ford

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. cross a river where its shallow
2. the act of crossing a stream or river by wading or in a car or on a horse (同)fording
3. a shallow area in a stream that can be forded (同)crossing
4. have the financial means to do something or buy something; "We cant afford to send our children to college"; "Can you afford this car?"
5. afford access to; "the door opens to the patio"; "The French doors give onto a terrace" (同)open, give
6. be able to spare or give up; "I cant afford to spend two hours with this person"
7. British chemist who isolated nitrogen (1749-1819) (同)Daniel Rutherford
8. British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937) (同)Ernest Rutherford, First Baron Rutherford, First Baron Rutherford of Nelson
9. a heavy corded fabric similar to corduroy; used for clothing
10. a city in northern Illinois
11. son of Henry Ford (1893-1943) (同)Edsel Bryant Ford
12. English writer and editor (1873-1939) (同)Ford Madox Ford, Ford Hermann Hueffer
13. 38th President of the United States; appointed vice president and succeeded Nixon when Nixon resigned (1913-) (同)Gerald Ford, Gerald R. Ford, Gerald Rudolph Ford, President Ford
14. United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947) (同)Henry Ford
15. grandson of Henry Ford (1917-1987) (同)Henry Ford II
16. United States film maker (1896-1973) (同)John Ford

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (川などの)浅瀬 / 〈川〉‘の'浅瀬を渡る
2. 《can,could,be able toと共に用いて》〈金・時間〉の『余裕がある』 / 《文》〈物・事が〉…'を'『与える』,供給する(provide with)
3. 《時間・距離》『…の間』 / 《利益・貢献》『…のために』 / 《適応・用途》『…向きの(に);』…用の(に);…のための(に) / 《目的・意向》『…のために,』に / 《敬意・記念》『…のために;』…を記念して / 《獲得・追求》『…を得るために』,を求めて / 《行く先・方向》『…あてに;』…[方面]行きの,に向けて / 《交換・報償など》『…に対して』;…と引き換えに;…のお返しに / 《原因・理由》『…のために』,なので / 《代理・代表》『…の代わりに;』…を代表して / 《形容詞の後に用いて》『…にとって,』には / 《比較級の後に用いて》『…の結果として,』…のために / 《対比》『…としては,』のわりには / 《関連》『…について,』の点では / 《資格・属性》『…として』 / 《賛成・支持》…『に賛成して』,を支持して / 《傾向・好み》…『に対する』,には / 《模倣》《おもに米》《英文》…の名を取って(after) / 《割合》…に対して / 《『for』+『名』〈人〉+『to』 doの形で,〈人〉が不定詞to doの意味上の主語を表して》…が(…することは,…するために) / […というのは]…だから
4. フォード(『Henry~』;1863‐1947;米国の自動車製造業者)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/29 20:34:04」(JST)

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フォード・モーター
Ford Motor Company

本社ビル
種類	株式会社
市場情報	NYSE F
本社所在地	アメリカ合衆国 ミシガン州ディアボーン One American Road, Suite 1026, Dearborn, MI 48126-2798 北緯42度18分53.1秒 西経83度12分37.8秒
設立	1903年6月16日
業種	輸送用機器
事業内容	自動車の製造等
代表者	ウィリアム・クレイ・フォード, Jr.（会長）
資本金	15,071 Million US$ （2011年12月31日時点）
売上高	連結:136,264 Million US$ （2011年12月期）
営業利益	連結:20,222 Million US$ （2011年12月期）
純利益	連結:20,213 Million US$ （2011年12月期）
総資産	連結:178,348 Million US$ （2011年12月末時点）
従業員数	164千人 （2011年12月末時点）
決算期	12月末日
関係する人物	ヘンリー・フォード（創業者）
外部リンク	www.ford.com（英語） www.ford.co.jp（日本語）

フォード・モーター（Ford Motor Company、NYSE:F）は、世界の自動車王ことヘンリー・フォード一世が1903年6月16日に創業した、アメリカ合衆国ミシガン州ディアボーン（デトロイトの近郊都市）に本社を置く自動車メーカー。いわゆるビッグスリーの一つである。FoMoCo（フォモコ）と略される場合もある。

概要

フォーチュン誌が選ぶ世界500大企業（粗収益ベース）の2007年版では、全世界での収益が1601億ドルで、アメリカ企業の7位にランクされた。2006年時点で年間660万台の自動車を生産し、世界100か所の施設・工場で28万人を雇用している。世界恐慌を乗り越えることができたアメリカでも数少ない自動車会社であり、100年にわたり一族支配を継続している世界最大級の家族経営会社でもある。

フォードは自動車の大量生産工程、および工業における大規模マネジメント（科学的管理法）を取り入れたことで20世紀の産業史・経営史に特筆される。特に1913年、組み立て工程にベルトコンベアを導入し流れ作業を実現したことは有名である。大量の自動車を早く生産できる高効率の工場設備、士気を高める高給料の工員、一台当たりの生産コストの革新的な低減を組み合わせたフォード生産方式は「フォーディズム」の名で世界的に知られるようになった。

フォードのマーク

フォードのオーバル型のトレードマークは1907年に導入された。1928年に生産開始されたT型の後継車「A型」がオーバル型のバッジの中にフォードという書き文字を入れた最初の車種である。「フォード」という文字はフォード社最初の主任技師C・ハロルド・ウィリスの書いたものとされる。彼は1903年に自分の名刺に書いたフォードという文字をもとに、この書き文字を導入した。

オーバルの背景の深い青色はパントーン249Cで、フィンランドの国旗と同じ色である。オーバルは幅と高さの比率が8対3の完全な楕円形で、現在のセンティニアル・オーバルは2003年6月17日に創業100年を記念して使用開始された。

フォードグループ

フォード社直轄の工場はアメリカ合衆国の他に、イギリスやドイツ、ブラジルやオーストラリアにおかれている。

• フォード - アメリカ
• リンカーン - アメリカ
• Troller Veículos Especiais S/A - ブラジル

歴史

創業とT型フォード

フォード（左端）とエジソン。エジソンの隣はウォレン・ハーディング大統領、左端はファイアストン

フォードT型（1910年）

ヘンリー・フォードは2度自動車会社の起業に失敗したが、3度目のこの会社は1903年6月16日の創業から現在まで続いている。当時40歳の彼は12人の投資家から現金2万8千ドルを集めて再起を期した。特に重要な投資家はダッジ・ブラザーズ自動車の創立者、ジョン＝フランシス＝ダッジとホラティウス＝エルジン＝ダッジのダッジ兄弟だった。

フォード・モーターは『A型』と名付けた車から製造販売をおこない1908年のS型に至った。S型に続き1908年から製造販売された『T型フォード』は大量生産時代の自動車製造スタイルおよびそれに付随する全米規模でのアフターサービス体制を形作った最初の車となり、現代の自動車産業の原点としての意味で名車といわれている。

フォード開業当時のモデルはデトロイト市内のマック・アベニューにある貸工場で生産され、部品を自動車へ組み上げる作業を1台当たり2・3人の工員が数日かけて行っていたが、フォードではそれまでばらつきのあった部品をマイクロゲージを基準とした規格化によって均質化し、部品互換性を確保することに成功していた。T型フォードは初めての自社工場であるピケットロード工場を利用し、フル生産開始の1909年には1年間で1万8千台もの台数を生産した。廉価なT型への需要が急増すると、フォードはさらに大型のハイランドパーク工場を建設し、1911年の稼働時には年7万台の生産を可能とした。フォード社は流れ作業システムや大量生産に必要な技術・管理方式を開発し、1913年には世界初のベルトコンベア式組み立てラインを導入した。部品の簡素化・内製化、流れ作業による工員の間での分業化により、たとえば車体1台の組み立て時間は12時間半からわずか2時間40分に短縮され、年生産台数は25万台を超え、1920年までに100万台を突破した。

しかし生産技術革新は、工員にとっては、同じ動作だけの単調な労働を長時間強いられる極めて過酷なもので、人員の異動や退職も多く、未熟練工員の雇用や訓練コスト高に結びついた。ただでさえアメリカの労働力が不足する中、フォードは労働力確保を迫られ、1914年には1日当たりの給料を2倍の5ドル（2006年の価値では103ドルに相当する）へと引き上げ、勤務シフトを1日9時間から1日8時間・週5日労働へと短縮する宣言を発し、結果応募者が退職者を上回り続けることになった。合衆国政府が最低賃金や週40時間労働の基準を決める以前にこれを達成したことになる。一方でヘンリー・フォードは労働組合の結成には反対し続けた。

労働力不足と賃金上昇で1台当たりのコストは上がったが、フォードは販売価格に転嫁せず、生産コストを矢継ぎ早に削減することでコスト上昇分を吸収した。またフォードのブランドに忠実なフランチャイズ販売店システムを導入した。ヘンリー・フォードは、従業員が自社の車を買えるように賃金を引き上げたが、こうした厚遇は当時のウォール街の金融機関などから批判を浴びている。しかしフォードは成功を収め、1919年末にはアメリカの自動車生産の半分を担い、1920年には全米の自動車の半分がT型フォードとなった。T型以前のモデルでは黒以外の多様なバラエティがあったが、T型はペンキの乾きが早く済むという理由で黒1色しかなかった。

1915年にはヘンリー・フォードは第一次世界大戦の休戦を模索するために平和使節としてヨーロッパへ渡っている。これは彼への人気を高めたが、一方でT型フォードは連合国の軍用車となって戦争を支えた。

フォードの転機

フォード社はT型フォードだけを製造し続け1927年まで20年近くを一モデルの改良と生産工程の改良、販売サービス網の充実に費やす。当時金持ちのおもちゃといわれた自動車を大量生産によって大幅に値下げし、車は大衆的な輸送手段となった。この成功によって150社程もあった米国自動車会社の中からフォード社はアメリカ市場の5割を占める大会社となった。

1919年にヘンリーの息子エドセル・フォードが社長を引き継いだが、社の実権は創業者ヘンリーが握り続けた。社の経営はヘンリーの個人経営同然であった。彼は安価に大量にT型を供給し続けることしか念頭にない節もあり、より上級の車を求める顧客の需要を無視し、生産性のさらなる向上でT型の価格を下げ続けた。

この隙をついてGMとクライスラーがシェアを伸ばし、アメリカ内外の競合企業がT型より新鮮なデザインと優れた性能の自動車で顧客の需要を奪った。もともと多様な自動車会社が合併して生まれたGMは、大衆車から超高級車までのあらゆる価格帯の自動車を販売しており、さらに矢継ぎ早のモデルチェンジで常に最新型を供給して以前のモデルを時代遅れのものとし、T型しか買えない層よりも裕福な層をつかんだ。またGMほか競合企業はオートローンによる信用販売により、所得の低い層でも分割払いで高い自動車を買える仕組みを築いた。

フォードA型（1928年）

社長のエドセルは早くからT型のモデルチェンジを考えており、それは社内や販売店の意向も同様だった。しかし、ヘンリー・フォードはこれを一顧だにせず、オートローンについても、顧客が借金を抱える販売手法は長い目で見て消費者と国家経済を疲弊・荒廃させるとして強く抵抗した。このこだわりによるT型フォードへの固執は後に失政ともいわれた。

しかしT型の性能・デザイン面での陳腐化は明らかだった。1927年12月にはついに、1500万台を販売したT型の生産を中止し、心機一転、モデル名を振り出しに戻し再びA型と名乗る車を導入した。一方、1922年2月4日にはリンカーンを買収し、フォードは高級車市場へ参入している。また1938年には大衆車フォードと高級車リンカーンの中間にあたるマーキュリーブランドを立ち上げ、ようやく中級車市場へも参入した。

1920年代後半から1930年代にかけての大恐慌時には、フォード社の高い月給は労働者を多数集めたものの、工場の労働と規則は厳しいものだった。また大恐慌における自動車需要の収縮でフォードの他社との競争は激化した。なおこの頃航空機製造にも乗り出し、「トライモーター」などの旅客機を世に送り出した。

