WordNet

preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; "his first political race"; "her first baby"; "the first time"; "the first meetings of the new party"; "the first phase of his training"
the first or highest in an ordering or series; "He wanted to be the first" (同)number_one
the first element in a countable series; "the first of the month" (同)number_one, number 1
an honours degree of the highest class (同)first-class honours degree
indicating the beginning unit in a series (同)1st
before anything else; "first we must consider the garter snake" (同)firstly, foremost, first of all, first off
the initial time; "when Felix first saw a garter snake" (同)for_the_first_time
ranking above all others; "was first in her class"; "the foremost figure among marine artists"; "the top graduate" (同)foremost, world-class
before another in time, space, or importance; "I was here first"; "lets do this job first"
highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections; "first soprano"; "the first violin section"; "played first horn"
any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas (同)fir_tree, true fir
nonresinous wood of a fir tree
the child of your aunt or uncle (同)first_cousin, cousin-german, full cousin

PrepTutorEJDIC

=cousin 1
(順序・時間的に)『第1の』,1番目の;最初の / (階級・等級・重要度などが)『1番の』,第一級の,首席の,最も重要な / 『最初に』,まっ先に;1番目に,第1位に;初めて / (…するくらいなら)むしろ,いっそ(…のほうがいい)(rather, sooner) / 《通例the~》『最初のもの』;(月の)第1日;(時代の)第1年 / 《通例the~》初め,始まり / 〈U〉ファーストギヤ,低速ギヤ / 〈C〉《英》(競技などの)第1位,1等(試験の)第一級 / 《複数形で》最高級品,一級品 / 〈U〉=first base
モミ,モミの木(クリスマスツリーに用いられる) / モミ材
『いとこ』 / 『親類』,縁者 / (性質などが)よく似たもの,兄弟分

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/04/27 20:10:45」(JST)

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Commonly, "cousin" refers to a "first cousin", people whose most recent common ancestor is a grandparent.^[1] A first cousin used to be known as a cousin-german, though this term is rarely used today.^[2]

More generally, cousin is a type of familial relationship in which people with a known common ancestor are both two or more generations away from their most recent common ancestor. This distinguishes a cousin from an ancestor, descendant, sibling, aunt, uncle, niece, or nephew.^[3]

Systems of "degrees" and "removals" are used in the English-speaking world to describe the exact relationship between two cousins (in the broad sense) and the ancestor they have in common.^[4] Various governmental entities have established systems for legal use that can precisely specify kinship with common ancestors any number of generations in the past.^{[citation needed]} Common usage often eliminates the degrees and removals, and refers to people with common ancestry as simply "distant cousins" or "relatives".^[5]

Basic definitions

Family tree. Cousins are colored green. Generations are shown by alternating stripes of gray and white.

People are related with a type of cousin relationship if they share a common ancestor and the most recent common ancestor is two or more generations away from both people. This means neither person is an ancestor of the other, they do not share a parent (siblings), and neither is a sibling of a common ancestor (aunts/uncles and nieces/nephews).^[3]

In the English system the cousin relationship is further detailed by degree and removal. For example, the "second cousin once removed" relationship is a "second-degree cousin" with one removal. When the degree is not specified first cousin is assumed. When the removal not specified no removal is assumed.

Removal in the cousin relationship is the number of generations the cousins are separated by. When the cousins are separated by a different number of generations from the most recent common ancestor, the cousin relationship is removed. The difference between the number of generations for each cousin is the removal.^[4] For example, if the most recent common ancestor is 2 generations prior for one person and 3 generations prior for the other (one person's grandfather is the other person's great-grandfather) or the most recent common ancestor is 3 generations prior for one person and 4 generations prior for the other (one person's great-grandfather is the other person's great-great-grandfather) the cousins are separated by one generation and therefore once removed. Two people can be removed but be around the same age due to differences in birth dates of parents children and other relevant ancestors.^[4]^[6]

