Flecainide
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name |
| (RS)-N-(piperidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzamide |
| Clinical data |
| Trade names |
Tambocor |
| AHFS/Drugs.com |
monograph |
| MedlinePlus |
a608040 |
| Pregnancy cat. |
|
| Legal status |
?
|
| Pharmacokinetic data |
| Bioavailability |
95% |
| Protein binding |
40% |
| Metabolism |
CYP2D6 (limited) |
| Half-life |
20 hours (range 12-27 hours) |
| Excretion |
Renal |
| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
54143-55-4 Y |
| ATC code |
C01BC04 |
| PubChem |
CID 3356 |
| IUPHAR ligand |
2560 |
| DrugBank |
DB01195 |
| ChemSpider |
3239 Y |
| UNII |
K94FTS1806 Y |
| KEGG |
D07962 Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:75984 |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL652 Y |
| Chemical data |
| Formula |
C17H20F6N2O3 |
| Mol. mass |
414.343 g/mol |
SMILES
- FC(F)(F)COc2cc(C(=O)NCC1NCCCC1)c(OCC(F)(F)F)cc2
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InChI
-
InChI=1S/C17H20F6N2O3/c18-16(19,20)9-27-12-4-5-14(28-10-17(21,22)23)13(7-12)15(26)25-8-11-3-1-2-6-24-11/h4-5,7,11,24H,1-3,6,8-10H2,(H,25,26) Y
Key:DJBNUMBKLMJRSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
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| Y (what is this?) (verify) |
Flecainide acetate (// US dict: fle·kā′·nīd) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmias (abnormal fast rhythms of the heart). It is used to treat a variety of cardiac arrhythmias including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (episodic irregular heartbeat originating in the upper chamber of the heart), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (episodic rapid but regular heartbeat originating in the atrium), and ventricular tachycardia[citation needed] (rapid rhythms of the lower chambers of the heart). Flecainide works by regulating the flow of sodium in the heart, causing prolongation of the cardiac action potential.
Flecainide is sold under the trade name Tambocor (manufactured by 3M pharmaceuticals). Flecainide went off-patent on February 10, 2004. In addition to being marketed as Tambocor, it is also available in generic version and under the trade names Almarytm, Apocard, Ecrinal, and Flécaine.
Contents
- 1 Uses
- 2 Mechanism of action
- 3 Metabolism and drug interactions
- 4 Serious adverse reactions
- 4.1 Cardiac Toxicity
- 4.2 Lung Toxicity
- 5 Long term effects
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Uses
Flecainide is used in the treatment of many types of supraventricular tachycardias, including AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW). This is because of the action of flecainide on the His-Purkinje system.
It also has limited use in the treatment of certain forms of ventricular tachycardia (VT). In particular, flecainide has been useful in the treatment of ventricular tachycardias that are not in the setting of an acute ischemic event. It has use in the treatment of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia[1] and in the suppression of arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD).[2] Studies (notably the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial) have shown an increased mortality when flecainide is used to suppress ventricular extrasystoles in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.[3][4]
In individuals suspected of having the Brugada syndrome, the administration of flecainide may help reveal the ECG findings that are characteristic of the disease process. This may help make the diagnosis of the disease in equivocal cases.[5]
Flecainide has been introduced into the treatment of arrhythmias in the pediatric population.
Flecainide inhibits the release of the cardiac ryanodine receptor–mediated Ca2+, and is therefore believed to medicate the underlying molecular cause of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in both mice and humans.[6]
Dosing
The dosing of flecainide is varied, with consideration made to the individual's other medications and comorbid conditions and how they may affect the metabolism of flecainide. Individuals with significant renal impairment may require measurement of the plasma level of flecainide to ensure that the drug level remains within the therapeutic range (i.e.: that toxic levels do not occur). In addition, lower drug levels may be sought for the treatment of benign arrhythmias, to lower the chance of inducing a toxic effect of the drug. When used in the pediatric population, the dose of flecainide may be adjusted to the individual's body surface area. Since food digestion can alter the absorption of the drug, Flecainide should be taken one hour before meals.
Given the variable half-life of flecainide and the characteristic QRS prolongation on ECG elicited in flecainide toxicity, especially at rapid heart rates,[7] starting flecainide or changing the level of the drug is done under telemetry monitoring (preferably in a hospital telemetry unit) until a steady state plasma level has been achieved, typically three to five days after the dose has been increased.
For the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter in individuals without significant structural heart disease, a starting dose of 50 mg twice a day may be appropriate. The dose may be increased (once a steady state level has been reached) if breakthrough dysrhythmias occur.