海外進出

フォード・モデル68（1936年）

GMとの競争は、早くから海外への進出も目を向けることにも繋がった。イギリス・フォードが1911年、ドイツ・フォードが1931年と古くから現地生産が行われ、1967年にフォード・ヨーロッパが設立されそれ以降はモデルの一元化が推進され、1970年代から1980年代を通して完全に一元化された。欧州フォード車はフォード車であっても欧州車そのものであり、マッスルな北米部門に対し、質実剛健な欧州部門という方向性となっていた。

またアジア進出も早くから行われ、1925年2月には、当時のアジアにおける数少ない独立国である日本の横浜市緑町に、日本法人の「日本フォード」が組み立て工場（日本フォード子安工場）を置いた。その後GMもこれにつづき日本進出し、この1925年から1940年頃の時期に、フォードとGM、そしてダットサンやオースチンが一般オーナーに広く普及したことにより自動車販売網やガソリンスタンドなどの日本の自家用車の基礎がつくられている。

1926年にはオーストラリアのジーロングにフォード・オーストラリアを開設し、1970年代以降独自モデルの生産を続けている。1929年にはソビエト連邦の共同事業としてニジニ・ノヴゴロドにNNAZ（ニジニ・ノヴゴロド自動車工場、現在のGAZ）を開設した。

第二次世界大戦

フォードのウィローラン工場で大量生産されるB-24爆撃機

フランクリン・ルーズベルト大統領はデトロイトを「民主主義の兵器廠」と呼んだ。フォード・モーターもこれに深く貢献しており、第一次世界大戦および第二次世界大戦では重要な役割を果たした。ヘンリー・フォードは「戦争は時間の無駄」と言ったと伝えられ、戦争から利益を上げることを嫌悪した。しかしフォードは多くの自動車を軍に納めたほか、1930年代のナチス政権下のドイツにおけるフォード工場の国有化に協力しドイツから勲章を得た。

一方でフォードは第二次世界大戦勃発後の生産増強に際し天才的な才能を発揮し、軍用機・軍用車生産の効率を飛躍的に高めた。コンソリデーテッドB-24爆撃機の製造のために1941年4月にアナーバー近郊で着工したウィローラン工場は面積33万平方メートルで、当時世界最大の流れ作業ラインを持つ工場であった。B-24製造にあたって、飛行機会社では1日1機の製造が精いっぱいだったが、ウィローラン工場では24時間体制で1時間1機のB-24を生産した。

ウィローラン工場建設のストレスで社長エドセル・フォードは1943年春に胃がんで死去し、再び父ヘンリー・フォード1世が経営者となった。ウィローラン工場は1943年8月生産開始し、大量の爆撃機を送り出した。またフォードは他社とともにM4中戦車やジープの生産にもあたっている。

なお、第二次世界大戦中は多くの男性労働力が戦場へと駆り出された他、新型車の開発、発売がストップしたのみならず、鉄やガソリンの調達さえ困難になり、アメリカ国内でガソリンの販売規制が行われたことから乗用車の販売が激減した。

第二次大戦後のフォード

フォード・カスタム（1949年）

エドセル（1958年）

ヘンリー・フォードは最年長の孫であるヘンリー・フォード二世をフォードの社長に据え、1947年世を去った。ヘンリー二世は1945年から1960年まで社長を務め、1960年から1980年まで会長・CEOを務めた。ヘンリー二世は1956年にフォードを公開会社としたが、現在に至るまでフォード家が議決権株式の40%を支配し続けている。

1946年に、ハーバード・ビジネス・スクールを経てアメリカ陸軍航空軍で統計学を用いて戦略爆撃を立案・分析したロバート・マクナマラがフォードに入社し、経営計画および財務分析を担当する重役となる。マクナマラはヘンリー二世の支持を得て、創業者と大戦特需を失い危機に陥ったフォードを立て直し、トップレベルの経営担当重役を歴任し1960年11月9日にはフォード家以外から初めての社長となった。しかし社長就任から5週間もたたないうちにジョン・F・ケネディ大統領に請われホワイトハウス入りし国防長官に就任した。

アメリカ経済が戦禍から立ち直りつつあった1949年に、フォードは戦後初の本格的な新型車「カスタム」を世に出しヒットさせた。その後も幅広いバリエーションを持つフェアレーンや、名車と称えられるサンダーバードをヒットさせ、併せて第二次世界大戦前から展開していたヨーロッパ市場においてもその位置を盤石なものとした。

1958年には、フォードとマーキュリーの間のレインジを担当する、斬新なフロントグリルを特徴とする中級車ブランド「エドセル」を発売した。しかし、亡き社長の名を取って「エドセル」と名付けられた新ブランドは、折からの不況とマーケティングの失敗のため自動車業界史上記録的な大失敗に終わり、1959年11月に生産中止となり姿を消す。

アイアコッカ時代

フォード・マスタング（1964年型）

フォード・ピント（1971年型）

フォード・トーラス（1985年）

フォード・プローブ（1993年）

エドセルの大失敗で打撃を受けたフォードは、行き過ぎた大型化の反動から中型車や小型車へのシフトが始まった流れをうまくつかむことに成功し、1960年に発表したコンパクトカーのフォード・ファルコンをヒットさせた。

さらに1964年にはファルコンをベースに、第二次世界大戦後に生まれたベビーブーマーをはじめとする幅広い層をターゲットにしたフォード・マスタングを出し、いずれも大成功をおさめた。1967年にはフォード・ヨーロッパが設立された。

マクナマラの部下の一人で、マスタングなど大成功した自動車の開発やリンカーン・ブランドおよびマーキュリー・ブランドの立て直しにあたったリー・アイアコッカは1970年1月に社長となった。

1970年代以降、フォードはビッグ3のライバルのほか、オイルショックの影響を受けて急速に伸びた日本の小型車との競争でシェアを失ったが、アイアコッカは後に安全性をめぐり訴訟へ発展したフォード・ピント（1971年）などを発売し、1978年には史上最高の売上と22億ドルの利益を達成した。

しかし経営方針をめぐって会長のヘンリー二世と衝突し続けたアイアコッカは、ついに同年7月13日に解雇された。アイアコッカは間もなくライバルのクライスラーの社長に就任し、同社を再建することになる。

1980年代

アイアコッカの後は、フィル・コールドウェルが1979年に会長になり、1985年にドン・ピーターセンが継いだ。1980年代も日本車との競争が続いたものの、1979年に発売された小型化されたマスタングや、1983年に発売されたテンポやサンダーバードがヒットした。さらにヨーロッパにおいても、フィエスタやシエラがヒットした。

また、日本車やドイツ車を徹底的に研究し、テンポやサンダーバードと同じく空力を意識したエクステリアをまとい、1985年に発売された中型車のトーラスが大ヒットし、久々にフォードブランドのモデルがアメリカのベストセラーの座を得るという快挙を成し遂げた。

1990年代

1990年代には株式市場の盛況とガソリン安で、ピックアップトラックやSUVなど収益性の高い多くの車が売れ安定した経営を続けていた。経営状態の好調を受けて、1989年に経営不振に陥っていたイギリスのジャガーやランドローバーを買収し傘下に収めた。後にスウェーデンのボルボも買収する。これらのヨーロッパの高級車ブランドは「PAG（プレミア・オートモーティブ・グループ）」の名のもとにまとめられることとなる。

なお1990年にはハロルド・ポーリングが、1993年にはアレックス・トロットマンが、1998年にはジャック・ナッソーが会長兼CEOになった。ナッソーの攻撃的な経営は関係企業や社内の不興を買い、2001年に解任された。

2000年代

クラウンビクトリア（2007年）

2001年には久しぶりにフォード家のウィリアム・クレイ・フォード・ジュニアが会長兼CEOになっている。2006年にはフォード再建を期待されてアラン・ムラーリーがボーイングよりフォード入りし社長となった。

しかしナッソー時代の技術停滞と他業種参入、当時の業界再編に対抗するための買収路線の影響は2000年代に入っても打開できず、アメリカ同時多発テロ以降の原油価格高騰によるガソリンの値上げなどの影響で主力商品のフルサイズSUVやピックアップトラックが燃費の悪さから敬遠される傾向にあり、同様の戦略をとっていたGMと共に経営不振に陥っている。

2007年3月にはPAGグループのアストンマーチンがデビッド・リチャーズ、クウェートの投資会社などで構成される投資家グループに8億4800万ドルで売却されたことが発表された。これによりアストンマーチンはフォード･グループから離脱。ただしフォードモーターは引き続き7700万ドルの資本は持ち続ける。そして2008年3月26日付でPAGグループのジャガーとランドローバーが、インドのタタ・モーターズへ23億ドルで売却されたことが発表され、フォード･グループより離脱した。売却項目にはデイムラーとローバーの商標も含まれている。

さらに、世界金融危機以後ますます深刻化する業績悪化を受け、2008年11月にフォード・モーターは、長年株式を保有し傘下に置いていたマツダの株式33.4%のうち約20%を、マツダや広島銀行などに売却した。。さらに2010年3月には、PAGグループに属していたボルボ・カーズを売却することで、中華人民共和国の浙江吉利控股集団との間で最終合意し、同年8月に売却を完了した。

One Ford戦略

大苦境に陥ったフォードを再生させるべく、CEOのアラン・ムラーリーは新経営戦略「One Ford」を策定した。

これまでは各地域で独自に商品開発・生産を行ってきたが世界的に体制を一本化し、重要なセグメントに対してモデルを絞り込み「Quality (品質)」「Green (環境性能)」「Smart (洗練度)」「Safety (安全性)」の4項目を世界トップレベルに向上させて、世界中に流通可能な本格的グローバルプロダクトを開発・販売するという戦略である。

現在

フォード・F-150（2011年）

同時多発テロ以降の原油価格高騰と世界金融危機を受けて、北米自動車業界では低燃費車を求める消費者の意向を受け、車のダウンサイジングが進んだ。フォードも例外なく2010年には北米でのBセグメントのフィエスタの販売開始、欧州フォードとの車種統合、ビッグ3では唯一V8エンジンのDOHC化、フルサイズ車の象徴とされたクラウンビクトリアの生産終了、エクスプローラーのFFベース化、ダウンサイジングコンセプトの小排気量過給エンジン「エコブースト」の採用など合理化を進めている。

また、1990年代後半からブランドの差別化に失敗し販売不振に陥っていた「マーキュリー」ブランドを、2010年10月3日に廃止した。しかしピックアップトラックのF-150はアメリカ国内のベストセラーの座を守り続け、2011年にはGM、クライスラーと同様、業績が好転した。

日本でのビジネス

第二次世界大戦前

日本への輸出は、日露戦争が終結した1905年に開始された。その後第一次世界大戦の戦勝国かつ世界五大国の1国となり、当時のアジア最大の経済大国となった日本を重視したフォードは1925年に「日本フォード」を設立した。横浜市の子安にアジア初のフォードの製造工場を開設し、T型フォードのノックダウン生産を開始した。

その後1927年にはA型フォードの生産を開始した。フォードは乗用車やトラックを年産1万台生産し、トヨタや日産自動車、いすゞ自動車や大阪に工場を置いたゼネラル・モータースをしのぐ国内最大の自動車メーカーとなった。また子安工場製のフォード車は日本の友好国である満州国などにも輸出された。

しかし、日米間の関係が悪化しつつあった1936年に、日本政府は自国の自動車産業の保護育成を目的とする「自動車製造事業法」を制定した。この法律により、国内資本が50%以上の企業のみ自動車製造が許可されることになり、100%アメリカ資本だったフォードは1940年に操業停止を余儀なくされる。

