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Look up frequentative in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
In grammar, a frequentative form (abbreviated freq. or fr.) of a word is one which indicates repeated action. The frequentative form can be considered a separate, but not completely independent word, called a frequentative. The frequentative is no longer productive in English, but in some languages, such as Finno-Ugric languages (Finnish or Hungarian), Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian or Russian and Polish), Turkic etc., it is.
English has -le and -er as frequentative suffixes. Some frequentative verbs surviving in English and their parent verbs are listed below. Additionally, some frequentative verbs are formed by reduplication of a monosyllable (e.g., coo-cooing, cf. Latin murmur). Frequentative nouns are often formed by combining two different vowel grades of the same word (as in teeter-totter, pitter-patter, chitchat, etc.)
frequentative | original |
---|---|
batter | bat |
blabber | blab |
bobble | bob |
clamber | climb |
clutter | clot |
crackle | crack |
crumble | crumb |
curdle | curd |
dabble | dab |
dribble | drip |
dazzle | daze |
flitter | flit |
flutter | float |
fondle | fond |
glimmer | gleam |
gobble | gob |
gruntle | grunt |
haggle | hag = hew, hack |
jiggle | jig |
jostle | joust |
muddle | mud |
nestle | nest |
nuzzle | nose |
paddle | pad |
patter | pat |
prattle | prate |
prickle | prick |
pucker | pock, poke |
putter | put |
scuffle | scuff |
scuttle | scud |
slither | slide |
sniffle | sniff |
snuffle | snuff |
snuggle | snug |
sparkle | spark |
spatter | spit |
speckle | speck |
straddle | stride |
suckle | suck |
swaddle | swathe |
swagger | swag |
tickle | tick |
topple | top |
trample | tramp |
twinkle | twink |
waddle | wade |
waggle | wag |
wrestle | wrest |
In Finnish, a frequentative verb signifies a single action repeated, "around the place" both spatially and temporally. The complete translation would be "go — around aimlessly". There is a large array of different frequentatives, indicated by lexical agglutinative markers. In general, one frequentative is -:i-, and another -ele-, but it is almost always combined with something else. Some forms:
There are several frequentative morphemes, underlined above; these are affected by consonant gradation as indicated. Their meanings are slightly different; see the list, arranged infinitive~personal:
Frequentatives may be combined with momentanes, that is, to indicate the repetition of a short, sudden action. The momentane -ahta- can be prefixed with the frequentative -ele- to produce the morpheme -ahtele-, as in täristä "to shake (continuously)" → tärähtää "to shake suddenly once" → tärähdellä "to shake, such that a single, sudden shaking is repeated". For example, the contrast between these is that ground shakes (maa tärisee) continuously when a large truck goes by, the ground shakes once (maa tärähtää) when a cannon fires, and the ground shakes suddenly but repeatedly (maa tärähtelee) when a battery of cannons is firing.
Since the frequentative is a lexical, not a grammatical contrast, considerable semantic drift may have occurred.
For a list of different real and hypothetical forms, see: [1].
Loanwords are put into the frequentative form, if the action is such. If the action can be nothing else but frequentative, the "basic form" doesn't even exist, such as with "to go shopping".
That's also the case with an adjective: iso — isotella "big — to talk big", or feikkailla < English fake "to be fake, blatantly and consistently".
In Homer and Herodotus, there is a past frequentative, usually called "past iterative", formed like the imperfect, but with an additional -sk- suffix before the endings.[1]
The same suffix is used in inchoative verbs in both Ancient Greek and Latin.
In Hungarian it is quite common and everyday to use frequentative.
Frequentative verbs are made up of base verb and -GAT affix. The -GAT affix has two forms, -gat and -get, which vary according to the vowel harmony of the base verb. Also there is a so-called Template rule which force an other vowel in between the base verb and the affix to result in a word containing at least three syllables. Verbal prefixes (coverbs) do not count as a syllable. In special cases the frequentative form has lost it's frequentative meaning and gained a new. In these cases the three syllables rule is not applied as the form isn't considered a frequentative. These words can be affixed with -GAT again to create a frequentative meaning. In rare cases non-verbs can be affixed by -GAT to give them similar modification in meaning as to verbs. In most cases these non-verbs are obviously related to some actions, like a typical outcome or object. The resulting word basically has the same meaning as if the related verb were affixed with -GAT.