For the treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (i.e.: ventricular tachycardia), a starting dose of 100 mg twice a day may be appropriate. As with the treatment of benign arrhythmias, the dose of flecainide given for the treatment of life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias should not be increased until a steady state has been achieved.
Mechanism of action
Flecainide works by blocking the Nav1.5 sodium channel in the heart, slowing the upstroke of the cardiac action potential.[8] This thereby slows conduction of the electrical impulse within the heart, i.e. it "reduces excitability". The greatest effect is on the His-Purkinje system and ventricular myocardium. The effect of flecainide on the ventricular myocardium causes decreased contractility of the muscle, which leads to a decrease in the ejection fraction.
The effect of flecainide on the sodium channels of the heart increases as the heart rate increases.[9] This is known as use-dependence. This means that flecainide is potentially more useful to break a tachyarrhythmia (because it has increased effect during the fast heart rate) than to prevent a bradyarrhythmia from occurring (because of its lowered effectiveness during slower heart rates).
Metabolism and drug interactions
Flecainide has high bioavailability after an oral dose,[10] meaning that most of the drug that is ingested will enter the systemic blood stream. Peak serum concentrations can be seen 1 to 6 hours after ingestion of an oral dose. While the plasma half-life is about 20 hours, it is quite variable, and can range from 12 to 27 hours.[11] During oral loading with flecainide, a steady state equilibrium is typically achieved in 3 to 5 days.
The majority of flecainide is eliminated by the kidneys, with the remainder metabolized by the cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme in the liver.[12] Therefore, alterations in renal function or urine pH will greatly affect the elimination of flecainide, as more is eliminated by the kidney than by the hepatic route.
Because of the dual elimination routes of flecainide and its tendency to decrease myocardial contractility,[13] flecainide interacts with numerous pharmaceuticals and can potentiate the effects of other myocardial depressants and AV node blocking agents. In addition, flecainide can decrease the metabolism or elimination of many (but not all) agents that use the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
A full list of drug interactions with flecainide can be obtained from the manufacturer. Some important drug interactions with flecainide include:[citation needed]
- Alcohol - may further depress normal heart function.
- Amiodarone - inhibits cytochrome P450 2D6 and may increase flecainide levels
- Cimetidine - increases flecainide levels by 30% and half-life by 10%
- Digoxin - may increase digoxin levels
- Paroxetine - increased effect of both drugs.
- Propafenone - increased effect of both drugs and increased risk of toxicity.
- Quinidine - inhibits cytochrome P450 2D6 and may increase flecainide levels
Serious adverse reactions
Results of a medical study known as the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) demonstrated that patients with structural heart disease (such as a history of MI (heart attack), or left ventricular dysfunction) and also patients with ventricular arrhythmias[which?], should not take this drug. The results were so significant that the trial was stopped early and preliminary results were published.[14] In patients with these kinds of heart diseases, flecainide actually increases the chance of suffering a fatal arrhythmia.
The dose may need to be adjusted in certain clinical scenarios. As with all other antiarrhythmic agents, there is a risk of proarrhythmia associated with the use of flecainide. This risk is probably increased when flecainide is co-administered with other class Ic antiarrhythmics, such as encainide. The risk of proarrhythmia may also be increased by hypokalemia.[15] The risk of proarrhythmia is not necessarily associated with the length of time an individual is taking flecainide, and cases of late proarrhythmia have been reported.[16] Because of the role of both the liver and the kidneys in the elimination of flecainide, the dosing of flecainide may need to be adjusted in individuals who develop either liver failure or renal failure.
Because of the negative inotropic effects of flecainide,[13] it should be used with caution in individuals with depressed ejection fraction, and may worsen congestive heart failure in these individuals. It should be avoided in people with ischaemic heart disease and the elderly.
As with all class I antiarrhythmic agents, Flecainide increases the capture thresholds of pacemakers.[17] Therefore, capture thresholds should be remeasured in individuals with pacemakers after the steady-state flecainide dose is changed.
Cardiac Toxicity
Due to the narrow therapeutic index of flecainide, physicians should be alert for signs of toxicity before life-threatening arrhythmias occur like torsade de pointes. While the toxic effects of flecainide are closely related to the plasma levels of the drug,[18] it is unfeasible to check the plasma concentration in an individual on a regular basis.
Signs of flecainide toxicity include marked prolongation of the PR interval and widening of the QRS duration on the surface ECG. There may be signs and symptoms attributable to overt heart failure secondary to sudden decreased myocardial contractility.