第二次世界大戦後

太平洋戦争中の1941年12月から1945年8月の期間、工場設備は日本政府に接収されたが、戦後の連合国軍の管理を経て1958年までにフォードに返還された。現在、この一帯（子安地区）はマツダのR&D（研究開発）センターとなっている。

マツダとの提携

1979年には日本の中堅自動車メーカーであるマツダと資本提携し、マツダの株式の24.5%を取得した。マツダにはアジア・オセアニア向け小型車の開発・生産を任せたり、日本でのフォードビジネスを共同で展開していた。

しかし1990年代に入り、バブル崩壊や販売網5チャンネル化の失敗などによりマツダの経営状態が悪化したので、1996年にフォードはマツダへの出資比率を33.4%に引き上げて自社の傘下におき、役員を送り込んでマツダの経営再建に関わった。その後、2000年代後半に経営危機に陥ったフォードは、資金調達のためにマツダへの出資比率を2008年より段階的に引き下げ、2015年までに所有する全てのマツダ株式を売却した。これにより、30年以上続いたマツダとの資本提携は解消された。

現在

戦後の日本でのフォードビジネスは「フォード自動車（日本）」、そしてマツダとの提携下で展開した「オートラマ」を経て現在は、「フォード・ジャパン・リミテッド」がフォード車の輸入・販売を行っている。

詳細は「オートラマ」および「フォード・ジャパン・リミテッド」を参照

マツダ・マフィア

最高執行責任者のマーク・フィールズ、最高財務責任者のボブ・シャンクス、欧州担当のスティーブン・オデール氏、エンジン開発担当のジョセフ・バカーイなどのマツダに出向した人脈をマツダ・マフィアと社内で呼ばれる。

トラクターの生産

1907年からフォードの子会社であるヘンリー・フォード・アンド・サン・カンパニー（Henry Ford and Son Company）がフォードソントラクター（Fordson Tractor）の製造を開始した。1920年にこの会社はフォード・モーターに再統合されたが、1917年に発売開始されたフォードソンF型（Model F）はT型フォード同様に流れ作業により大量生産され、その価格と扱いやすさから爆発的な人気を博した。

フォードソン・トラクターはアメリカ、イギリス、アイルランド、ロシアで生産され、1923年にはアメリカ国内のトラクター市場で77%のシェアを得るに至っている。

フォードソン・トラクターのアメリカでの生産は1928年で終了しているが、その後もイギリスおよびアイルランドでの製造が継続された。

なお、1938年から1964年の間に、フォードのトラクターは全てフォードソン名義からフォード名義に変更されている。

1986年、フォードは農機メーカーのスペリー・ニューホランド（Sperry-New Holland）から一部部門を買収し、1988年からフォード・ニューホランド（Ford New Holland）名義でのトラクターの生産を開始する。

しかし、1991年、フォードは2000年までにフォード名義の製品の生産を停止するという契約のもと、トラクター部門をフィアットに売却した。フィアット傘下のニューホランド（New Holland）はこの契約通り、1998年にはフォード名義のトラクターの生産を終了した。

• フォードソン・トラクターF型

• フォードトラクター　8210

車種一覧

フォード・マスタング

フォード・エスケープ（2代目）

フォード・エクスプローラー（3代目）

フォード・エクスプローラースポーツトラック（2代目）

凡例

★印は絶版モデル。

☆印は輸入中断モデル。

○印は近鉄モータース（後にクインランド・カーズ）が輸入

日本正規販売モデル

日本製

• フォード・T型★ 1925-1940 （子安工場）

アメリカ製

• フォード・F-150○☆ 1999
• フォード・V8★
• フォード・エクスプローラー 1991- （1991-92○）
• フォード・エクスプローラースポーツトラック 2006-
• フォード・エクスペディション○☆ 1999-2001
• フォード・エスコート★☆ 1981-2003
• フォード・カントリー・スクワイア★
• フォード・ギャラクシー（Galaxie）★
• フォード・クラウンビクトリア★
• フォード・フェアレーン★
• フォード・ブロンコ★
• フォード・ブロンコII ○★ -1991
• フォード・マベリック★
• フォード・マスタング -2005,2006- （-1993○）
• フォード・トーラス☆ 1986-1997
• フォード・サンダーバード★ -1993 （-1989○）
• マーキュリー・カプリ○★
• マーキュリー・クーガー○★ -1999
• マーキュリー・グランドマーキー○
• マーキュリー・セーブル○☆ 1986-1988
• マーキュリー・マーキス○★
• リンカーン・タウンカー○
• リンカーン・LS★
• リンカーン・MKX 2008-
• リンカーン・コンチネンタル★ （-1988○）
• リンカーン・ナビゲーター 2008-
• リンカーン・マークVII○★ -1992
• リンカーン・マークVIII○★ 1993-1998

欧州製

フォードは第二次世界大戦以前から欧州に生産拠点を作っていた。主なものはイギリス、ロンドン東方のダゲナム（Dagenham）やドイツ西部のケルン（Köln）等。 現在の車種の大半はスペイン東部のバレンシア（Valencia／フォーカスやフィエスタ等）とベルギー北東部のヘンク（Genk／モンデオ等）の工場が担当。

• フォード・RS200★
• フォード・アングリア★
• フォード・エスコート（アメリカ製とは別の車体）○★
• フォード・Ka☆
• フォード・カプリ○★
• フォード・ギャラクシー（Galaxy、アメリカ製とは別の車体）☆
• フォード・グラナダ○★
• フォード・コルセア★
• フォード・コーティナ○★
• フォード・シエラ○★
• フォード・タウヌス★
• フォード・フォーカス☆
• フォード・フィエスタ☆
• フォード・モンデオ☆
• フォード・クーガ
• フォード・トランジット
• フォード・スコーピオ

オーストラリア製

フォード・オーストラリアは1960年～70年にかけて米国フォードのファルコン(英語)をオーストラリアの過酷な道路に対応できるように改良したものを生産していたが、1972年のXAモデルから開発・デザインとも完全にオーストラリア独自になった。EA169 BAファルコンをベースに開発されたSUVテリトリー(英語)もオーストラリア独自モデルとなっている。

• フォード・LTD (オーストラリア)★
• フォード・カプリ★ (欧州製とは別物。コンバーチブルのみ)
• フォード・ギャラクシー (オーストラリア)★
• フォード・テリトリー
• フォード・ファルコン (オーストラリア)
• フォード・フェアレーン (オーストラリア)★
• フォード・フェアモント (オーストラリア)★
• フォード・コルセア★ (欧州製とは別物。日産・ブルーバードのOEMオーストラリア市場向け)

韓国（起亜自動車）製

• フォード・フェスティバ5★
• フォード・フェスティバβ★

マツダ製

カッコ内はマツダでの車名。

• フォード・J80（ボンゴトラック・バン / ユーノスカーゴトラック・バン）★
• フォード・J100（ボンゴブローニイトラック・バン）★
• フォード・イクシオン（プレマシー）★
• フォード・エスケープ（トリビュート）
  モデル後期は中華民国（台湾）・福特六和製。
• フォード・スペクトロン【Spectron】（ボンゴワゴン / ユーノスカーゴワゴン）★
• フォード・テルスター（カペラ / クロノス）★
• フォード・テルスターII（カペラ）★
• フォード・フェスティバ（※輸出名:121）★
• フォード・フェスティバミニワゴン（デミオ）★
• フォード・プローブ★ 1988-1997
• フォード・フリーダ（ボンゴフレンディ）★
• フォード・レーザー（ファミリア）★
• マーキュリー・マリナー【Mariner】
• マーキュリー・マリナーハイブリッド（トリビュート・ハイブリッド<マツダは北米限定>）

日産自動車製

• フォード・マベリック － アメリカ製とは別。日産・サファリのOEM(オーストラリア市場向け)と日産・テラノIIのOEM(ヨーロッパ市場向け)が存在する。
• マーキュリー・ヴィレジャー - 開発の主導は日産、生産は兄弟車の日産・クエスト共々、フォードの工場で行われた。

日本未投入モデル （一部）

• フォード・Eシリーズ
• フォードGT
• フォード・エスコート・コスワース
• フォード・S-MAX
• フォード・クラウンビクトリア
• フォード・コントゥア
• フォード・ファイブハンドレッド→フォード・トーラス
• フォード・フリースタイル→フォード・トーラスX
• マーキュリー・セーブル（現在）
• フォード・フュージョン
• フォード・フリースター
• フォード・レンジャー
• フォード・スーパーデューティー
• リンカーン・マークLT
• リンカーン・MKZ

このほか、創業間もない時期からフォードはトラック、バス、トラクターを生産していたが、米国や欧州で生産していたトラック及びトラクター部門はすでに他社に売却されている。

脚注

関連項目

• 6大グループ
• マーキュリー：1938年から2010年までフォードが展開した自動車ブランド
• メルクール：1980年代後半にフォードが展開した自動車ブランド
• エドセル：1950年代後半にフォードが展開した自動車ブランド
• アストンマーチン：2007年3月までPAGの一員だった
• ジャガー：2008年3月までPAGの一員だった
• デイムラー(Daimler Motoren)：2008年3月までPAGの一員だった
• ランドローバー：2008年3月までPAGの一員だった
• 起亜自動車：1998年の経営破綻までフォード傘下だった
• フォーディズム
• フォード財団
• ロバート・マクナマラ：1960年フォード家以外の初の社長、1961年-1968年アメリカ国防長官、1968年-1981年世界銀行総裁
• リー・アイアコッカ：1970年フォード社社長、1978-92クライスラー社社長
• フォード・ニュークレオン：1958年に設計したコンセプトカー（原子力車）
• オートラマ:1980年代にマツダと共同で展開したフォード車販売網。第二次世界大戦後の日本でのフォードブランドの認知度向上に大きく貢献した
• フォード・ジャパン・リミテッド：日本でフォード車の輸入･販売を行う子会社。オートラマから業務を引き継いだ
• ピー・エー・ジーインポート：プレミアム・オートモーティブ・グループの日本法人
• 近鉄モータース：日本国内におけるフォード販売店の老舗
• クインランド・カーズ：近鉄グループから近鉄モータースの経営権を買収した輸入車販売会社
• ウイルプラスホールディングス：経営破綻したクインランド・カーズを買収した輸入車販売会社
• サービス：サービス第一主義を掲げたフォードが戦前の日本にサービスの概念を広めた
• アイク：元系列会社のコンシューマー・ファイナンス会社
• ニューホランドAg：一時期フォード傘下となり、トラクターを生産していた
• CNHグローバル：フォードのトラクター部門を買収した
• フォード・オーストラリア：2016年をめどに自国自動車生産撤退を発表した。現地生産の撤退は1994年の日産自動車から始まり、いすゞ自動車、三菱自動車工業に続くものでライバル関係にあったGMホールデンも撤退を発表。また、2014年にはトヨタ自動車も撤退を発表したことにより結果的にオーストラリアからは自動車生産が消滅する。これはニュージーランド同様である。
• 福特六和汽車：台湾におけるフォード・グループの拠点。台湾国内及び一部国外向けに自動車の生産・販売を行う。

著名なエンジンチューナー

• コスワース
• サリーン
• シェルビー
• ラウシュ

外部リンク

• Ford（英語）
• Ford Japan（日本語）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Ford" redirects here. For other uses, see Ford (disambiguation).