The degree of the cousin relationship is the number of generations prior to the parents before a most recent common ancestor is found. If the cousins are removed, the smaller number of generations to the most recent common ancestor is used to determine the degree of the cousin relationship.^[4] For example, if one of the cousins has to go back one generation beyond their parents (the grandparents) before finding the most recent common ancestor and the other has to go back one or more they are first cousins. If one had to go back two generations beyond the parents (great grandparents) and the other had to go back two or more they would be second cousins.^[6]^[4]

Multiplicities

Double cousins arise when two siblings of one family mate with two siblings of another family.^[7] This may also be referred to as 'cousins on both sides.' The resulting children are related to each other through both of their parents and are thus doubly related. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparents and have twice the degree of consanguinity of ordinary first cousins.

Half cousins are descended from half siblings.^[8] The children of two half siblings are first half cousins. If half siblings have children with another pair of half siblings, the resulting children would be double first half cousins.

Gendered relationships

A maternal cousin is a cousin that is related to the mother's side of the family, while a paternal cousin is a cousin that is related to the father's side of the family. Unlike all the other cousin relationships discussed thus far, this relationship is not necessarily reciprocal, as the maternal cousin of one person could be the paternal cousin of the other.

Parallel and cross cousins on the other hand are reciprocal relationships. Parallel cousins are descended from same-sex siblings. Cousins that are related to same-sex siblings of their most recent common ancestor are parallel cousins. A parallel first cousin is either the paternal cousin on the father's side of the family or the maternal cousin on the mother's side of the family. Cross cousins are descendants from opposite-sex siblings. A cross first cousin is either the maternal cousin on the father's side of the family or the paternal cousin on the mother's side of the family.

Non-blood relations

Stepcousins are either stepchildren of an individual's aunt or uncle, nieces and nephews of one's stepparent, or the children of one's parent's stepsibling.^{[citation needed]} Cousins in law are the cousins of a person's spouse or the spouse of a person's cousin.^[9] Neither of these relationships have consanguinity.

Examples

Example family tree

Jason

Beatrice

James

Helen

Eugene

Mary

Nancy

Joseph

Julie

Roger

Gordon

Laura

Christina

Matt

Sam

Lyla

First cousins: A person shares a first cousin or cousin relationship with the children of their parents' siblings. Cousins share at least one set of grandparents.^[6] In the example family tree, Joseph and Julie are first cousins.
Second cousins: A person shares a second cousin relationship with the children of their parents' cousins. Second cousins share at least one set of great-grandparents.^[6] In the example family tree, Gordon and Matt are second cousins.
Third cousins: A person shares a third cousin relationship with the children of their parents' second cousins. Third cousins share at least one set of great-great-grandparents.^[6] In the example family tree, Sam and Lyla are third cousins.
First cousins once removed: A person shares a first cousins once removed relationship with their parents' cousins and their cousins' children. At least one set of one person's grandparents are the great-grandparents of the other person.^[6] In the example family tree, Gordon and Julie, as well as Joseph and Matt, are first cousins once removed.
First cousins twice removed: A person shares a first cousins twice removed relationship with their grandparents' cousins and their cousins' grandchildren. At least one set of one person's grandparents are the great-great-grandparents of the other person.^[6] In the example family tree, Sam and Julie, as well as Joseph and Lyla, are first cousins twice removed.
Second cousins once removed: A person shares a second cousin once removed relationship with their parents' second cousins and their second cousins' children. At least one set of one person's great-grandparents are the great-great-grandparents of the other person.^[6] In the example family tree, Sam and Matt, as well as Gordon and Lyla, are second cousins once removed.
Maternal first cousins: A person's maternal first cousins are the children of their mother's siblings. In the example family tree, Julie is Joseph's maternal first cousin.
Paternal first cousins: A person's paternal first cousins are the children of their father's siblings. In the example family tree, Joseph is Julie's paternal first cousin.
Cross first cousins: A person shares a cross cousin relationship with their first cousin when the children of the most recent common ancestor are of different sexes. For cross first cousins the parents of each cousin are siblings and of different sexes.^[6] In the example family tree, Joseph and Julie are cross first cousins.
Cousin-in-law: A person shares a cousin-in-law relationship with their spouses cousin or the cousin of one's spouse. In the example family tree, Joseph and Roger are first cousins-in-law to each other.

