WordNet

cause to flow; "The artist flowed the washes on the paper"
the amount of fluid that flows in a given time (同)flow_rate, rate of flow
any uninterrupted stream or discharge
cover or swamp with water
the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression (同)stream
the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) (同)flowing
move or progress freely as if in a stream; "The crowd flowed out of the stadium" (同)flux
be abundantly present; "The champagne flowed at the wedding"
reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts (同)bloom, blossom
the period of greatest prosperity or productivity (同)prime, peak, heyday, bloom, blossom, efflorescence, flush
a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms
a partially opened flower
a swelling on a plant stem consisting of overlapping immature leaves or petals
develop buds; "The hibiscus is budding!"
start to grow or develop; "a budding friendship"
having a flower or bloom; "a flowering plant"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《副詞巳句始を伴って》〈気体・液体・電気などが〉『流れる』 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈言葉・人々などず〉流れるように続く / 〈心・場所などが〉(…で)いっぱいになる,満ちあふれる《+『with』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈髪・服などが〉長く垂れる;風になびく / 〈潮が〉満ちる / (…から)生じる,発生する《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(気体・液体・電気などの)『流れ』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(言葉・人などの)絶え間のない(よどみのない)流れ《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(…の)洪水,はんらん《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《the flow》満ち潮,上げ潮
〈C〉(植物の)『花』;(鑑賞用の)『草花』 / 〈U〉開花 / 〈U〉《文》(…の)最もすぐれた部分,精髄《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(人生・美しさなどの)盛り(prime)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》《単数扱い》華(か)(圧縮や昇華によって得られる細かな粉末) / 花が咲く / 栄える,盛りに達する
〈C〉『茅;つぼみ』 / 〈C〉(下等動物の)茅状突起 / 〈U〉発茅;発茅期 / 〈C〉子供,小娘,少年 / 〈植物が〉茅を出す;つぼみを持つ / 成長し始める
〈U〉開花[期] / 〈C〉《単数形で》(物事の)開花期,全盛期 / 〈C〉《複数形で》花飾り / 花の咲く,花盛りの / 顕花性の
花が咲いている;花模様のある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/12 19:03:03」(JST)

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A flower bud of quince. Notice the spiral folding.

Flower buds have not yet bloomed into a full-size flower

In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots, or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.

Overview

The buds of many woody plants, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called scales which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving on the surface of the growing stem a series of horizontally-elongated scars. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.

In many plants scales are not formed over the bud, which is then called a naked bud.^[1] The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the Sumac and Viburnums (Viburnum alnifolium and V. lantana)^[2] and in herbaceous plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of cabbage (see Brassica) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while Brussels sprouts are large lateral buds.

Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.^[3]

Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the buckeye, for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.

Types of buds

Plant Buds classification

Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen.^[4] Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.

Botanists commonly use the following terms:

for location:
- terminal, when located at the tip of a stem (apical is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
- axillary, when located in the axil of a leaf (lateral is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
- adventitious, when occurring elsewhere, for example on trunk or on roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones reduced and hidden under the bark, other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).

for status:
- accessory, for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal);
- resting, for buds that form at the end of a growth season, which will lie dormant until onset of the next growth season;
- dormant or latent, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of resting, but is rather employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example epicormic buds;
- pseudoterminal, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is sympodial: terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples beech, persimmon, Platanus have sympodial growth).

for morphology:
- scaly or covered (perulate), when scales, also referred to as a perule (lat. perula, perulaei) (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
- naked, when not covered by scales;
- hairy, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).

for function:
- vegetative, if only containing vegetative pieces: embryonic shoot with leaves (a leaf bud is the same);
- reproductive, if containing embryonic flower(s) (a flower bud is the same);
- mixed, if containing both embryonic leaves and flowers.

Buds
Acer pseudoplatanus buds
Alnus glutinosa bud
Fagus sylvatica bud
Tilia platyphyllos
Carpinus betulus bud
Black bud of Fraxinus excelsior (European ash)
On the left is an opening inflorescence bud, that will develop like the one to the right.
Flower bud of Sunflower, not yet bloomed into a full-size flower

Within zoology

The term bud (as in budding) is used by analogy within zoology as well, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which develops into a new individual. It is a form of asexual reproduction limited to animals or plants of relatively simple structure. In this process a portion of the wall of the parent cell softens and pushes out. The protuberance thus formed enlarges rapidly while at this time the nucleus of the parent cell divides (see: mitosis, meiosis). One of the resulting nuclei passes into the bud, and then the bud is cut off from its parent cell and the process is repeated. Often the daughter cell will begin to bud before it becomes separated from the parent, so that whole colonies of adhering cells may be formed. Eventually cross walls cut off the bud from the original cell.

References

^ Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996. Vascular plant taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. page 598.
^ Cronquist, Arthur, and Henry A. Gleason. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. page 512.
^ Coulter, John G. 1913. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. New York: American book company. page 188
^ Ohio Trees, Bulletin 700-00, General

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Nunes NA1, Leite AV1, Castro CC2.
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Phenology and reproductive biology of cultivated species are important for the comprehension of the requirements for fruit and seed production and the management of pollinators. This study aimed to characterise the phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine 'Isabel' (Vi
PMID 27191458

Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum.

Ma CH1, Chu JZ1, Shi XF1, Liu CQ1, Yao XQ2.
Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.J Photochem Photobiol B.2016 May;158:228-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.019. Epub 2016 Feb 27.
The paper mainly studied the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum. The experiment included two levels of UV-B radiation (0 and 400μWcm(-2)). The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanin
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Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from Luculia pinceana Flower and Its Changes at Different Stages of Flower Development.

Li Y1, Ma H2, Wan Y3, Li T4, Liu X5, Sun Z6, Li Z7.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland).Molecules.2016 Apr 22;21(4). pii: E531. doi: 10.3390/molecules21040531.
Luculia plants are famed ornamental plants with sweetly fragrant flowers, of which L. pinceana Hooker, found primarily in Yunnan Province, China, has the widest distribution. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was employed to identify the volatile organic c
PMID 27110758