Ford Motor Company

The Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, also known as the Glass House
Type	Public company
Traded as	NYSE: F (S&P 500 Component)
Industry	Automotive
Founded	June 16, 1903 (1903-06-16)
Founder	Henry Ford
Headquarters	Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	William C. Ford, Jr. (Executive Chairman) Mark Fields (President and CEO)
Products	Automobiles Luxury Vehicles Commercial Vehicles Automotive parts
Services	Automotive finance Vehicle leasing Vehicle service
Revenue	US$144.1 billion (2014)
Operating income	US$4.342 billion (2014)
Net income	US$3.187 billion (2014)
Total assets	US$208.5 billion (2014)
Total equity	US$24.83 billion (2014)
Owner	Ford Family (2%)
Number of employees	187,000 (2014)
Divisions	Ford Lincoln Motorcraft
Subsidiaries	List Transportation Ford Australia Ford Performance Vehicles Ford do Brasil Troller Ford of Europe Ford of Britain Ford Germany Ford Romania Ford Racing Ford Team RS Special Vehicle Team Ford Lio Ho (70%) AutoAlliance Thailand (50%) Blue Diamond Trucks (50%) Ford Sollers (50%) Jiangling Motors (49%) Otosan (41%) Changan Ford Mazda (35%) Aston Martin (8%) Mazda (2.1%) Finance Ford Credit Other Automotive Components Holdings Getrag (50%) International Ford of Argentina Ford of Canada Ford of India Ford of Japan Ford of Korea Ford of New Zealand Ford of Philippines Ford of Taiwan
Slogan	Go Further Built Ford Tough
Website	www.ford.com

The Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to as simply Ford) is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV. In the past it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns a 2.1% stake in Mazda of Japan, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling of China. It also has a number of joint-ventures, two in China (Changan Ford Mazda and Ford Lio Ho), one in Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), one in Turkey (Ford Otosan), and one in Russia (Ford Sollers). It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, although they have minority ownership.

Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines; by 1914 these methods were known around the world as Fordism. Ford's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010. In 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938.

During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, but it has since returned to profitability.

Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker (preceded by General Motors) and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2010 vehicle sales. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe. Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide.

The company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights.

History

Main article: History of Ford Motor Company

Henry Ford (ca. 1919)

A 1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City

20th century

Henry Ford's first attempt at a car company under his own name was the Henry Ford Company on November 3, 1901, which became the Cadillac Motor Company on August 22, 1902, after Ford left with the rights to his name. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a converted factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John and Horace Dodge (who would later found their own car company). During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on each car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Within a decade the company would lead the world in the expansion and refinement of the assembly line concept; and Ford soon brought much of the part production in-house in a vertical integration that seemed a better path for the era.

Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on to become one of the world's largest and most profitable companies. As one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years.

After the first gasoline powered automobile was created in the year 1885 by German inventor Carl Benz (Benz Patent-Motorwagen), more efficient production methods were needed to make the automobile affordable for the middle-class; which Ford contributed to, for instance by introducing the first moving assembly line in 1913 at its factory in Highland Park.

Between 1903 and 1908 Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S, most of which sold in the hundreds or few thousands a year. In 1908 Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which would sell in the millions. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, the first car with safety glass in the windshield. Ford launched the first low priced V8 engine powered car in 1932.

The creation of a scientific laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research, led to Ford's unlikely involvement in superconductivity research. In 1964 Ford Research Labs made a key breakthrough with the invention of a superconducting quantum interference device or SQUID.

Ford offered the Lifeguard safety package from 1956, which included such innovations as a standard deep-dish steering wheel, optional front, and, for the first time in a car, rear seatbelts, and an optional padded dash. Ford introduced child-proof door locks into its products in 1957, and in the same year offered the first retractable hardtop on a mass-produced six-seater car. The Ford Mustang was introduced in 1964. In 1965 Ford introduced the seat belt reminder light.

With the 1980s, Ford introduced several highly successful vehicles around the world. During the 1980s, Ford began using the advertising slogan, "Have you driven a Ford, lately?" to introduce new customers to their brand and make their vehicles appear more modern. In 1990 and 1994 respectively, Ford also acquired Jaguar Cars and Aston Martin. During the mid- to late 1990s, Ford continued to sell large numbers of vehicles, in a booming American economy with a soaring stock market and low fuel prices.

With the dawn of the new century, legacy healthcare costs, higher fuel prices, and a faltering economy led to falling market shares, declining sales, and diminished profit margins. Most of the corporate profits came from financing consumer automobile loans through Ford Motor Credit Company.

21st century

William Clay Ford, Jr., great-grandson of Henry Ford, serves as the executive chairman at the board of Ford Motor Company.

By 2005, both Ford and GM's corporate bonds had been downgraded to junk status, as a result of high U.S. health care costs for an aging workforce, soaring gasoline prices, eroding market share, and an over dependence on declining SUV sales. Profit margins decreased on large vehicles due to increased "incentives" (in the form of rebates or low interest financing) to offset declining demand. In the latter half of 2005, Chairman Bill Ford asked newly appointed Ford Americas Division President Mark Fields to develop a plan to return the company to profitability. Fields previewed the Plan, named The Way Forward, at the December 7, 2005 board meeting of the company and it was unveiled to the public on January 23, 2006. "The Way Forward" included resizing the company to match market realities, dropping some unprofitable and inefficient models, consolidating production lines, closing 14 factories and cutting 30,000 jobs.

Ford moved to introduce a range of new vehicles, including "Crossover SUVs" built on unibody car platforms, rather than more body-on-frame chassis. In developing the hybrid electric powertrain technologies for the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV, Ford licensed similar Toyota hybrid technologies to avoid patent infringements. Ford announced that it will team up with electricity supply company Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multimillion-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings", according to Ford.

William Clay Ford Jr., great-grandson of Henry Ford (and better known by his nickname "Bill"), was appointed Executive Chairman in 1998, and also became Chief Executive Officer of the company in 2001, with the departure of Jacques Nasser, becoming the first member of the Ford family to head the company since the retirement of his uncle, Henry Ford II, in 1982. Upon the retirement of President and Chief Operation Officer Jim Padilla in April 2006, Bill Ford assumed his roles as well. Five months later, in September, Ford named Alan Mulally as President and CEO, with Ford continuing as Executive Chairman. In December 2006, the company raised its borrowing capacity to about $25 billion, placing substantially all corporate assets as collateral. Chairman Bill Ford has stated that "bankruptcy is not an option". Ford and the United Auto Workers, representing approximately 46,000 hourly workers in North America, agreed to a historic contract settlement in November 2007 giving the company a substantial break in terms of its ongoing retiree health care costs and other economic issues. The agreement included the establishment of a company-funded, independently run Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA) trust to shift the burden of retiree health care from the company's books, thereby improving its balance sheet. This arrangement took effect on January 1, 2010. As a sign of its currently strong cash position, Ford contributed its entire current liability (estimated at approximately US$5.5 billion as of December 31, 2009) to the VEBA in cash, and also pre-paid US$500 million of its future liabilities to the fund. The agreement also gives hourly workers the job security they were seeking by having the company commit to substantial investments in most of its factories.

The automaker reported the largest annual loss in company history in 2006 of $12.7 billion, and estimated that it would not return to profitability until 2009. However, Ford surprised Wall Street in the second quarter of 2007 by posting a $750 million profit. Despite the gains, the company finished the year with a $2.7 billion loss, largely attributed to finance restructuring at Volvo.

On June 2, 2008, Ford sold its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors for $2.3 billion.

During Congressional hearings held in November 2008 at Washington D.C., and in a show of support, Ford's Alan Mulally stated that "We at Ford are hopeful that we have enough liquidity. But we also must prepare ourselves for the prospect of further deteriorating economic conditions". Mulally went on to state that "The collapse of one of our competitors would have a severe impact on Ford" and that Ford Motor Company's supports both Chrysler and General Motors in their search for government bridge loans in the face of conditions caused by the 2008 financial crisis. Together, the three companies presented action plans for the sustainability of the industry. Mulally stated that "In addition to our plan, we are also here today to request support for the industry. In the near-term, Ford does not require access to a government bridge loan. However, we request a credit line of $9 billion as a critical backstop or safeguard against worsening conditions as we drive transformational change in our company" GM and Chrysler received government loans and financing through T.A.R.P. legislation funding provisions.

On December 19, the cost of credit default swaps to insure the debt of Ford was 68 percent the sum insured for five years in addition to annual payments of 5 percent. That meant $6.8 million paid upfront to insure $10 million in debt, in addition to payments of $500,000 per year. In January 2009, Ford reported a $14.6 billion loss in the preceding year, a record for the company. The company retained sufficient liquidity to fund its operations. Through April 2009, Ford's strategy of debt for equity exchanges erased $9.9 billion in liabilities (28% of its total) in order to leverage its cash position. These actions yielded Ford a $2.7 billion profit in fiscal year 2009, the company's first full-year profit in four years.

In 2012, Ford's corporate bonds were upgraded from junk to investment grade again, citing sustainable, lasting improvements.

On October 29, 2012, Ford announced the sale of its climate control components business, its last remaining automotive components operation, to Detroit Thermal Systems LLC for an undisclosed price.

On November 1, 2012, Ford announced that CEO Alan Mulally will stay with the company until 2014. Ford also named Mark Fields, the president of operations in Americas, as its new chief operating officer Ford's CEO Mulally was paid a compensation of over $174 million in his previous seven years at Ford since 2006. The generous amount has been a sore point for some workers of the company.

Logo evolution

• 1903

• 1909

• 1912

• 1912 variant

• 1927

• 2003–Present

Corporate affairs

Executive management

Members of the Ford board as of July 2014 are: Richard A. Gephardt, Stephen Butler, Ellen Marram, Kimberly Casiano, Mark Fields (President and CEO), Edsel Ford II, Homer Neal, William Clay Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman), Anthony F. Earley, Jr., James P. Hackett, John L. Thornton, James H. Hance, Jr., William W. Helman IV, Jon M. Huntsman, Jr., John C. Lechleiter and Gerald L. Shaheen.

Financial results

In 2010, Ford earned a net profit of $6.6 billion and reduced its debt from $33.6 billion to $14.5 billion lowering interest payments by $1 billion following its 2009 net profit of $2.7 billion. In the U.S., the F-Series was the best-selling vehicle for 2010. Ford sold 528,349 F-Series trucks during the year, a 27.7% increase over 2009, out of a total sales of 1.9 million vehicles, or every one out of four vehicles Ford sold. Trucks sales accounts for a big slice of Ford's profits, according to USA Today. Ford's realignment also included the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary, Hertz Rent-a-Car to a private equity group for $15 billion in cash and debt acquisition. The sale was completed on December 22, 2005. A 50–50 joint venture with Mahindra & Mahindra of India, called Mahindra Ford India, Limited (MIFL), ended with Ford buying out Mahindra's remaining stake in the company in 2005. Ford had previously upped its stake to 72% in 1998.

Operations

Ford has manufacturing operations worldwide, including in the United States, Canada, Mexico, China, the United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and South Africa. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with Russian automaker GAZ.

North America

Ford dealer in Garden City, New York, ca. 1930-1945

In the first five months of 2010, auto sales in the U.S. rose to 4.6 million cars and light trucks, an increase of 17% from a year earlier. The rise was mainly caused by the return of commercial customers that had all but stopped buying in 2009 during the recession. Sales to individual customers at dealerships have increased 13%, while fleet sales have jumped 32%. Ford reported that 37% of its sales in May came from fleet sales when it announced its sales for the month increased 23%. In the first seven months of 2010, vehicle sales of Ford increased 24%, including retail and fleet sales. Fleet sales of Ford for the same period rose 35% to 386,000 units while retail sales increase 19%. Fleet sales account for 39 percent of Chrysler's sales and 31 percent for GM's.

Europe

Main article: Ford of Europe

Ford's Dunton Technical Centre in Laindon, United Kingdom, the largest automotive research and development facility in the country

The Ford Research Center in Aachen, Germany

At first, Ford in Germany and Ford in Britain built different models from one another until the late 1960s, with the Ford Escort and then the Ford Capri being common to both companies. Later on, the Ford Taunus and Ford Cortina became identical, produced in left hand drive and right hand drive respectively. Rationalisation of model ranges meant that production of many models in the UK switched to elsewhere in Europe, including Belgium and Spain as well as Germany. The Ford Sierra replaced the Taunus and Cortina in 1982, drawing criticism for its radical aerodynamic styling, which was soon given nicknames such as "Jellymould" and "The Salesman's Spaceship."