Relationship charts

A "table of consanguinity", is helpful in identifying the degree of cousin relationship between two people using their most recent common ancestor as the reference point. Cousinship between two people can be specifically described in degrees and removals by determining how close, generationally, the common ancestor is to each person.^[10]^[4]^[6]

If the relative's →		Parent	Grandparent	Great-grandparent	Great-great-grandparent	Great-great-great-grandparent	Great-great-great-great-grandparent
Is the subject's ↓	Then the relative is the subject's ↘	Parent	Grandparent	Great-grandparent	Great-great-grandparent	Great-great-great-grandparent	Great-great-great-great-grandparent
Parent		Sibling	Niece/Nephew	Grandnephew/Grandniece	Great-grandnephew/Great-grandniece	Great-great-grandnephew/Great-great-grandniece	Great-great-great-grandnephew/Great-great-great-grandniece
Grandparent		Uncle/Aunt	1st cousins	1st cousins once removed	1st cousins twice removed	1st cousins three times removed	1st cousins four times removed
Great-grandparent		Granduncle/Grandaunt or Great Aunt/Uncle ^[11]^[12]	1st cousins once removed	2nd cousins	2nd cousins once removed	2nd cousins twice removed	2nd cousins three times removed
Great-great-grandparent		Great-granduncle/Great-grandaunt	1st cousins twice removed	2nd cousins once removed	3rd cousins	3rd cousins once removed	3rd cousins twice removed
Great-great-great-grandparent		Great-great-granduncle/Great-great-grandaunt	1st cousins three times removed	2nd cousins twice removed	3rd cousins once removed	4th cousins	4th cousins once removed
Great-great-great-great-grandparent		Great-great-great-granduncle/Great-great-great-grandaunt	1st cousins four times removed	2nd cousins three times removed	3rd cousins twice removed	4th cousins once removed	5th cousins

Canon Law Relationship Chart. See an example of how to use chart.

Another visual chart used in determining the legal relationship between two people who share a common ancestor is a "canon law relationship chart".

The chart is the same as the previous chart with the exception that the chart is symmetrical and has been rotated 45° so that the common progenitor (most recent common ancestor) is placed at the peak. Since the graph is symmetrical the placement of either party in the relationship on either side of the graph is arbitrary. The graph does not distinguish between parents and children, or aunts/uncles and nieces/nephews. For these non symmetrical relationships the relationship of the person from the most recent generation is displayed (i.e. children and nieces/nephews).

Cousin marriage

Cousin marriage is important in several anthropological theories which often differentiate between matriarchal and patriarchal parallel and cross cousins.

Currently about 10% and historically as high as 80% of all marriages are between first or second cousins.^[13]^[14] Cousin marriages are often arranged.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Anthropologists believe it is used as a tool to strengthen the family, conserve its wealth, protect its cultural heritage, and retain the power structure of the family and its place in the community.

Some groups encourage cousin marriage while others attach a strong social stigma to it. In some regions in the Middle East over half of all marriages are between first and second cousins. In some of the countries in this region this may exceed 70%.^[18] Just outside this region it is often legal but infrequent. In other places it is legally prohibited and culturally equivalent to incest.^[19]^[20] Supporters of cousin marriage often view the prohibition as discrimination,^[21]^[22] while opponents cite the potential immorality.^[23]

Genetics

Married couples that possess higher than normal consanguinity, shared identical DNA and genetic material, have an increased chance of sharing genes for recessive traits.^[24] The percentage of consanguinity between any two individuals decreases fourfold as the most recent common ancestor recedes one generation. First cousins have four times the consanguinity of second cousins, while first cousins once removed have half that of first cousins. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparents and have twice the degree of consanguinity of ordinary first cousins; genetically, they are as related as half-siblings. Children of these marriages may have an increased risk of genetic disorders, particularly if their parents both carry a harmful recessive mutation. In a scenario where two monozygotic (identical) twins mate with another pair of monozygotic twins, the resulting double cousins would test as genetically similar as siblings.

