fricative

　 　

WordNet

1. of speech sounds produced by forcing air through a constricted passage (as `f, `s, `z, or `th in both `thin and `then' (同)continuant, sibilant, spirant, strident
2. a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract (同)fricative, spirant

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 摩擦子音([f],[v],[θ],[δ],[s],[z],[S],[g],[h]などと表される子音) / 摩擦音の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/25 06:14:45」(JST)

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Manners of articulation
Obstruent     Stop     Affricate     Fricative         Sibilant Sonorant     Nasal     Flap/Tap     Approximant         Liquid     Vowel         Semivowel Lateral Trill
Airstreams
Pulmonic Ejective Implosive Nonplosive Lingual (clicks) Linguo-pulmonic Linguo-ejective Percussive
Related
Alliteration Assonance Consonance

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of [f]; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German [x], the final consonant of Bach; or the side of the tongue against the molars, in the case of Welsh [ɬ], appearing twice in the name Llanelli. This turbulent airflow is called frication. A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English [s], [z], [ʃ], and [ʒ] are examples of this.

Two other terms are spirant and strident, but their usage is less standardized. The former can be used synonymously with "fricative", or (as in e.g. Uralic linguistics) to refer to non-sibilant fricatives only. The latter can be used synonymously with "sibilant", but some authors include also labiodental, lateral or uvular fricatives in the class.

Types

Sibilants

• [s] voiceless coronal sibilant, as in English sip
• [z] voiced coronal sibilant, as in English zip
• [sʼ] ejective coronal sibilant
• [s̪] voiceless dental sibilant
• [z̪] voiced dental sibilant
• [s̺] voiceless apical sibilant
• [z̺] voiced apical sibilant
• [s̠] voiceless postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
• [z̠] voiced postalveolar sibilant (laminal)
• [ʃ] voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as in English ship
• [ʒ] voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as the s in English vision
• [ɕ] voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
• [ʑ] voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
• [ʂ] voiceless retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)
• [ʐ] voiced retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)

All sibilants are coronal, but may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or palatal (retroflex) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are subapical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.

Central non-sibilant fricatives

• [ɸ] voiceless bilabial fricative
• [β] voiced bilabial fricative
• [f] voiceless labiodental fricative, as in English fine
• [v] voiced labiodental fricative, as in English vine
• [θ̼] voiceless linguolabial fricative
• [ð̼] voiced linguolabial fricative
• [θ], [θ̟] voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative, as in English thing
• [ð], [ð̟] voiced dental non-sibilant fricative, as in English that
• [θ̠], [ɹ̝̊] voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
• [ð̠], [ɹ̝] voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
• [r̝̊] voiceless trilled fricative
• [r̝] voiced trilled fricative
• [ç] voiceless palatal fricative
• [ʝ] voiced palatal fricative
• [x] voiceless velar fricative
• [ɣ] voiced velar fricative
• [ɧ] voiceless palatal-velar fricative (articulation disputed)
• [χ] voiceless uvular fricative
• [ħ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative

The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,

• [ʜ] voiceless epiglottal fricative
• [ʢ] voiced epiglottal fricative

with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills.

Lateral fricatives

• [ɬ̪] voiceless dental lateral fricative
• [ɮ̪] voiced dental lateral fricative
• [ɬ] voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
• [ɮ] voiced alveolar lateral fricative
• [ɬ̠] voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative (Mehri)
• [ɭ̥˔] or [ꞎ] voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
• [ʎ̥˔] or [ʎ̝̊] voiceless palatal lateral fricative (also written ⟨⟩)
• [ʟ̝̊] voiceless velar lateral fricative (also written ⟨⟩)
• [ʟ̝] voiced velar lateral fricative

The lateral fricative occurs as the ll of Welsh, as in Lloyd, Llewelyn, and the town of Machynlleth ([maˈxənɬɛθ]), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as Xhosa and Zulu), and in Mongolian.

IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants

• [ʁ] voiced uvular fricative
• [ʕ] voiced pharyngeal fricative

No language distinguishes voiced fricatives from approximants at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the uptack to the letters, [ʁ̝, ʕ̝]. Likewise, the downtack may be added to specify an approximant realization, [ʁ̞, ʕ̞].

(The bilabial approximant and dental approximant do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: [β̞, ð̞]. However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)

Pseudo-fricatives

• [h] voiceless glottal transition, as in English hat
• [ɦ] breathy-voiced glottal transition

In many languages, such as English, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise. However, in languages such as Arabic, they are true fricatives.

In addition, [ʍ] is usually called a "voiceless labial-velar fricative", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see voiceless palatal-velar fricative for a putative (and rather controversial) example.

Aspirated fricatives

Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as tenuis ("plain") fricatives. Other phonations are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically aspirated fricatives are rare. [sʰ] contrasts with [s] in Korean; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few Sino-Tibetan languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo (/sʰ/ and /fʰ/). The record may be Cone Tibetan, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: /sʰ/ /ɕʰ/, /ʂʰ/, and /xʰ/.

Nasalized fricatives

Phonemically nasalized fricatives are rare. Some South Arabian languages have /z̃/, Umbundu has /ṽ/, and Kwangali and Souletin Basque have /h̃/. In Coatzospan Mixtec, [β̃, ð̃, s̃, ʃ̃] appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when /f v s z ʃ ʒ/ occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.

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Types of fricative

	bilabial	labio- dental	linguo- labial	inter- dental	dental	denti- alveolar	alveolar	post- alveolar	palatal/ retroflex	velar	uvular	pharyn- geal	glottal
central non-sibilant	ɸ β	f v fʰ vʱ	θ̼ ð̼	θ̟ ð̟ (θ̪͆ ð̪͆)	θ ð	θ̠ ð̠	θ͇ ð͇ (laminal) ɹ̝̊ ɹ̝ (apical)	ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔	ç ʝ (laminal) ɻ̝̊ ɻ̝ (apical)	x ɣ xʰ ɣʱ	χ ʁ̝	ħ ʕ̝	h̝ ɦ̝
lateral fricative					ɬ̪ ɮ̪		ɬ ɮ ɮʱ	ɬ̠ ɮ̠	 ʎ̝ (laminal) ꞎ ɭ˔ (apical)	 ʟ̝
laminal sibilant					s̻̪ z̻̪	s̄ z̄ (s̟ z̟)	s͇ z͇ s͇ʰ z͇ʱ	s̠ z̠ (s̻̠ z̻̠) ʃ̻ ʒ̻ (domed) ŝ ẑ (ʆ ʓ) (closed)	ɕ ʑ ɕʰ
apical sibilant					s̺̪ z̺̪		s̺ z̺	ṣ ẓ (s̺̠ z̺̠) ʃ̺ ʒ̺ ʒʱ	ʂ ʐ ʂʰ
fricative trill							r̝̊ r̝				ʀ̝̊ ʀ̝	ʜ ʢ
fricative flap							ɾ̞̊ ɾ̞
nasalized fricative	β̃	f̃ ṽ			ð̃		s̃ z̃	ʃ̃ ʒ̃					h̃

Occurrence

H is not a fricative in English (see /h/).

Until its extinction, Ubykh may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including /h/), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the IPA. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of Australian Aboriginal languages, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to plosives or approximants, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of New Guinea and South America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas [h] is entirely unknown in indigenous Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have [h] in their consonant inventory.

Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as the Dravidian and Austronesian languages, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as [z] and [v], which are familiar to many European speakers. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing contrasts.

About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have unpaired voiced fricatives, i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.

This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from lenition of plosives or fortition of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have [ʒ] but lack [ʃ]. (Relatedly, several languages have the voiced affricate [dʒ] but lack [tʃ].) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are, in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences, [ʝ], [β], [ð], [ʁ] and [ɣ].

See also

• Apical consonant
• Hush consonant
• Laminal consonant
• List of phonetics topics

References

External links

• Fricatives in English

English Journal

• What Comes After /f/? Prediction in Speech Derives From Data-Explanatory Processes.