Increasingly, the Ford Motor Company has looked to Ford of Europe for its "world cars", such as the Mondeo, Focus, and Fiesta, although sales of European-sourced Fords in the U.S. have been disappointing. The Focus has been one exception to this, which has become America's best selling compact car since its launch in 2000.

In February 2002, Ford ended car production in the UK. It was the first time in 90 years that Ford cars had not been made in Britain, although production of the Transit van continued at the company's Southampton facility until mid-2013, engines at Bridgend and Dagenham, and transmissions at Halewood. Development of European Ford is broadly split between Dunton in Essex (powertrain, Fiesta/Ka, and commercial vehicles) and Cologne (body, chassis, electrical, Focus, Mondeo) in Germany. Ford also produced the Thames range of commercial vehicles, although the use of this brand name was discontinued circa 1965. Elsewhere in continental Europe, Ford assembles the Mondeo range in Genk (Belgium), Fiesta in Valencia (Spain) and Cologne (Germany), Ka in Valencia (Spain), Focus in Valencia (Spain), Saarlouis (Germany) and Vsevolozhsk (Russia). Transit production is in Kocaeli (Turkey), Southampton (UK), and Transit Connect in Kocaeli (Turkey).

Ford also owns a joint-venture production plant in Turkey. Ford Otosan, established in the 1970s, manufactures the Transit Connect compact panel van as well as the "Jumbo" and long-wheelbase versions of the full-size Transit. This new production facility was set up near Kocaeli in 2002, and its opening marked the end of Transit assembly in Genk.

Another joint venture plant near Setúbal in Portugal, set up in collaboration with Volkswagen, formerly assembled the Galaxy people-carrier as well as its sister ships, the VW Sharan and SEAT Alhambra. With the introduction of the third generation of the Galaxy, Ford has moved the production of the people-carrier to the Genk plant, with Volkswagen taking over sole ownership of the Setúbal facility.

In 2008, Ford acquired a majority stake in Automobile Craiova, Romania. Starting 2009, the Ford Transit Connect was Ford's first model produced in Craiova, followed, in 2012, by low-capacity car engines and a new small class car, the B-Max.

Its 1959 Anglia two-door saloon was one of the most quirky-looking small family cars in Europe at the time of its launch, but buyers soon became accustomed to its looks and it was hugely popular with British buyers in particular. It was still selling well when replaced by the more practical Escort in 1967.

The third incarnation of the Ford Escort was launched in 1980 and marked the company's move from rear-wheel drive saloons to front-wheel drive hatchbacks in the small family car sector.

The fourth generation Escort was produced from 1990 until 2000, although its successor – the Focus – had been on sale since 1998. On its launch, the Focus was arguably the most dramatic-looking and fine-handling small family cars on sale, and sold in huge volumes right up to the launch of the next generation Focus at the end of 2004.

The 1982 Ford Sierra – replacement for the long-running and massively popular Cortina and Taunus models – was a style-setter at the time of its launch. Its ultramodern aerodynamic design was a world away from a boxy, sharp-edged Cortina, and it was massively popular just about everywhere it was sold. A series of updates kept it looking relatively fresh until it was replaced by the front-wheel drive Mondeo at the start of 1993.

The rise in popularity of small cars during the 1970s saw Ford enter the mini-car market in 1976 with its Fiesta hatchback. Most of its production was concentrated at Valencia in Spain, and the Fiesta sold in huge figures from the very start. An update in 1983 and the launch of an all-new model in 1989 strengthened its position in the small car market.

On October 24, 2012, Ford announced that it would be closing its Genk assembly plant in eastern Belgium by the end of 2014.

Oceania

Ford FG Falcon (Australia)

The Ford stamping plant in Geelong, Australia

In Australia and New Zealand, the popular Ford Falcon has long been considered the average family car and is considerably larger than the Mondeo, Ford's largest car sold in Europe. Between 1960 and 1972, the Falcon was based on a U.S. model of the same name, but since then has been entirely designed and manufactured in Australia, occasionally being manufactured in New Zealand. Like its General Motors rival, the Holden Commodore, the Falcon uses a rear wheel drive layout. High performance variants of the Falcon running locally built engines produce up to 362 hp (270 kW). A ute (short for "utility", known in the US as pickup truck) version is also available with the same range of drivetrains. In addition, Ford Australia sells highly tuned limited-production Falcon sedans and utes through its performance car division, Ford Performance Vehicles.

In Australia, the Commodore and Falcon have traditionally outsold all other cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand, Ford was second in market share in the first eight months of 2006 with 14.4 per cent. More recently Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup– the Fairlane and LTD ranges, and announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant may be shut down from 2013. They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011.

In Australia, the Laser was one of Ford Australia's most successful models, and was manufactured in Ford's Homebush plant from 1981 until the plant's closure in September 1994. It outsold the Mazda 323, despite being almost identical to it, because the Laser was manufactured in Australia and Ford was perceived as a local brand.

In New Zealand, the Ford Laser and Telstar were assembled alongside the Mazda 323 and 626 until 1997, at the Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in Wiri, Auckland. The Sierra wagon was also assembled in New Zealand, owing to the popularity of station wagons in that market.

The scheduled closure of Ford's Australian manufacturing base in 2016 was confirmed in late May 2013. Headquartered in the Victorian suburb of Broadmeadows, the company had registered losses worth AU$600 million over the five years prior to the announcement. It was noted that the corporate fleet and government sales that account for two-thirds of large, local car sales in Australia are insufficient to keep Ford's products profitable and viable in Australia. The decision will affect 1200 Ford workers—over 600 employees in Geelong and more than 500 in Broadmeadows—who will lose their jobs by October 2016.

East and Southeast Asia

Ford formed its first passenger-vehicle joint venture in China in 2001, six years behind GM and more than a decade after VW. It has spent as of 2013 $4.9 billion to expand its lineup and double production capacity in China to 600,000 vehicles. This includes Ford's largest-ever factory complex in the southwestern city of Chongqing. Ford had 2.5 percent of the Chinese market in 2013, while VW controlled 14.5 percent and GM had 15.6 percent, according to consultant LMC Automotive. GM outsells Ford in China by more than six-to-one. Ford's presence in Asia has traditionally been much smaller, confined to Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Taiwan, where Ford has had a joint venture with Lio Ho since the 1970s. Ford began assembly of cars in Thailand in 1960, but withdrew from the country in 1976, and did not return until 1995, when it formed a joint venture with Mazda called Auto Alliance. Now in Bo-win Sub District, Sriracha District of the Chonburi it is located The Ford Motor Company (Thailand) Limited, making passenger automobiles. The factory built in 1941 in Singapore was shortly taken over by the Japanese during the war and was the site of a surrender of the British to the Japanese, at the factory site which is now a national monument in Singapore.

On April 30, 2013, Ford Motor Co. launched their car and truck line in Myanmar. Previously, heavy importation taxes have stifled imported car purchases in Myanmar, but due to currency reform, lifting of previous import restrictions, and the abolishment of shadow currency, Myanmar's car market has grown in demand.

Ford of Korea

In 1967, Ford partnered with the South Korean company Hyundai and at the new factory in Ulsan, South Korea built the European Ford Cortina until 1974, when Hyundai introduced their all-new Hyundai Pony in 1975. Ford then developed a relationship with Korea's oldest car manufacturer Kia which built vehicles co-engineered with Mazda, later selling the Ford Festiva from 1988–1993, and the Ford Aspire from 1994–1997 for export to the United States. With the acquisition of a stake in Japanese manufacturer Mazda in 1979, Ford began selling Mazda's Familia and Capella as the Ford Laser and Telstar throughout the region, replacing the European-sourced Escort and Cortina. Ford lost their Kia interest to Hyundai in 1998 during the Asian financial crisis. Kia had declared bankruptcy in 1997; and in 1998, Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51% of the company, outbidding Ford which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986. After subsequent divestments, Hyundai Motor Company owns less than 50% of the company but remains Kia's largest stakeholder.

Ford currently sells the Focus and Mondeo with diesel engines, plus the Mustang, Taurus, Escape, and Explorer, as well as the Lincoln MKS, MKZ, and MKC.

Ford of Japan

Ford established a manufacturing facility in the port city of Yokohama in February 1925, where Model T vehicles were assembled using imported knock-down kits. The factory subsequently produced 10,000 Model A's up to 1936. Production ceased in 1940 as a result of political tensions between Japan and the United States.

After World War II, Ford did not have a presence in Japan, as the Ford facility was appropriated by the Japanese Government until 1958, when property was returned as a possession of the Ford Motor Company and became a research and development location for Ford partner Mazda. In 1979, Ford acquired a 24.5% ownership stake in Mazda, and in 1982 Ford and Mazda jointly established a sales channel to sell Ford products in Japan, including vehicles manufactured in North America, at a dealership called Autorama (Japanese). The Autorama sales channel was renamed Ford Sales of Japan in 1997.

Vehicles sold at Autorama locations were the North American assembled Ford Explorer, Probe (1989–1998), Mustang, Taurus (1989–1997), Thunderbird (1990–1993), Lincoln Continental, and Lincoln LS. Ford products manufactured in Europe that were sold in Japan were the Ford Mondeo, Ka, Focus, Focus C-MAX, Fiesta, and the Galaxy. Mazda manufactured Ford vehicles in Japan and sold them as Fords at the Autorama locations. They were the Ford Telstar (Mazda Capella), Laser, Festiva, Festiva Mini Wagon, Ixion (Mazda Premacy), Freda (Mazda Bongo Friendee), Spectron (Mazda Bongo), and commercial trucks J80 and the J100 (Mazda Bongo truck).

Ford increased its shareholding in Mazda to 33.4% in 1996. Ford currently sells a small range of vehicles in Japan; as of October 2010, the Ford Mustang, Escape, Explorer (and Explorer truck), Ford Kuga, Lincoln Navigator, Lincoln MKX, and more recently the Ford Ecosport are available in Japan. Ford maintains a regional office in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

South and West Asia

Ford India began production in 1998 at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, with its Ford Escort model, which was later replaced by locally produced Ford Ikon in 2001. It has since added Fusion, Fiesta, Mondeo and Endeavour to its product line.

On March 9, 2010, Ford Motor Co. launched its first made-for-India compact car. Starting at 349,900 ($7,690), the Figo is Ford's first car designed and priced for the mass Indian market. On July 28, 2011, Ford India signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the State of Gujarat for the construction of an assembly and engine plant in Sanand, and planned to invest approximately US$1 billion on a 460-acre site.

Ford's market presence in the Middle East has traditionally been small, partly due to previous Arab boycotts of companies dealing with Israel. Ford and Lincoln vehicles are currently marketed in ten countries in the region. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE are the biggest markets. Ford also established itself in Egypt in 1926, but faced an uphill battle during the 1950s due to the hostile nationalist business environment. Ford's distributor in Saudi Arabia announced in February 2003 that it had sold 100,000 Ford and Lincoln vehicles since commencing sales in November 1986. Half of the Ford/Lincoln vehicles sold in that country were Ford Crown Victorias. In 2004, Ford sold 30,000 units in the region, falling far short of General Motors' 88,852 units and Nissan Motors' 75,000 units.

South America

During much of the 20th century, Ford faced protectionist government measures in South America, with the result that it built different models in different countries, without particular regard to rationalization or economy of scale inherent to producing and sharing similar vehicles between the nations. In many cases, new vehicles in a country were based on those of the other manufacturers it had entered into production agreements with, or whose factories it had acquired. For example, the Corcel and Del Rey in Brazil were originally based on Renault vehicles.

