonists: Aprepitant
- Befetupitant
- Burapitant
- Casopitant
- CI-1021
- CP-96,345
- CP-99,994
- CP-122,721
- Dapitant
- Ezlopitant
- Figopitant
- FK-888
- Fosaprepitant
- GR-203,040
- GW-597,599
- HSP-117
- L-733,060
- L-741,671
- L-743,310
- L-758,298
- Lanepitant
- LY-306,740
- Maropitant
- Netupitant
- NKP-608
- Nolpitantium besilate
- Orvepitant
- Rolapitant
- RP-67,580
- SDZ NKT 343
- Serlopitant
- Telmapitant
- Tradipitant
- Vestipitant
- Vofopitant
|
|
|
NK2
|
- Antagonists: GR-159,897
- Ibodutant
- Nepadutant
- Saredutant
|
|
|
NK3
|
- Antagonists: Osanetant
- Talnetant
|
|
|
| Vasopressin |
|
V1A
|
- Agonists: Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- Selepressin
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- Antagonists: Atosiban
- Conivaptan
- FR-218944
- JNJ-17079166
- JNJ-17308616
- LY-307174
- PF-184563
- Relcovaptan
- RG7314
- SRX246
- SRX251
- TC OT 39
- WAY-267,464
- YM-218
- YM-471
- YM-35471
|
|
|
V1B
|
- Agonists: Desmopressin
- Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- Antagonists: ABT-436
- Nelivaptan
- ORG-52186
|
|
|
V2
|
- Agonists: Desmopressin
- Felypressin
- Lypressin
- Ornipressin
- TC OT 39
- Terlipressin
- Vasopressin (argipressin)
- Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
- Antagonists: Conivaptan
- JNJ-17079166
- Lixivaptan
- Mozavaptan
- RWJ-351647
- Satavaptan
- Tolvaptan
- YM-471
- YM-35471
|
|
|
Unsorted
|
- Antagonists: Ribuvaptan
- RWJ-339489
- VMAX-367
- VMAX-372
- VMAX-382
- YM-222546
|
|
|
|
See also: Peptidergics
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Novel systemically active galanin receptor 2 ligands in depression-like behavior.
- Saar I, Lahe J, Langel K, Runesson J, Webling K, Järv J, Rytkönen J, Närvänen A, Bartfai T, Kurrikoff K, Langel U.SourceInstitute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Journal of neurochemistry.J Neurochem.2013 Oct;127(1):114-23. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12274. Epub 2013 May 31.
- Neuropeptide galanin and its three G-protein coupled receptors, galanin receptor type 1-galanin receptor type 3 (GalR1-GalR3), are involved in the regulation of numerous physiological and disease processes, and thus represent tremendous potential in neuroscience research and novel drug lead developm
- PMID 23600864
- Inhibitory Role of the Spinal Galanin System in the Control of Micturition.
- Honda M, Yoshimura N, Inoue S, Hikita K, Muraoka K, Saito M, Chancellor MB, Takenaka A.SourceDepartment of Urology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
- Urology.Urology.2013 Sep 12. pii: S0090-4295(13)00954-0. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.06.056. [Epub ahead of print]
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of intrathecal galanin on the micturition reflex in rats.METHODS: Continuous cystometrograms (0.04 mL/min infusion rate) were performed in female Sprague-Dawley rats (225-248 g) under urethane anesthesia. After stable micturition cycles were established, galanin
- PMID 24035037
- Remarkable similarities between the hemichordate (Saccoglossus kowalevskii) and vertebrate GPCR repertoire.
- Krishnan A, Almén MS, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB.SourceDepartment of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. arunkumar.krishnan@neuro.uu.se
- Gene.Gene.2013 Sep 10;526(2):122-33. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 May 15.
- Saccoglossus kowalevskii (the acorn worm) is a hemichordate belonging to the superphylum of deuterostome bilateral animals. Hemichordates are sister group to echinoderms, and closely related to chordates. S. kowalevskii has chordate like morphological traits and serves as an important model organism
- PMID 23685280
Japanese Journal
- Galanin-3 Receptor Antagonism by SNAP 37889 Reduces Motivation to Self-administer Alcohol and Attenuates Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol-Seeking in iP Rats
- Ash Belinda L.,Quach Tim,Williams Spencer J. [他]
- Journal of pharmacological sciences 125(2), 211-216, 2014-06
- NAID 40020097717
- Galanin-3 Receptor Antagonism by SNAP 37889 Reduces Motivation to Self-administer Alcohol and Attenuates Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol-Seeking in iP Rats
- , , , ,
- Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 125(2), 211-216, 2014
- … The neuropeptide galanin has a role in promoting alcohol consumption and general feeding behavior. … The galanin-3 receptor (GALR3) subtype is implicated in modulating the consumption of alcohol and has therefore been identified as a potential target for new pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol use disorders. …
- NAID 130004438626
- Possible Involvement of Hypothalamic Nucleobindin-2 in Hyperphagic Feeding in Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetes Mice
- , ,
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(10), 1784-1793, 2012
- … The mRNA levels of galanin, melanin-concentrating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and pro-opiomelanocortin were significantly changed in the hypothalamus in TSOD mice at several time points. … Another model of type 2 diabetes, db/db mice, which is a mutant mouse that lacks a functional leptin receptor, showed hyperphagic feeding but no change in hypothalamic NUCB2 mRNA compared with non-diabetic control db/+ mice. …
- NAID 130001872381
Related Links
- Galanin has been ascribed a large range of different functions. To accomplish these, the galanin gene has a highly plastic expression pattern, which has been portrayed numerous times in the literature. Galanin was early shown to be ...
- Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone ...
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