家禽、野鶏

関: poultry

WordNet

hunt fowl
hunt fowl in the forest
flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food
very large terrestrial southeast Asian pheasant often raised as an ornamental bird (同)bird of Juno
freshwater aquatic bird (同)water_bird, waterbird
flesh of any of a number of wild game birds suitable for food
a jungle fowl of southeastern Asia that is considered ancestral to the domestic fowl (同)Gallus_gallus

PrepTutorEJDIC

{C}にわとり(鶏)(アヒル・七面鳥など)家で飼う鳥) / 《修飾語を伴って》《集合的に;複数扱い》 / 〈U〉鶏肉,鳥肉
《集合的に》《複数扱い》『家禽』(かきん),飼い鳥(鶏・アヒルなど) / 《単数扱い》家禽の肉
クジャク(雌雄ともにいう)
〈C〉水鳥 / 《集合的に》(特に)狩猟用水鳥(ガン・カモなど)
野禽,猟鳥

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/27 21:16:42」(JST)

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Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives; together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae (initially termed Galloanseri).^[2] This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data^[3] as well as retrotransposon presence/absence data.^[4]

Terminology

As opposed to "fowl", "poultry" is a term for any kind of domesticated bird or bird captive-raised for meat, eggs, or feathers; ostriches, for example, are sometimes kept as poultry, but are neither gamefowl nor waterfowl. In colloquial speech, however, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "poultry," and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Nonetheless, the fact that the Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a monophyletic group makes a distinction between "fowl" and "poultry" warranted.

The historic difference is due to the Germanic/Latin split word pairs characteristic of Middle English; the word 'fowl' is of Germanic origin (cf. Old English "fugol", German Vogel, Swedish fågel, Danish/Norwegian fugl), whilst 'poultry' is of Latin via Norman French origin.^[5]^[6]

Many birds that are eaten by humans are fowl, including poultry such as chickens or turkeys, game birds such as pheasants or partridges, other wildfowl like guineafowl or peafowl, and waterfowl such as ducks or geese.

Characteristics

While they are quite diverse ecologically and consequently, in an adaptation to their different lifestyles, also morphologically and ethologically, some features still unite water- and landfowl. Many of these, however, are plesiomorphic for Neornithes as a whole, and are also shared with paleognaths.^{[citation needed]}

Galloanserae are very prolific; they regularly produce clutches of more than five or even more than 10 eggs, which is a lot for such sizeable birds. For example, birds of prey and pigeons rarely lay more than two eggs.
While most living birds are monogamous, at least for a breeding season, many Galloanserae are notoriously polygynous or polygamous. To ornithologists, this is particularly well known in dabbling ducks, where the males literally band together occasionally to "gang rape" unwilling females. The general public is probably most familiar with the polygynous habits of domestic chickens, where usually one or two roosters are kept with a whole flock of females.
Hybridization is extremely frequent in the Galloanserae, and genera, not usually known to produce viable hybrids in birds, can be brought to interbreed with comparative ease. Guineafowl have successfully produced hybrids with domestic fowl and Indian peafowl, to which they are not particularly closely related as Galliformes go. This is an important factor complicating mtDNA sequence-based research on their relationships. The mallards of North America, for example, are apparently mostly derived from some males which arrived from Siberia, settled down, and mated with American black duck ancestors.^[7] See also Gamebird hybrids.
Galloanserae young are remarkably precocious. Anseriform young are able to swim and dive a few hours after hatching, and the hatchlings of mound-builders are fully feathered and even able to fly for prolonged distances as soon as they emerge from the nest mound.