In 1987, Ford of Brazil and Ford of Argentina merged their operations with the Brazilian and Argentine operations of Volkswagen Group, forming a new joint-venture company called Autolatina with a shared model range. Sales figures and profitability were disappointing, and Autolatina was dissolved in 1995. With the advent of Mercosur, the regional common market, Ford was finally able to rationalize its product line-ups in those countries. Consequently, the Ford Fiesta and Ford EcoSport are only built in Brazil, and the Ford Focus only built in Argentina, with each plant exporting in large volumes to the neighboring countries. Models like the Ford Mondeo from Europe could now be imported completely built up. Ford of Brazil produces a pick-up truck version of the Fiesta, the Courier, which is also produced in South Africa as the Ford Bantam in right hand drive versions.

Africa

In Africa, Ford's market presence has traditionally been strongest in South Africa and neighbouring countries, with only trucks being sold elsewhere on the continent. Ford in South Africa began by importing kits from Canada to be assembled at its Port Elizabeth facility. Later Ford sourced its models from the UK and Australia, with local versions of the Ford Cortina including the XR6, with a 3.0 V6 engine, and a Cortina-based 'bakkie' or pick-up, which was exported to the UK. In the mid-1980s Ford merged with a rival company, owned by Anglo American, to form the South African Motor Corporation (Samcor).

Following international condemnation of apartheid, Ford divested from South Africa in 1988, and sold its stake in Samcor, although it licensed the use of its brand name to the company. Samcor began to assemble Mazdas as well, which affected its product line-up, and saw the European Fords like the Escort and Sierra replaced by the Mazda-based Laser and Telstar. Ford bought a 45 per cent stake in Samcor following the demise of apartheid in 1994, and this later became, once again, a wholly owned subsidiary, the Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa. Ford now sells a local sedan version of the Fiesta (also built in India and Mexico), and the Focus. The Falcon model from Australia was also sold in South Africa, but was dropped in 2003, while the Mondeo, after briefly being assembled locally, was dropped in 2005. The Mondeo has since been reintroduced, but badged as the Fusion.

Products and services

Automobiles

See also: List of Ford vehicles, List of Lincoln vehicles and List of Mercury vehicles

The 2013 model year Lincoln MKS

Ford Motor Company sells a broad range of automobiles under the Ford marque worldwide, and an additional range of luxury automobiles under the Lincoln marque in the United States. The company has sold vehicles under a number of other marques during its history. The Mercury brand was introduced by Ford in 1939, continuing in production until 2011 when poor sales led to its discontinuation. In 1958, Ford introduced the Edsel brand, but poor sales led to its discontinuation in 1960. In 1985, the Merkur brand was introduced in the United States to market products produced by Ford of Europe; it was discontinued in 1989.

Ford acquired the British sports car maker Aston Martin in 1989, later selling it on March 12, 2007, although retaining an 8% stake. Ford purchased Volvo Cars of Sweden in 1999, selling it to Zhejiang Geely Holding Group in 2010. In November 2008, it reduced its 33.4% controlling interest in Mazda of Japan to a 13.4% non-controlling interest. On November 18, 2010, Ford reduced their stake further to just 3%, citing the reduction of ownership would allow greater flexibility to pursue growth in emerging markets. Ford and Mazda remain strategic partners through exchanges of technological information and joint ventures, including an American joint venture plant in Flat Rock, Michigan called Auto Alliance. Ford sold the United Kingdom-based Jaguar and Land Rover companies and brands to Tata Motors of India in March 2008.

Marque	Country of origin	Years used/owned	Markets
Ford	United States	1903–present	Global
Lincoln	United States	1922–present	North America, Middle East
Mercury	United States	1939–2011	North America, Middle East
Edsel	United States	1958–1960	North America
Merkur	United States	1985–1989	North America
Jaguar	United Kingdom	1989–2008	Global
Aston Martin	United Kingdom	1989–2007	Global
Volvo	Sweden	1999–2010	Global
Land Rover	United Kingdom	2000–2008	Global
Mazda	Japan	1996–2010	Global
FPV	Australia	2002–2014	Australia
Troller	Brazil	2007–present	Brazil

Trucks

An advert for the 1939 Ford V-8 pick-up truck

An advert for the 1961 Ford H-Series truck

Ford has produced trucks since 1908, beginning with the Ford Model TT, followed by the Model AA, and the Model BB. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles are or were formerly produced include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada (also badged as Mercury), France, Germany, India, Netherlands, Philippines, Spain (badged Ebro too), Turkey, UK (badged also Fordson and Thames) and USA.

From the 1940s to late 1970s Ford's Ford F-Series were used as the base for light trucks for the North American market.

Most of these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longest was the lorries arm of Ford of Britain, which became part of the Iveco group in 1986. Ford had a minority share in the new company and Iveco took over sales and production of the Ford Cargo range. Ford's last significant European truck models were the Transcontinental and the Cargo.

In the United States, Ford's heavy trucks division (Classes 7 and 8) was sold in 1997 to Freightliner Trucks, which rebranded the lineup as Sterling. Freightliner is in the process of discontinuing this line.

Line of heavy trucks made by Ford for the North American market:

• Ford F-650 – joint venture model from 2000 to present
• Ford L9000 – last model year 1999
• Ford LNT9000 – short nose tandem axle from 1970s to 1997
• Ford LT9000 – tandem axle with last model year 1997
• Ford FT900 – until 1998
• Ford LT8000 – last model year 1998
• Ford L7000 – last model year 1996

Ford continues to manufacture medium duty trucks under the F-650 and F-750 badges. In 2001, the company entered into a joint venture with Navistar International to produce medium and heavy duty commercial trucks. The first new model from the new corporation, known as Blue Diamond Truck Company LLC, was the 2006 model year LCF, the first Ford branded cab-over-engine design in the United States since Freightliner's acquisition of the Cargo in the mid-1990s.. The LCF was discontinued in 2009 and Ford's 2011 medium and heavy-duty commercial offerings are limited to the two F-Series.

In 1999 the end of the F800 indicated Ford was no longer producing in any F-series heavy truck chassis.

In Europe, Ford manufactures the Ford Transit jumbo van which is classed as a Large Goods Vehicle and has a payload of up to 2,265 kg, there are options of a panel van, pickup or chassis cab. The Ford Transit is also available as a light van called the Ford Transit Connect and the Ford Ranger pickup is available.

Buses

A Ford B700 bus chassis, with a body by Thomas Built

Ford manufactured complete buses in the company's early history, but today the role of the company has changed to that of a second stage manufacturer. In North America, the E-Series is still used as a chassis for small school buses and the F-650 is used in commercial bus markets. In the 1980s and 1990s, the medium-duty B700 was a popular chassis used by school bus body manufacturers including Thomas Built, Ward and Blue Bird, but Ford lost its market share due to industry contraction and agreements between body manufacturers. Older bus models included:

Prior to 1936, Ford buses were based on truck bodies:

• Model B – 1930s
• Model T – 1920s
• F-105 school bus

A 1937 Ford Transit Bus in Seattle

In 1936, Ford introduced the Ford Transit Bus, a series of small transit buses with bodies built by a second party. Originally a front-engine design, it was modified to a rear-engine design in 1939. About 1,000 to 1,200 of the original design were built, and around 12,500 of the rear-engine design, which was in production until 1947 (rebranded as the Universal Bus in 1946).

Rear-engine Transit Bus chassis model numbers:

• 09-B/19-B City transit bus – 1939–1941
• 19-B/29-B City transit bus – 1941–1942
• 49-B/79-B City transit bus – 1944–1947
• 69-B City transit bus – 1946–1947
• 29-B City transit bus – 1946–1947
• 72-T transit bus – 1944–1945

After 1946 the Transit City bus was sold as the Universal Bus with the roof changed from fabric/wood to all-metal:

• 79-B Universal transit bus – 1946–1947

Succeeding the Ford Transit Bus was the Ford 8M buses:

• 8MB transit bus – with Wayne Works 1948–?

Following World War II and from 1950s onwards Ford lost out to General Motors. This led to the end of transit buses for Ford in North America.

• B500 or B-series – 1950-1990s based on Ford F-series truck chassis used by school bus body manufacturers

In Europe, Ford manufactures the Ford Transit Minibus which is classed in Europe as a Passenger Carrying Vehicle and there are options of 12, 15 or 17 seaters. In the past European models included:

• EM
• N-138
• D series buses (Australia)

Tractors

A Ford N series tractor

The "Henry Ford and Son Company" began making Fordson tractors in Henry's hometown of Springwells (later part of Dearborn), Michigan from 1907 to 1928, from 1919 to 1932, at Cork, Ireland, and 1933–1964 at Dagenham, England, later transferred to Basildon. They were also produced in Leningrad beginning in 1924.

In 1986, Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler, hay tools and implement company from Sperry Corporation and formed Ford-New Holland which bought out Versatile tractors in 1988. This company was bought by Fiat in 1993 and the name changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. New Holland is now part of CNH Global.

Financial services

Ford offers automotive finance through Ford Motor Credit Company.

Automotive components

Ford's FoMoCo parts division sells aftermarket parts under the Motorcraft brand name. It has spun off its parts division under the name Visteon.

Motorsport

Main article: Ford Racing

Along with Shelby and Chevrolet, Ford is one of only three American constructors to win titles on the international scene at the FIA World Championships. As a constructor, Ford won the World Sportscar Championship three times in 1966, 1967 and 1968, and the World Rally Championship three times in 1979, 2006 and 2007.

Stock car racing

The NASCAR Ford Fusion race car of Todd Kluever in 2006

Ford is one of three manufacturers in NASCAR's three major series: Sprint Cup Series, Xfinity Series and Camping World Truck Series. Major teams include Roush Fenway Racing, Team Penske, and Richard Petty Motorsports. Ford is represented by the mid-size Fusion in the Sprint Cup, the Mustang in the Xfinity Series, and by the F-150 in the Camping World Truck Series. Some of the most successful NASCAR Fords were the aerodynamic fastback Ford Torino, Ford Torino Talladega, Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II, and Mercury Montegos, and the aero-era Ford Thunderbirds. The Ford nameplate has won eight manufacturer's championships in Sprint Cup, while Mercury has won one. In the Sprint Cup Series, Ford earned its 1,000th victory in the 2013 Quicken Loans 400. The Ford Fusion is also used in the ARCA Remax Series. Ford had last won a drivers' championship in the Cup Series with Kurt Busch in 2004.

Formula One

Ford was heavily involved in Formula One for many years, and supplied engines to a large number of teams from 1967 until 2004. These engines were designed and manufactured by Cosworth, the racing division that was owned by Ford from 1998 to 2004. Ford-badged engines won 176 Grands Prix between 1967 and 2003 for teams such as Team Lotus and McLaren. Ford entered Formula One as a constructor in 2000 under the Jaguar Racing name, after buying the Stewart Grand Prix team which had been its primary 'works' team in the series since 1997. Jaguar achieved little success in Formula One, and after a turbulent five seasons, Ford withdrew from the category after the 2004 season, selling both Jaguar Racing (which became Red Bull Racing) and Cosworth (to Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven).

Rally

Jari-Matti Latvala driving the Ford Focus RS WRC 09 in 2010.

Main article: Ford World Rally Team

Ford has a long history in rallying and has been active in the World Rally Championship since the beginning of the world championship, the 1973 season. Ford took the 1979 manufacturers' title with Hannu Mikkola, Björn Waldegård and Ari Vatanen driving the Ford Escort RS1800. In the Group B era, Ford achieved success with Ford RS200. Since the 1999 season, Ford has used various versions of the Ford Focus WRC to much success. In the 2006 season, BP-Ford World Rally Team secured Ford its second manufacturers' title, with the Focus RS WRC 06 built by M-Sport and driven by "Flying Finns" Marcus Grönholm and Mikko Hirvonen. Continuing with Grönholm and Hirvonen, Ford successfully defended the manufacturers' world championship in the 2007 season. Ford is the only manufacturer to score in the points for 92 consecutive races; since the 2002 season opener Monte Carlo Rally.