The change in meaning of a frequentative compared to the base can be different depending on the base: The -GAT affix can modify the occurrences or the intensity or both of an action. Occasionally it produces a specific meaning which is related but distinct from the original form's.
Examples:
frequentative | original | original in English | meaning effect by -GAT affix | explanation |
---|---|---|---|---|
fizetget | fizet | to pay | paying for a longer period with probably less intensity | the vowel harmony forced -GAT to take form of -get |
kéreget | kér | to ask | begging for a living | because the resulting word must be at least three syllables long a new vowel is added to the word: kér-e-get |
kiütöget | (ki)üt | hit (out) | hit out sg. multiple times | the prefixed coverb "ki" (out) doesn't count as a syllable so an extra vowel is added: (ki)üt-ö-get |
hallgatgat | hallgat | to listen | to listen multiple times but with possibly less intensity | the original verb "hallgat" (to listen) is a syntactically imperfect frequentative form of "hall" (to hear) |
rángat | ránt | to hitch | to tousle | this one is kind of an exception for the three syllable rule, however "rántogat" (ránt-o-gat) is uncommon but valid, and has a slightly bigger emphasis on the separate nature of each pull rather than a continuous shaking as in "rángat" |
jajjgat | jajj | ouch (a shout) | to shout "jajj" multiple times, probably because of pain | the original word is not a verb, so the three syllable rule is not applied |
béget | bee | baa (onomatopoeia for a sheep) | to shout baa multiple times | same as above |
mosogat | mos | to wash | to do the dishes | the frequentative form (mos-o-gat) has an own non-frequentative meaning |
mosogatgat | mosogat | to do the dishes | to do the dishes slowly and effortlessly | as the frequentative "mosogat" has a non frequentative meaning, it can be affixed by -GAT to make it frequentative |
dolgozgat | dolgozik | to work | to work with less effort and intensity, as in: "Ők fizetgetnek, én dolgozgatok" (They pretend to pay me, I pretend to work.) | the "-ik" at the end of "dolgozik" is an irregular ending which is only effective in third person singular, so -GAT sticks to "dolgoz" which is the root of the word |
In Latin, frequentative verbs show repeated or intense action. They are formed from the supine stem with -tāre/-sāre, -itāre, -titāre/-sitāre added.
Notice also deponent frequentatives:
minitari (+ dative) (<minari, threaten)
In Lithuanian, the past iterative or frequentative signifies a single action repeated in the past.
The past iterative does not exist in Latvian and its construction is different in the Samogitian dialect of Lithuanian.
It is created from the infinitive without the infinitive suffix -ti + dav + suffix for frequentative.
For example:
dirbti = to work | norėti = to want | skaityti = to read | |
---|---|---|---|
1. sg. | dirb-dav-au | norė-dav-au | skaity-dav-au |
2. sg. | dirb-dav-ai | norė-dav-ai | skaity-dav-ai |
3. sg. | dirb-dav-o | norė-dav-o | skaity-dav-o |
1. pl. | dirb-dav-ome | norė-dav-ome | skaity-dav-ome |
2. pl. | dirb-dav-ote | norė-dav-ote | skaity-dav-ote |
3. pl | dirb-dav-o | norė-dav-o | skaity-dav-o |
In the Polish language, certain imperfective verbs ending in -ać denote repeated or habitual action.
The interfix -yw- used to form many frequentative verbs has a different function for prefixed perfective verbs: it serves to create their imperfective equivalents. For instance, rozczytywać (to try to read something barely legible) is simply an imperfective equivalent of rozczytać (to succeed at reading something barely legible).
In the Russian language, the frequentative form of verbs to denote a repeated or customary action is produced by inserting the suffix -ив/-ыв, often accompanied with a change in the root of the word (vowel alternation, change of the last root consonant).
Turkish also has a similar form. The 'helping verbs' ( 'yardımcı eylem' / 'yardımcı fiil' ) are used as suffixes to denote ability ( '-ebilmek' ), imminence ('-ivermek'), close miss (narrow escape) situation ('-eyazmak'), and repetition ('-egelmek' or '-edurmak').[citation needed]
For other helping verbs, see Helping verbs section under Turkish grammar.
The simplest way to produce a frequentative is reduplication, either of the entire word or of one of its phonemes. This is common in Austronesian languages, although reduplication also serves to pluralize and intensify nouns and adjectives. Examples in Niuean are available here.
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リンク元 | 「palpitate」 |
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