galangal

　

WordNet

1. southeastern Asian perennial with aromatic roots (同)Alpinia galanga
2. Chinese perennial with pyramidal racemes of white flowers and pungent aromatic roots used medicinally and as flavoring (同)Alpinia officinarum, Alpinia officinalis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/19 21:55:51」(JST)

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Kaempferia galanga

Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum)

Galangal rhizome ready to be prepared for cooking

Galangal /ɡəˈlæŋɡəl/ is a rhizome of plants in the ginger family Zingiberaceae, with culinary and medicinal uses originating in Indonesia. The rhizomes are used in various Asian cuisines (for example in Thai and Lao tom yum and tom kha gai soups, Vietnamese Huế cuisine (tré) and throughout Indonesian cuisine, for example, in soto). Galangal is related to and resembles ginger. While ginger tastes a little like galangal, most cooks who use both rhizomes would never substitute one for the other and expect the same flavor profile.

In its raw form, galangals have a dissimilar taste from common ginger. They are available as a whole rhizome, cut or powdered. The whole fresh rhizome is very hard, and slicing it requires a sharp knife. A mixture of galangal and lime juice is used as a tonic in parts of Southeast Asia. In the Indonesian language, the greater galangal and lesser galangal are both called lengkuas or laos, while Kaempferia galanga is known as kencur. It is also known as galanggal, and somewhat confusingly galingale, which is also the name for several plants of the unrelated Cyperus genus of sedges (also with aromatic rhizomes). In Thai language, greater galangal is called "ข่า" (kha) or "ข่าใหญ่" (kha yai), while lesser galangal is called "ข่าตาแดง" (kha ta daeng). In Vietnamese, greater galangal is called riềng nếp and lesser galangal is called riềng thuốc.

The word galangal, or its variant galanga, can refer in common usage to four plant species all in the Zingiberaceae (ginger family):

• Alpinia galanga or greater galangal
• Alpinia officinarum or lesser galangal
• Kaempferia galanga, also called kencur, aromatic ginger or sand ginger
• Boesenbergia rotunda, also called Chinese ginger or fingerroot

Polish Żołądkowa Gorzka vodka is flavoured with galanga.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

• Qureshi, S.; Shah, A.; Ageel, A. (2007). "Toxicity Studies on Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa". Planta Medica 58 (2): 124–7. doi:10.1055/s-2006-961412. PMID 1529022. 
• Bendjeddou, D; Lalaoui, K; Satta, D (2003). "Immunostimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88 (2–3): 155–60. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00226-5. PMID 12963136. 
• Morita, Hiroshi; Itokawa, Hideji (2007). "Cytotoxic and Antifungal Diterpenes from the Seeds of Alpinia galanga". Planta Medica 54 (2): 117–20. doi:10.1055/s-2006-962365. PMID 3406169. 
• Oonmetta-Aree, Jirawan; Suzuki, Tomoko; Gasaluck, Piyawan; Eumkeb, Griangsak (2006). "Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus". LWT - Food Science and Technology 39 (10): 1214–20. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015. 
• Itokawa, Hideji; Morita, Hiroshi; Sumitomo, Takayoshi; Totsuka, Nobuo; Takeya, Koichi (2007). "Antitumour Principles from Alpinia galanga". Planta Medica 53 (1): 32–3. doi:10.1055/s-2006-962611. PMID 3575509. 
• Matsuda, Hisashi; Pongpiriyadacha, Yutana; Morikawa, Toshio; Ochi, Momotaro; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2003). "Gastroprotective effects of phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in rats: Structural requirements and mode of action". European Journal of Pharmacology 471 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01785-0. PMID 12809953. 
• Mitsui, Seiji; Kobayashi, Shinsaku; Nagahori, Hitoshi; Ogiso, Akira (1976). "Constituents from seeds of Alpinia galanga Wild. And their anti-ulcer activities". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 24 (10): 2377. doi:10.1248/cpb.24.2377. 
• Matsuda, Hisashi; Morikawa, Toshio; Managi, Hiromi; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2003). "Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: Structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-α and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 13 (19): 3197–202. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(03)00710-8. PMID 12951092. 
• De Pooter, Herman L.; Omar, Muhammad Nor; Coolsaet, Brigitte A.; Schamp, Niceas M. (1985). "The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia". Phytochemistry 24: 93–6. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6. 
• Barik, B.R.; Kundu, A.B.; Dey, A.K. (1987). "Two phenolic constituents from Alpinia galanga rhizomes". Phytochemistry 26 (7): 2126–7. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81779-3. 
• Borthakur, M.; Hazarika, J.; Singh, R.S. (1998). "A protocol for micropropagation of Alpinia galanga". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 55 (3): 231–3. doi:10.1023/A:1006265424378. 
• Haraguchi, Hiroyuki; Kuwata, Yoshiharu; Inada, Kozo; Shingu, Kazushi; Miyahara, Kazumoto; Nagao, Miyoko; Yagi, Akira (2007). "Antifungal Activity from Alpinia galanga and the Competition for Incorporation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Cell Growth". Planta Medica 62 (4): 308–13. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957890. PMID 8792660. 