Rallycross

Ford has competed in rallycross with its Ford Fiesta. Tanner Foust won the Global RallyCross Championship in 2011 and 2012, and was runner-up in the FIA European Rallycross Championship in 2011 and 2012. Toomas Heikkinen won the Global RallyCross Championship title in 2013 and Joni Wiman won it in 2014. Other notable Ford drivers include Marcus Grönholm, Ken Block and Brian Deegan.

Sports cars

Main article: Ford GT § Racing

Ford sports cars have been visible in the world of sports car racing since 1964. Most notably the GT40 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans four times in the 1960s and is the only American car to ever win overall at this prestigious event. Ford also won the 1968 International Championship for Makes with the GT40, which still stands today as one of the all-time greatest racing cars. Swiss team Matech GT Racing, in collaboration with Ford Racing, opened a new chapter with the Ford GT, winning the Teams title in the 2008 FIA GT3 European Championship.

Ford Mustang GT (racing GT car)

Main article: Ford Mustang § Racing

The Ford Mustang has arguably been Ford's most successful sports car. Jerry Titus won the 1965 SCCA Pro B National Championship with a Mustang and the model went on to earn Ford the SCCA Trans-Am Championship title in both 1966 and 1967. Ford won the Trans-Am Championship again in 1970 with Parnelli Jones and George Follmer driving Boss 302 Mustangs for Bud Moore Engineering. Ford took the 1985 and 1986 IMSA GTO Championship with Mustangs driven by John Jones and Scott Pruett before returning to Trans-Am glory with a championship in 1989 with Dorsey Schroeder. Ford dominated Trans-Am in the 1990s with Tommy Kendal winning championships in 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997 with Paul Gentilozzi adding yet another title in 1999. In 2005 the Ford Mustang FR500C took the championship in the Rolex Koni Challenge Series in its first year on the circuit. In 2007 Ford added a victory in the GT4 European Championship. 2008 was the first year of the Mustang Challenge for the Miller Cup, a series which pits a full field of identical factory built Ford Mustang race cars against each other. Also in 2008, Ford won the manufacturers championship in the Koni Challenge Series and HyperSport drivers Joe Foster and Steve Maxwell won the drivers title in a Mustang GT.

Ford and Michelin team up to provide custom-engineered tires for Ford performance vehicle lineup. Ford performance director Dave Pericak said: "That confidence extends from our upcoming racing effort at Le Mans in 2016 with the all-new Ford GT, to the Ford Performance vehicle lineup, including Shelby GT350 and F-150 Raptor".

Touring cars

Ford Performance Racing Ford Falcon V8 Supercar at Eastern Creek in Australia in 2008.

Ford has campaigned touring cars such as the Focus, Falcon, and Contour/Mondeo and the Sierra Cosworth in many different series throughout the years. Notably, Mondeo drivers finished 1,2,3 in the 2000 British Touring Car Championship and Falcon drivers placed 1,2,3 in the 2005 V8 Supercar Championship Series.

Other

In the Indianapolis 500, Ford powered IndyCars won 17 times between 1965 and 1996. Ford has also branched out into drifting with the introduction of the new model Mustang. Most noticeable is the Turquoise and Blue Falken Tires Mustang driven by Vaughn Gittin Jr, A.K.A. "JR" with 750 RWHP (Rear Wheel Horsepower). In drag racing, John Force Racing drivers John Force, Tony Pedregon, and Robert Hight have piloted Ford Mustang Funny Cars to several NHRA titles in recent seasons. Teammates Tim Wilkerson and Bob Tasca III also drive Mustangs in Funny Car. Formula Ford, a formula for single-seater cars without wings and originally on road tires were conceived in 1966 in the UK as an entry-level formula for racing drivers. Many of today's racing drivers started their car racing careers in this category.

Environmental initiatives

Compressed natural gas

The alternative fossil fuel vehicles, such as some versions of the Crown Victoria especially in fleet and taxi service, operate on compressed natural gas—or CNG. Some CNG vehicles have dual fuel tanks – one for gasoline, the other for CNG – the same engine can operate on either fuel via a selector switch.

Flexible fuel vehicles

The Ford Focus Flexifuel was the first E85 flexible fuel vehicle commercially available in the European market.

Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to operate smoothly using a wide range of available ethanol fuel mixtures—from pure gasoline, to bioethanol-gasoline blends such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or E100 (neat hydrous ethanol) in Brazil. Part of the challenge of successful marketing alternative and flexible fuel vehicles in the U.S., is the general lack of establishment of sufficient fueling stations, which would be essential for these vehicles to be attractive to a wide range of consumers. Significant efforts to ramp up production and distribution of E85 fuels are underway and expanding. Current Ford E100 Flex sold in the Brazilian market are the Courier, Ford EcoSport, Ford Fiesta, Ford Focus and Ford Ka.

Electric drive vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles

Ford Escape plug-in hybrid test vehicle.

Mulally (second from left) with then-President George W. Bush at the Kansas City Assembly plant in Claycomo, Missouri on March 20, 2007, touting Ford's new hybrid cars.

See also: Hybrid electric vehicle

In 2004 Ford and Toyota agreed a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology patented by Toyota; in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of its own patents. In 2004 Ford introduced the Escape Hybrid. With this vehicle, Ford was third to the automotive market with a hybrid electric vehicle and the first hybrid electric SUV to market. This was also the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85. The Escape's platform mate Mercury Mariner was also available with the hybrid-electric system in the 2006 model year—a full year ahead of schedule. The similar Mazda Tribute will also receive a hybrid-electric powertrain option, along with many other vehicles in the Ford vehicle line.

In 2005 Ford announced a goal to make 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010, but by mid-2006 announced that it would not meet that goal, due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and drivetrain system components. Instead, Ford has committed to accelerating development of next-generation hybrid-electric power plants in Britain, in collaboration with Volvo. This engineering study is expected to yield more than 100 new hybrid-electric vehicle models and derivatives.

In September 2007 Ford announced a partnership with Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine how plug-in hybrids will work with the electrical grid. Under the multimillion-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings", according to Ford.

On June 12, 2008 USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a 10-kilowatt (13 hp) lithium-ion battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to 30 miles (48 km) at speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h). In March 2009 Ford launched hybrid versions of the Ford Fusion Hybrid and the Mercury Milan Hybrid in the United States, both as 2010 models.

As of November 2014, Ford has produced for retail sales the following hybrid electric vehicles: Ford Escape Hybrid (2004–2012), Mercury Mariner Hybrid (2005–2010), Mercury Milan Hybrid (2009–2010), Ford Fusion Hybrid (2009–present), Lincoln MKZ Hybrid (20010–present), Ford C-Max Hybrid (2012–present), and Ford Mondeo Hybrid (2014–present). By June 2012 Ford had sold 200,000 full hybrids in the US since 2004, and, as of September 2014, the carmaker has sold over 344 thousand hybrids in the United States. The top selling hybrids in the U.S. market are the Fusion Hybrid with 127,572 units, followed by Escape Hybrid with 117,997 units, and the C-Max Hybrid with 54,236. As of November 2014, Ford is the world's second largest manufacturer of hybrids after Toyota Motor Corporation, with 400,000 hybrid electric vehicles produced since their introduction in 2004.

Plug-in electric vehicles

See also: Plug-in electric vehicle

As of October 2014, Ford has produced the following plug-in electric vehicles: the all-electric Ford Ranger EV (1997–2002), Ford TH!NK (1999–2003), Transit Connect (2010–2012), and Ford Focus Electric (December 2011–present); and the plug-in hybrids C-MAX Energi (October 2012–present) and the Fusion Energi (February 2013–present), sold under the Mondeo nameplate in Europe. Since the launch of the Focus Electric in 2011, combined sales of all Ford plug-in electric models amounted to just over 56,000 through October 2015.

The Azure Transit Connect Electric was produced between 2010 and 2012 as a collaboration between Azure Dynamics and Ford Motor Company

Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of a battery electric vehicle, a Ford Ranger EV, while the company contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver electric postal vans based on the Ranger EV platform. Ford discontinued a line of electric Ranger pickup trucks and ordered them destroyed, though it reversed in January 2005, after environmentalist protest. The all-electric pickup truck leased 205 units to individuals and 1,500 units to fleets in the U.S. from 1998 to 2002.

From 2009 to 2011 Ford offered the Ford TH!NK car. Ford ended production and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed, even as many of the people leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and Norway, Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale. A total of 440 units were leased in the U.S. from 1999 until 2003.

The Azure Transit Connect Electric was an all-electric van developed as a collaboration between Azure Dynamics and Ford Motor Company, but Azure was the official manufacturer of record. The Transit Connect Electric had an official US Environmental Protection Agency all-electric range of 56 mi (90 km). The EPA rated the combined city/highway fuel economy at 62 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (3.8 L/100 km equivalent). Deliveries for fleet customers in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2010. Production of the electric van was stopped in March 2012 as a result of Azure's bankruptcy protection filing. Ford continues to provide servicing. Around 500 units were sold before Azure stopped production.

The Ford Fusion Energi is a plug-in hybrid and shares its powertrain with the Ford C-Max Energi.

The Ford Focus Electric is based on the next generation Focus internal combustion vehicle, converted to an all-electric propulsion system as a production electric car by Magna International, and retail sales began in the U.S. in December 2011. The Focus Electric has an EPA rated range of 76 mi (122 km) and a combined city/highway fuel economy of 105 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (2.2 L/100 km). Available also in Canada and several European countries, a total of 3,965 units have been sold in the U.S. through September 2014.

The Ford C-Max Energi is a plug-in hybrid released in the U.S. in October 2012. The C-Max Energi has an EPA rated all-electric range of 20 mi (32 km) and a combined city/highway fuel economy in all-electric mode at 88 MPG-e (2.7 L/100 km). U.S. sales totaled 16,014 units through September 2014. Deliveries of the Ford Fusion Energi began in the United States in February 2013. The Fusion Energi has an all-electric range of 20 mi (32 km) and an equivalent fuel economy EPA rating of 88 MPG-e (2.7 L/100 km). A total of 15,412 units have been delivered in the U.S. through September 2014. Both Energi models share the same powertrain technology, and have the same EPA combined city/highway fuel economy in hybrid operation of 38 mpg_-US (6.2 L/100 km; 46 mpg_-imp).

Hydrogen

Ford also continues to study Fuel Cell-powered electric powertrains, and has demonstrated hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine technologies, as well as developing the next-generation hybrid-electric systems. Compared with conventional vehicles, hybrid vehicles and/or fuel cell vehicles decrease air pollution emissions as well as sound levels, with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of noise health effects.

Ford has launched the production of hydrogen-powered shuttle buses, using hydrogen instead of gasoline in a standard internal combustion engine, for use at airports and convention centers. At the 2006 Greater Los Angeles Auto Show, Ford showcased a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a combined output of 174 hp (130 kW). It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model's automatic transmission. The centered position of the tank assists the vehicle reach a notable range of 350 miles (563 km), the farthest for a fuel cell vehicle so far. The fuel cell Explorer the first in a series of prototypes partly funded by the United States Department of Energy to expand efforts to determine the feasibility of hydrogen- powered vehicles. The fuel cell Explorer is one of several vehicles with green technology being featured at the L.A. show, including the 2008 Ford Escape Hybrid, PZEV emissions compliant Fusion and Focus models and a 2008 Ford F-Series Super Duty outfitted with Ford's clean diesel technology.

Increased fuel efficiency

Ford Motor Company announced it will accelerate its plans to produce more fuel-efficient cars, changing both its North American manufacturing plans and its lineup of vehicles available in the United States. In terms of North American manufacturing, the company will convert three existing truck and sport utility vehicle (SUV) plants for small car production, with the first conversion at its Michigan Truck Plant. In addition, Ford's assembly plants near Mexico City, Mexico, and in Louisville, Kentucky, will convert from pickups and SUVs to small cars, including the Ford Fiesta, by 2011. Ford will also introduce to North America six of its European small vehicles, including two versions of the Ford Fiesta, by the end of 2012. And last but not least, Ford is stepping up its production of fuel-efficient "EcoBoost" V-6 and four-cylinder engines, while increasing its production of hybrid vehicles.