Systematics and evolution

From the limited fossils that have to date been recovered, the conclusion that the Galloanserae were already widespread—the predominant group of modern birds—by the end of the Cretaceous is generally accepted nowadays. Fossils such as Vegavis indicate that essentially modern waterfowl, albeit belonging to a nowadays extinct lineage, were contemporaries of the nonavian dinosaurs. As opposed to the morphologically fairly conservative Galliformes, the Anseriformes have adapted to filter-feeding and are characterized by a large number of autapomorphies related to this lifestyle. The extremely advanced feeding systems of the Anseriformes, together with similarities of the early anseriform Presbyornis to shorebirds, had formerly prompted some scientists to ally Anseriformes with Charadriiformes, instead.^[8]^[9] However, as strong support for the Galloanserae has emerged in subsequent studies, the fowl clade continues to be accepted as a genuine evolutionary lineage by the vast majority of scientists.

Apart from the living members, the Gastornithidae are probably a prehistoric member of the Galloanserae.

References

^ Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In The Timetree of Life, Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411.
^ Sibley, C, Ahlquist, J. & Monroe, B. (1988)
^ Chubb, A. (2004)
^ Kriegs et al. (2007)
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
^ Kulikova, I. et al. (2005)
^ Benson, D. (1999)
^ Feduccia, A. (1999)

External links

"Fowl". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

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Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge.

Dhama K1, Gowthaman V2, Karthik K3, Tiwari R4, Sachan S1, Kumar MA1, Palanivelu M1, Malik YS5, Singh RK6, Munir M7.
The Veterinary quarterly.Vet Q.2017 Dec;37(1):31-42. doi: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281.
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failu
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Immune responses to in ovo vaccine formulations containing inactivated fowl adenovirus 8b with poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) and avian beta defensin as adjuvants in chickens.

Sarfraz M1, Suleman M2, Tikoo SK3, Wheler C1, Potter AA1, Gerdts V1, Dar A4.
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Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is one of the major viral infections causing substantial economic loss to the global poultry industry. The disease is characterized by a sudden onset of mortality (2-30%) and high morbidity (60-70%). IBH is caused by a number of serotypes of fowl adenovirus with substa
PMID 28087147

l-Carnitine in rooster semen cryopreservation: Flow cytometric, biochemical and motion findings for frozen-thawed sperm.

Fattah A1, Sharafi M2, Masoudi R3, Shahverdi A4, Esmaeili V4, Najafi A5.
Cryobiology.Cryobiology.2017 Feb;74:148-153. doi: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.10.009. Epub 2016 Oct 28.
Rooster semen cryopreservation is not efficient for artificial insemination in breeder flocks. l-Carnitine (LC) has been evaluated for effectiveness in cryopreservation media on the characteristics of rooster sperm after freeze-thawing. Motility characteristics, membrane functionality, abnormal morp
PMID 27983947

Fowl typhoid in laying hens cause hepatic oxidative stress.

Biazus AH1, Da Silva AS2, Bottari NB3, Baldissera MD4, do Carmo GM3, Morsch VM3, Schetinger MR3, Casagrande R5, Guarda NS6, Moresco RN6, Stefani LM1, Campigotto G1, Boiago MM7.
Microbial pathogenesis.Microb Pathog.2017 Feb;103:162-166. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.009. Epub 2016 Dec 24.
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Effects of Fluid Secreted from the Uterus on Duration of Fertile Egg Production in Hens, and Survivability and Penetrability of Fowl Sperm in vitro

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NAID 10030663482

Fowl Adenoviruses Isolated from Chickens with Inclusion Body Hepatitis in Japan, 2009–2010

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Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(8), 1087-1089, 2012
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拡張検索	「domestic fowl」「fowlpox」「fowl pox」「fowlpox virus」「fowl pox virus」

「domestic fowl」

Galloanserans; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous – Holocene, 105–0Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Australian brushturkey (Alectura lathami)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Carinatae
Class:	Aves
Infraclass:	Neognathae
Superorder:	Galloanserae; Sclater, 1880
subgroups
	Anseriformes; Pangalliformes;

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ニワトリ

関: chick、chicken、Gallus、Gallus domesticus、Gallus gallus、Gallus gallus domesticus、poultry

「fowlpox」

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鶏痘、伝染性上皮腫

関: fowl pox

「fowl pox」

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