Treatment
Treatment of flecainide cardiac toxicity involves increasing the excretion of flecainide, blocking its effects in the heart, and (rarely) institution of cardiovascular support to avoid impending lethal arrhythmias. Modalities that have had success include administration of a beta-sympathomimetic agent,[18] and administration of a sodium load[18](often in the form of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate). Placing the individual on cardiopulmonary bypass support may be necessary in order to temporarily obviate the need for a beating heart and to increase blood flow to the liver.[19][20]
Lung Toxicity
Flecainide has a very high affinity for lung tissue [21] and is associated with drug-induced interstitial lung disease.[22][23][24][25][26]
Long term effects
In the long term, flecainide seems to be safe in patients with a healthy heart with no signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease or heart failure.[27]
References
- ^ Gill J, Mehta D, Ward D, Camm A (1992). "Efficacy of flecainide, sotalol, and verapamil in the treatment of right ventricular tachycardia in patients without overt cardiac abnormality". Br Heart J 68 (4): 392–7. doi:10.1136/hrt.68.10.392. PMC 1025139. PMID 1449923.
- ^ Sakurada H, Hiyoshi Y, Tejima T, Yanase O, Tokuyasu Y, Watanabe K, Motomiya T, Sugiura M, Hiraoka M (1990). "[Effects of oral flecainide treatment of refractory tachyarrhythmias]". Kokyu to Junkan 38 (5): 471–6. PMID 2115193.
- ^ Echt D, Liebson P, Mitchell L, Peters R, Obias-Manno D, Barker A, Arensberg D, Baker A, Friedman L, Greene H (1991). "Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". N Engl J Med 324 (12): 781–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201. PMID 1900101.
- ^ Greenberg H, Dwyer E, Hochman J, Steinberg J, Echt D, Peters R (1995). "Interaction of ischaemia and encainide/flecainide treatment: a proposed mechanism for the increased mortality in CAST I". Br Heart J 74 (6): 631–5. doi:10.1136/hrt.74.6.631. PMC 484119. PMID 8541168.
- ^ Gasparini M, Priori S, Mantica M, Napolitano C, Galimberti P, Ceriotti C, Simonini S (2003). "Flecainide test in Brugada syndrome: a reproducible but risky tool". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26 (1 Pt 2): 338–41. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.00045.x. PMID 12687841.
- ^ Watanabe, Hiroshi; Nagesh Chopra; Derek Laver; Hyun Seok Hwang; Sean S. Davies; Daniel E. Roach; Henry J. Duff; Dan M. Roden; Arthur A. M. Wilde; Björn C. Knollmann (2009-04-01). "Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) in mice and humans.". Nature Medicine 15 (4): 380–383. doi:10.1038/nm.1942. PMC 2904954. PMID 19330009. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ Katristis D, Rowland E, O'Nunain S, Shakespeare C, Poloniecki J, Camm A (1995). "Effect of flecainide on atrial and ventricular refractoriness and conduction in patients with normal left ventricle Implications for possible antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic mechanisms". Eu Heart J 16 (1): 1930–1935. PMID 8682029.
- ^ Ramos E, O'leary M (2004). "State-dependent trapping of flecainide in the cardiac sodium channel". J Physiol 560 (Pt 1): 37–49. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.065003. PMC 1665201. PMID 15272045.
- ^ Wang Z, Fermini B, Nattel S (1993). "Mechanism of flecainide's rate-dependent actions on action potential duration in canine atrial tissue". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267 (2): 575–81. PMID 8246130.
- ^ Smith G (1985). "Flecainide: a new class Ic antidysrhythmic". Drug Intell Clin Pharm 19 (10): 703–7. PMID 3902429.
- ^ Padrini R, Piovan D, Busa M, al-Bunni M, Maiolino P, Ferrari M (1993). "Pharmacodynamic variability of flecainide assessed by QRS changes". Clin Pharmacol Ther 53 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.9. PMID 8422742.
- ^ Haefeli W, Bargetzi M, Follath F, Meyer U (1990). "Potent inhibition of cytochrome P450IID6 (debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase) by flecainide in vitro and in vivo". J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15 (5): 776–9. doi:10.1097/00005344-199005000-00013. PMID 1692938.
- ^ a b Santinelli V, Arnese M, Oppo I, Matarazzi C, Maione S, Palma M, Giunta A (1993). "Effects of flecainide and propafenone on systolic performance in subjects with normal cardiac function". Chest 103 (4): 1068–73. doi:10.1378/chest.103.4.1068. PMID 8131440.