Ford of Europe developed the ECOnetic programme to address the market and legislative need for higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. As opposed to the hybrid engine technology used in competitor products such as the Toyota Prius, ECOnetic improves existing technology. Using lower consuming Duratorq TDCi diesel engines, and based on a combination of improved aerodynamics, lower resistance and improved efficiency, the Ford Fiesta is currently the lowest emitting mass-produced car in Europe, while the 2012 Ford Focus ECOnetic will have better fuel consumption than the Prius or the Volkswagen Golf BlueMotion. ECOnetic is not presently planned to be sold in North American due to current perceived lower consumer demand.

Ford has challenged University teams to create a vehicle that is simple, durable, lightweight and come equipped with a base target price of only $7,000. The students from Aachen University created the "2015 Ford Model T".

In 2000, under the leadership of the current Ford chairman, William Clay Ford, the Company announced a planned 25 percent improvement in the average mileage of its light truck fleet – including its popular SUVs – to be completed by the 2005 calendar year. In 2003, Ford announced that competitive market conditions and technological and cost challenges would prevent the company from achieving this goal.

Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have, however, listed Ford as the seventh-worst corporate producer of air pollution, primarily because of the manganese compounds, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and glycol ethers released from its casting, truck, and assembly plants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has linked Ford to 54 Superfund toxic waste sites, twelve of which have been cleaned up and deleted from the list.

For the 2007 model year, Ford had thirteen U.S. models that achieve 30 miles per gallon or better (based on the highway fuel economy estimates of the EPA) and several of Ford's vehicles were recognized in the EPA and Department of Energy Fuel Economy Guide for best-in-class fuel economy. Ford claimed to have eliminated nearly three million pounds of smog-forming emissions from their U.S. cars and light trucks over the 2004 to 2006 model years.

PC power management

On March 2010, Ford announced its PC power management system which it developed with NightWatchman software from 1E. The company is expected to save $1.2m on power cost and reduce carbon footprint by an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 metric tons annually when the system is fully implemented.

PC power management is being rolled out to all Ford computer users in US this month and it will be used in Ford operations around the world later in the year. Computers with this power profile enabled will monitor its usage patterns and decides when it can be turned off. PC user will be alerted of the approaching power down time and given the opportunity to delay it.

According to company reduction in carbon footprint and power cost will be achieved by developing 'Power Profiles' for every PC in the company.

Controversies

Use of ambient temperature switches

In 1973 Ford Motor Company along with Chrysler, General Motors, Toyota, and Volkswagen had to remove ambient temperature switches which affected emissions, though the companies denied intentional cheating and said that strategies like enriching fuel mixture during cold engine warm-up periods could reduce overall pollution. The switches were ordered removed from production but cars already on the road did not have to be recalled, and fines were relatively modest.

Disabling the emissions controls

In 1998, Ford Motor Company paid $7.8 million for programming 60,000 vans to keep emissions low during the 20-minute EPA test routine, and then disabling the emissions controls during normal highway cruising.

Sponsorships

Ford sponsors numerous events and sports facilities around the US, most notably the Ford Center in downtown Evansville, Indiana, and Ford Field in downtown Detroit.

Ford has also been a major sponsor of the UEFA Champions League for over two decades and is also a longtime sponsor of the Sky media channel's coverage of Premier League football. Senior Ford marketer Mark Jones explained in May 2013 the process behind the two sponsorship deals:

We start with a blank piece of paper and work out if the sponsorship still works for us and ask does it meet our objectives? We want to find a moment in time when people come together and have a collective experience and we achieve this through the sponsorships.

Sales numbers

Calendar Year	US sales
1997	3,877,458
1998	3,922,604
1999	4,163,369
2000	4,202,820
2001	3,971,364
2002	3,623,709
2003	3,483,719
2004	3,331,676
2005	3,153,875
2006	2,901,090
2007	2,507,366
2008	1,988,376
2009	1,620,888
2010	1,935,462
2011	2,143,101
2012	2,250,165
2013	2,493,918
2014	2,480,942

See also

• Detroit Automobile Company
• Dodge v. Ford Motor Company
• Eugene Turenne Gregorie
• Firestone and Ford tire controversy
• Smith Electric Vehicles
• Soybean Car
• The Henry Ford

Notes

References and further reading

• Bak, Richard. Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire (2003)
• Bardou; Jean-Pierre, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, and James M. Laux. The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry University of North Carolina Press, 1982
• Batchelor, Ray. Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design Manchester U. Press, 1994
• Bonin, Huber et al. Ford, 1902–2003: The European History 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English on Ford operations in Europe; reviewed in Len Holden, Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in Business History Volume 47, #January 1, 2005 pp 122–127
• Bowman, Timothy J. Spirituality at Work: An Exploratory Sociological Investigation of the Ford Motor Company. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2004
• Brinkley, Douglas G. Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress (2003)
• Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". American Heritage 2003 54(3): 44–53. on Model T
• Bryan, Ford R. Henry's Lieutenants, 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2
• Bucci, Federico. Albert Kahn: Architect of Ford Princeton Architectural Press, 1993
• Cabadas, Joseph P. River Rouge: Ford's Industrial Colossus (2004), heavily illustrated
• Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia' Michigan History 1994 78(4): 24–33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil
• Flink, James. America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910 MIT Press, 1970
• Foster, Mark S. "The Model T, The Hard Sell, and Los Angeles Urban Growth: The Decentralization of Los Angeles During the 1920s." Pacific Historical Review 44.4 (November 1975): 459–84
• David Halberstam, The Reckoning (1986) detailed reporting on the crises of 1973-mid-1980s
• Iacocca, Lee and William Novak. Iacocca: An Autobiography (1984)
• Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912–26." Irish Economic and Social History [Ireland] 1977 4: 36–55. Ford and Irish politics
• Lacey, Robert "Ford: The Men and the Machine" (Heinnemann, London) 0 414 401027 (1986)
• Levinson, William A. Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant, 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1
• Kuhn, Arthur J. GM Passes Ford, 1918–1938: Designing the General Motors Performance-Control System. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986
• Magee, David. Ford Tough: Bill Ford and the Battle to Rebuild America's Automaker (2004)
• Maxton, Graeme P. and John Wormald, Time for a Model Change: Re-engineering the Global Automotive Industry (2004)
• May, George S. A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry Eerdman's, 1975
• Maynard, Micheline. The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market (2003)
• McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913–1940: Technology and Culture 2000 41(2): 269–299. repair shops rejected flat rates
• Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1954). Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons. 
• Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1957). Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons. 
• Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1962). Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons. 
• Rubenstein, James M. The Changing U.S. Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis Routledge, 1992
• Shiomi, Haruhito and Kazuo Wada. Fordism Transformed: The Development of Production Methods in the Automobile Industry Oxford University Press, 1995
• Sorensen, Charles E.; with Williamson, Samuel T. (1956), My Forty Years with Ford, New York, New York, USA: Norton, LCCN 56010854 . Various republications, including ISBN 9780814332795.
• Studer-Noguez; Isabel. Ford and the Global Strategies of Multinationals: The North American Auto Industry Routledge, 2002
• Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" Business and Economic History 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management
• Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" Explorations in Entrepreneurial History 1969 6(2): 139–157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry
• Watts, Steven. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (2005)
• Wik, Reynold M. Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America. University of Michigan Press, 1972. impact on farmers
• Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents Wayne State University Press, 1964
• Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 6, No. 4, 517–555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements.

External links

• Official gateway to global websites
• Ford Social
• Ford Motor Company companies grouped at OpenCorporates

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• Rybicki BA1,2, Rundle A3, Kryvenko ON4, Mitrache N1, Do KC5, Jankowski M1, Chitale DA2,6, Trudeau S1, Belinsky SA5, Tang D7.
• International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2016 Jun 15;138(12):2884-93. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30038. Epub 2016 Mar 2.
• In DNA from prostate tumors, methylation patterns in gene promoter regions can be a biomarker for disease progression. It remains unclear whether methylation patterns in benign prostate tissue-prior to malignant transformation-may provide similar prognostic information. To determine whether early me
• PMID 26860439

• Evaluation of biomolecular distributions in rat brain tissues by means of ToF-SIMS using a continuous beam of Ar clusters.

• Nakano S1, Yokoyama Y1, Aoyagi S1, Himi N2, Fletcher JS3, Lockyer NP4, Henderson A5, Vickerman JC5.
• Biointerphases.Biointerphases.2016 Jun 8;11(2):02A307. doi: 10.1116/1.4939251.
• Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) provides detailed chemical structure information and high spatial resolution images. Therefore, ToF-SIMS is useful for studying biological phenomena such as ischemia. In this study, in order to evaluate cerebral microinfarction, the distribut
• PMID 26746166

Japanese Journal

• The influence of combustion properties on the hazards potential of hazard division (HD) 1.3 materials

• Science and technology of energetic materials 79(1・2), 1-14, 2018
• NAID 40021546779

• 米自動車「ビッグ2」とタイヤメーカーの企業間取引史 : 戦前期を中心に

• イノベーション・マネジメント (15), 1-41, 2018
• NAID 40021542895

• Fracture strengths of endocrown restorations fabricated with different preparation depths and CAD/CAM materials

• Dental Materials Journal 37(2), 256-265, 2018
• NAID 130006588753

• Autonomous, Decentralized and Privacy-Enabled Data Preparation for Evidence-based Medicine with Brain Aneurysm as a Phenotype

• IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2018
• NAID 130006394159

Related Links

• Ford Japan | Official Ford Japan Website

フォードの新型車をはじめとしたモデル情報、ディーラー検索／オンライン見積もり／カタログ請求／試乗申し込みなどの各種インターネットサービスを提供する、フォード・ジャパンのオフィシャルサイトです。

• Ford Motor Company - Ford – New Cars, Trucks, SUVs ...

The Official Ford Site to research, learn and shop for all new Ford Vehicles. View photos, videos, specs, compare competitors, build and price, search inventory and more on Ford.com.

• Ford Japan | フォード・ラインアップ - All Ford Cars & SUVs

フォード・ジャパンが取り扱う新車ラインアップ、フォーカス、マスタング、エスケープ、Kuga、エクスプローラーの最新情報はこちらから。 ... ※車両本体価格にはスペアタイヤ、ジャッキが含まれます。 ※販売店で装着する付属品は ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「afford」
拡張検索	「affordable」「Hutchinson-Gilford progeria」「Hutchinson-Gilford症候群」「Longmire-Sanford operation」「Ribiere-Sanford method」

「afford」

　　[★]

af(強意) + ford(前進する)→一路前進する→完成する→～する余裕がある

• vt.

• (S can ～ to do)～する余裕がある(経済的・時間的・心理的)。(重大な損害・不利を受けずに)～する立場にある、～しても困らない。(S can ～ O)(人が)O(時間、車、お金など)を持つ余裕がある。
• (SV O1 O2 / SV O2 to O1)(物事が)O1(人など)にO2(喜び、好機など)を与える。(物事が)(自然の結果として)～を供給/産出する。

this concentration effect, coupled with the strong permeability barrier to penicillins afforded by the bacterial outer membrane, makes Gram-negative bacteria largely refractory to penicillin therapy.

　 　 　 　

「affordable」

　　[★]

入手可能な、与えられる

関

available、obtainable

「Hutchinson-Gilford progeria」

　　[★] ハッチンソン・ギルフォード症候群

「Hutchinson-Gilford症候群」

　　[★] ハッチンソン・ギルフォード症候群

「Longmire-Sanford operation」

　　[★] ロングマイヤー・サンフォード手術

「Ribiere-Sanford method」

　　[★] リビエール・サンフォード法