fratricide

兄弟殺し　　　

WordNet

the murder of your sibling
a person who murders their brother or sister

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〈U〉兄弟(姉妹)殺し / 兄弟(姉妹)殺し狂人

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/24 05:56:14」(JST)

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"Cain kills Abel", a fratricide illustrated by Gustave Doré (And Cain talked with Abel his brother; and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother and slew him^[1]).

Fratricide (from the Latin words frater "brother" and cida "killer," or cidum "a killing," both from caedere "to kill, to cut down") is the act of a person, directly or via use of either a hired or an indoctrinated intermediary (an assassin) that ultimately results in the killing of their brother.

Related concepts are sororicide (the killing of one's sister), child homicide (the killing of an unrelated child), infanticide (the killing of a child under the age of one year), filicide (the killing of one's child), patricide (the killing of one's father), matricide (the killing of one's mother), mariticide (the killing of one's husband) and uxoricide (the killing of one's wife). See also siblicide (the killing of an infant individual by its close relatives, full or half siblings).

Religion and mythology

According to the story of Cain and Abel, fratricide was the first type of murder to be committed. In the mythology of ancient Rome, the city is founded as the result of a fratricide, when the twins Romulus and Remus quarrel over who has the favor of the gods, and Romulus becomes Rome's first king and namesake after killing his brother.^[2]

The Mahabharata And The Ramayana

In the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, Karna was killed by Arjuna who didn't know that Karna was his eldest brother. Though not exactly fratricide the otherwise meticulously pious Arjuna's actions - where he pitilessly and against the rules of honorable warfare slayed an unarmed Karna - are nevertheless considered utterly deplorable and heinous. However, the context of the crime becomes markedly different when seen from the following angle: 1. Arjuna was oath-bound to avenge the death of his only son and heir apparent Abhimanyu who had been mercilessly slaughtered by a gang of bloodthirsty warriors which included Karna. 2. While Arjuna was blissfully unaware that Karna was his own blood-brother, the latter was apprised of the same by their common mother Kunti. And hence, even though he was privy to the bond of brotherhood, Karna still wholeheartedly (due to his allegiance to prince Duryodana) readily elected to indulge in fratricide. The 13th century poet, Kavi Kabila while commenting broadly on the Ramayana and on Rama's killing of Raavan with the active support of the latter's estranged younger brother Vibhisan - on whom Raavan had vowed black vengeance and on the killing of Bali (again by Rama) with the ready contrivance of his younger, disgruntled and banished, sibling Sugreev, has succinctly expressed this in a couplet: "Irony? What Irony?! If not that the seed of destruction carried in the heart of one brother was sowed and reaped to the full by the hand of another!"

Military terminology

Fratricide may also be used to refer to friendly fire incidents. It also refers to the possible destruction of one MIRV warhead by another. Targets may be arranged deliberately to increase the likelihood in a strategy called dense pack.

Ottoman Empire

In the Ottoman Empire a policy of judicial royal fratricide was introduced by Sultan Mehmet II whose grandfather Mehmet I had to fight a long and bloody civil war against his brothers (which brought the empire near to destruction) to take the throne. When a new Sultan ascended to the throne he would imprison all of his surviving brothers and kill them by strangulation with a silk cord as soon as he had produced his first male heir. The largest killing took place on the succession of Mehmet III when 19 of his brothers were killed and buried with their father. The aim was to prevent civil war. Reflecting public disapproval, his successor Ahmed I abandoned the practice, replacing it with life imprisonment in the Kafes, a section of the Ottoman palace.

Antigone

The events in the Greek tragedy Antigone unfold due to the previous war between the princely brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, who killed each other in combat. Polyneices had challenged his brother's claim to the throne of the city Thebes, and attacked the city with an army from Argos. Eteocles fought for Thebes to defend the city against Polyneices and his army. The two killed one another by each stabbing the other in the heart.

Ashoka's Empire

Ashoka, also known as Chand-Ashoka (Cruel Ashoka), killed his real brothers as punishment for the kings's (his father) death and quarrel for the kingdom (war of succession). Later on Ashoka conquered Greater India entire, before he adopted Buddhism and forsook war.

References

^ "Holy Bible 21st Century King James Version -". BibleGateway.com. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
^ The political significance of the founding fratricide is discussed at length by T.P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995) passim.

External links

Fratricide in Ottoman Law

English Journal

Extracellular DNA in biofilms.

Montanaro L, Poggi A, Visai L, Ravaioli S, Campoccia D, Speziale P, Arciola CR.SourceResearch Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna - Italy and Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna - Italy.
The International journal of artificial organs.Int J Artif Organs.2011 Nov 17;34(9):824-831. doi: 10.5301/ijao.5000051. [Epub ahead of print]
Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is an important biofilm component that was recently discovered. Its presence has been initially observed in biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mutans, then Enterococcus faecalis and staphylococci. Autolysis is the common mechanism by
PMID 22094562

LuxS mediates iron-dependent biofilm formation, competence, and fratricide in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Trappetti C, Potter AJ, Paton AW, Oggioni MR, Paton JC.SourceSchool of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
Infection and immunity.Infect Immun.2011 Nov;79(11):4550-8. Epub 2011 Aug 29.
During infection, Streptococcus pneumoniae exists mainly in sessile biofilms rather than in planktonic form, except during sepsis. The capacity to form biofilms is believed to be important for nasopharyngeal colonization as well as disease pathogenesis, but relatively little is known about the regul
PMID 21875962

Antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide enhance pneumococcal quorum sensing.

Yano M, Gohil S, Coleman JR, Manix C, Pirofski LA.SourceDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
mBio.MBio.2011 Nov 1;2(5). pii: e00176-11. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00176-11. Print 2011.
The use of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS)-based vaccines has resulted in a substantial reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease. However, much remains to be learned about vaccine-mediated immunity, as seven-valent PPS-protein conjugate vaccine use in children has been associated with n
PMID 21917597

Japanese Journal

Fratricide among CD8(+) T lymphocytes naturally infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I

Immunity 13, 657-664, 2000
NAID 30010698469

Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of activated cytotoxic T cells: induction of fratricide as a mechanism of viral immune evasion

J. Exp. Med. 190, 1103-1114, 1999
NAID 30017414899

予言詩人としてのティブッルス : 第2巻第5歌に描かれるローマ

西洋古典學研究 46, 77-87, 1998-03-23
NAID 110007382079

Sex ratio regulation : the economics of fratricide in ants

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264, 1255-1260, 1997
NAID 30018909271

Related Pictures

[1] "Holy Bible 21st Century King James Version -". BibleGateway.com. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

[2] The political significance of the founding fratricide is discussed at length by T.P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge University Press, 1995) passim.

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