• McMurray B1, Jongman A2.
• Psychological science.Psychol Sci.2015 Nov 18. pii: 0956797615609578. [Epub ahead of print]
• Acoustic cues are short-lived and highly variable, which makes speech perception a difficult problem. However, most listeners solve this problem effortlessly. In the present experiment, we demonstrated that part of the solution lies in predicting upcoming speech sounds and that predictions are modul
• PMID 26581947

• Constraints on statistical computations at 10 months of age: the use of phonological features.

• Gonzalez-Gomez N1,2, Nazzi T2,3.
• Developmental science.Dev Sci.2015 Nov;18(6):864-76. doi: 10.1111/desc.12279. Epub 2014 Dec 20.
• Recently, several studies have argued that infants capitalize on the statistical properties of natural languages to acquire the linguistic structure of their native language, but the kinds of constraints which apply to statistical computations remain largely unknown. Here we explored French-learning
• PMID 25530121

• Evaluation of Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses as an Objective Aided Outcome Measure: Effect of Stimulus Level, Bandwidth, and Amplification in Adults With Hearing Loss.

• Easwar V1, Purcell DW, Aiken SJ, Parsa V, Scollie SD.
• Ear and hearing.Ear Hear.2015 Nov-Dec;36(6):635-52. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000199.
• OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluated a novel test paradigm based on speech-evoked envelope following responses (EFRs) as an objective aided outcome measure for individuals fitted with hearing aids. Although intended for use in infants with hearing loss, this study evaluated the paradigm in adults
• PMID 26226606

• Direct measurement of pressures involved in vocal exercises using semi-occluded vocal tracts.

• Robieux C1, Galant C1,2, Lagier A1,2, Legou T1, Giovanni A1,2.
• Logopedics, phoniatrics, vocology.Logoped Phoniatr Vocol.2015 Oct;40(3):106-12. doi: 10.3109/14015439.2014.902496. Epub 2014 May 21.
• The aim of this study was to rank vocal exercises using semi-occluded vocal tracts (SOVT) as a function of their effect on subglottal pressure (SGP) and on transglottal pressure (TGP). Direct measurements were performed in two healthy females. The correct realization of vocal exercises was controlle
• PMID 24850270

Japanese Journal

• 中国広西における諸言語の無声側面摩擦音の地理分布と形成過程 (短期研究プロジェクト報告)

• 遠藤 光暁,エンドウ ミツアキ,Endo Mitsuaki
• 経済研究 5, 21-30, 20130300-00-00
• NAID 120005308416

• ヒトの母子音声コミュニケーションについての動物モデルによる研究(1) : 仔ラット音声の分析と母仔ラットの関係

• 西田 陽子
• 母性衛生 54(2), 286-294, 2013-07
• ヒトの母子関係の形成には音声によるコミュニケーションが重要な役割を果たしている。齧歯類でも仔は超音波やヒトの可聴域の鳴き声を発し,母仔間のコミュニケーションが行われている。ヒトの母子の音声コミュニケーションの基礎過程を動物モデルで研究する目的で,本研究では,仔ラット音声に対する母ラットの聴覚野活動を調べるための第一段階として,低周波数のヒト可聴域の仔ラットの鳴き声を分析し,また,母仔が一緒にいるか …
• NAID 110009624951

• Vowel Epenthesis in Orok ulisä 'meat'

• ALONSO DE LA FUENTE José Andrés
• 北方人文研究 ＝ Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities 6, 121-127, 2013-03-31
• … Orok introduces an epenthetic vowel inorder to avoid consonant clusters containing fricative sounds (in analogy to a very similarprocess taking place in Udihe), hence Northern Tungusic preserves an original consonant clusterthat should be reconstructed in the parental language. …
• NAID 120005228600

• 聴神経発火の計算機シミュレーション : 摩擦音[s]と破擦音[ts]の神経表現

• 牧 勝弘,山川 仁子,榊原 健一 [他]
• 聴覚研究会資料 = Proceedings of the auditory research meeting 43(2), 121-126, 2013-03-02
• NAID 40019616692

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