External links

• Encyclopedia of Spices

English Journal

• 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate ameliorates age-related spatial memory deterioration by increasing serum ketone body production as a complementary energy source for neuronal cells.

• Kojima-Yuasa A1, Yamamoto T2, Yaku K2, Hirota S2, Takenaka S3, Kawabe K4, Matsui-Yuasa I2.
• Chemico-biological interactions.Chem Biol Interact.2016 Sep 25;257:101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.031. Epub 2016 Jul 29.
• 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) is naturally obtained from the rhizomes and seeds of Alpinia galangal. Here, we examined the effect of ACA on learning and memory in senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8). In mice that were fed a control diet containing 0.02% ACA for 25 weeks, the learning abil
• PMID 27481192

• Effects of packaging materials on the aroma stability of Thai 'tom yam' seasoning powder as determined by descriptive sensory analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

• Leelaphiwat P1, Harte JB2, Auras RA3, Ong PK4,5, Chonhenchob V6.
• Journal of the science of food and agriculture.J Sci Food Agric.2016 Aug 10. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.7986. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Changes in the aroma characteristics of Thai 'tom yam' seasoning powder, containing lemongrass, galangal and kaffir lime leaf, as affected by different packaging materials were assessed using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The de
• PMID 27507120

• Structure- and isoform-specific glucuronidation of six curcumin analogs.

• Lu D1, Liu H2, Ye W2, Wang Y2, Wu B1.
• Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.Xenobiotica.2016 Jun 20:1-10. [Epub ahead of print]
• 1. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the glucuronidation of six curcumin analogs (i.e. RAO-3, RAO-8, RAO-9, RAO-18, RAO-19, and RAO-23) derived from galangal using human liver microsomes (HLM) and twelve expressed UGT enzymes. 2. Formation of glucuronide was confirmed using high-resolut
• PMID 27324181

Japanese Journal

• Enzymatic browning of fresh-cut galangal (Alpinia siamense K. Schum) and its relationship to oxidative enzymes

• Chinwang Ubol,Siriphanich Jingtair,Chairat Raywat
• Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 80(1), 103-112, 2011-01
• NAID 40017429788

• Galangal Pungent Component, 1'-Acetoxychavicol Acetate, Activates TRPA1

• NARUKAWA Masataka,KOIZUMI Kanako,IWASAKI Yusaku,KUBOTA Kikue,WATANABE Tatsuo
• Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 74(8), 1694-1696, 2010-08-23
• … We investigated the activation of transient receptor potential cation channel (TRP) subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) and TRP subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) by 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), the main pungent component in galangal. …
• NAID 10027558622

Related Links

• Galangal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Galangal (galanga, blue ginger, laos) is a rhizome of plants in the ginger family Zingiberaceae, with culinary and medicinal uses originating in Indonesia. (Lao: ຂ່າ "kha"; Thai: ข่า "kha" IPA: [kʰɑː]; Indonesian/Malay: lengkuas (Alpinia ...

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