- ^ Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators (1989). "Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction.". N Engl J Med. 321 (6): 406–412. doi:10.1056/NEJM198908103210629. PMID 2473403.
- ^ Ohki R, Takahashi M, Mizuno O, Fujikawa H, Mitsuhashi T, Katsuki T, Ikeda U, Shimada K (2001). "Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia induced by mosapride and flecainide in the presence of hypokalemia". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 24 (1): 119–21. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00119.x. PMID 11227957.
- ^ Morganroth J (1992). "Early and late proarrhythmia from antiarrhythmic drug therapy". Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 6 (1): 11–4. doi:10.1007/BF00050910. PMID 1533532.
- ^ Fornieles-Pérez H, Montoya-García M, Levine P, Sanz O (2002). "Documentation of acute rise in ventricular capture thresholds associated with flecainide acetate". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25 (5): 871–2. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00871.x. PMID 12049386.
- ^ a b c Winkelmann B, Leinberger H (1987). "Life-threatening flecainide toxicity. A pharmacodynamic approach". Annals of Internal Medicine 106 (6): 807–14. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-106-6-807. PMID 3107447.
- ^ Corkeron M, van Heerden P, Newman S, Dusci L (1999). "Extracorporeal circulatory support in near-fatal flecainide overdose". Anaesth Intensive Care 27 (4): 405–8. PMID 10470398.
- ^ Yasui R, Culclasure T, Kaufman D, Freed C (1997). "Flecainide overdose: is cardiopulmonary support the treatment?". Annals of Emergency Medicine 29 (5): 680–2. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70257-9. PMID 9140253.
- ^ Latini R, Cavalli A, Maggioni AP, Volpi A (December 1987). "Flecainide distribution in human tissues" 24 (6). pp. 820–2. PMC 1386410. PMID 3125854.
- ^ Ozkan M, Dweik RA, Ahmad M (September 2001). "Drug-induced lung disease" 68 (9). pp. 782–5, 789–95. PMID 11563482.
- ^ P Camus, A Fanton, P Bonniaud, C Camus et al. "Interstitial lung disease induced by drugs and radiation. Respiration 2004; 71:301–326 doi:10.1159/000079633 PMID 15316202
- ^ S Pesenti, D Lauque, G Daste, V Boulay et al. "Diffuse Infiltrative Lung Disease Associated with Flecainide. Respiration 2002; 69:182–185 doi:10.1159/000056325 PMID 11961436
- ^ Haas M, Pérault MC, Bonnefoy P, Rodeau F, Caron F (2001). "[Interstitial pneumopathy due to flecainide]" 30 (21). p. 1062. PMID 11471279.
- ^ Robain A, Perchet H, Fuhrman C (February 2000). "Flecainide-associated pneumonitis with acute respiratory failure in a patient with the LEOPARD syndrome" 55 (1). pp. 45–7. PMID 10707759.
- ^ Aliot E, Capucci A, Crijns HJ, Goette A, Tamargo J. Twenty-five years in the making: flecainide is safe and effective for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eurospace 2011 13:161-173
External links
- RxList: Tambocor (Flecainide)
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Antiarrhythmic agents (C01B)
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| Channel blockers |
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class I
(Na+ channel blockers)
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class Ia (Phase 0→ and Phase 3→)
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- Ajmaline
- Disopyramide
- Lorajmine
- Prajmaline
- Procainamide#
- Quinidine#
- Sparteine
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class Ib (Phase 3←)
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- IV (Lidocaine#)
- enteral (Aprindine
- Mexiletine
- Tocainide)
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class Ic (Phase 0→)
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- Encainide‡
- Ethacizine
- Flecainide
- Indecainide‡
- Lorcainide
- Moracizine‡
- Propafenone
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class III
(Phase 3→, K+ channel blockers)
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- Amiodarone
- Bretylium
- Bunaftine
- Dofetilide
- Dronedarone
- E-4031†
- Ibutilide
- Nifekalant
- Sotalol
- Tedisamil
- Vernakalant
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class IV
(Phase 4→, Ca2+ channel blockers)
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Receptor agonists
and antagonists |
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class II
(Phase 4→, β blockers)
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- Nadolol
- Pindolol
- Propranolol
- cardioselective (Acebutolol
- Atenolol
- Esmolol
- Metoprolol)
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A1 agonist
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- Adenosine
- Benzodiazepines
- Barbiturates
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M2
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- muscarinic antagonist: Atropine
- Disopyramide
- Quinidine
muscarinic agonist: Digoxin
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α receptors
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- Amiodarone
- Bretylium
- Quinidine
- Verapamil
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| Ion transporters |
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
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proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte
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