Scientists through multiple studies have established a substantial and consistent positive correlation between the kinship of couples and the number of children and grandchildren they have. The 2008 deCODE study results show that couples related at the level of third cousins have the greatest number of offspring, with the greatest reproductive success observed for couples related at the level of third and fourth cousins.^[25] This study provides the most comprehensive answer yet to the longstanding question of how kinship affects fertility in humans. The study result was somewhat counterintuitive from an evolutionary perspective because closely related parents have a higher probability of having offspring homozygous for deleterious recessive mutations, although closer parental kinship can also decrease the likelihood of immunological incompatibility between mother and offspring, for example in rhesus factor blood type.^[26] The study confirmed that the offspring of first and second cousins died younger and reproduced less.^[27]

Additional terms

The following is a list of less common cousin terms.

Term

Definition

Example

Chart

Double cousin

Double cousins arise when two siblings of one family mate with two siblings of another family.

Joseph and Julie are double first cousins because each is related through their mother's family and also their father's family, the result of a brother and sister (Helen and Eugene) having married another brother and sister (James and Mary). For Joseph and Julie, each has a mother who is an aunt by blood of the other and a father who is an uncle by blood of the other.

Gary

Glenda

Jason

Beatrice

James

Helen

Eugene

Mary

Joseph

Julie

Half-cousin

Half-cousins are the children of two half-siblings, and their respective spouses.

Joseph and Lilian are half cousins because their parents (Helen and Charles) are half-siblings, their grandmother (Beatrice) having remarried.

Jason

Beatrice

Anthony

James

Helen

Charles

Janet

Joseph

Lilian

Stepcousin

Stepcousins are either stepchildren of an individual's aunt or uncle or nieces and nephews of one's stepparent.

Joseph and Rachel are stepcousins because Joseph's uncle (Eugene) has become Rachel's stepfather as a result of Rachel's mother (Corinda) having remarried Eugene.

Jason

Beatrice

James

Helen

Eugene

Corinda

Colin

Joseph

Rachel

References

^ "Cousin". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Chambers Harrap Publishers. 2013. 19.
^ "Cousin-german definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
^ ^a ^b "Definition of Cousin by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press. 2013. 8.
^ "Definition of cousin in English by Oxford Dictionaries". oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy – Types Of Collateral Relationships". Genetic-genealogy.co.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ Dr. Barry Starr (2015-01-13). "Relatedness". Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics.
^ Jillynne Quinn (2014-01-09). "Relatedness". Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics.
^ "cousin-in-law". Webster's Dictionary.
^ "What is a First Cousin, Twice Removed?". Genealogy.com. Retrieved Sep 26, 2015.
^ "great-aunt, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ "grand-aunt, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b Kershaw, Sarah (26 November 2009). "Shaking Off the Shame". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin - DiscoverMagazine.com".
^ Bittles, Alan H. (May 2001). A Background Summary of Consanguineous Marriage (PDF) (Technical report). Edith Cowan University.
^ Bittles 1994, p. 567
^ Bittles and Black 2009, Section 7
^ Dr. Alan Bittles; Dr. Michael Black. "Global prevalence". consang.net.
^ "The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage". 14 February 2014.
^ Paul, Diane B.; Spencer, Hamish G. (23 December 2008). ""It's Ok, We're Not Cousins by Blood": The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective". PLOS Biology. 6 (12): 2627–30. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060320. PMC 2605922. PMID 19108607.
^ "Final Thoughts". Cousin Couples. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
^ Brandon Keim (23 December 2008). "Cousin Marriage OK by Science". Wired. Wired.
^ Saletan, William (10 April 2002). "The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname" – via Slate.
^ The Conversation: What’s the genetic disease risk for children of related couples? Date: September 27, 2012. Source: Tiong Tan, Clinical Geneticist at Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Researcher in Craniofacial Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute.
^ PubMed: An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples. Free Full Text. Date: 2008 Feb 8; Source: https://www.decode.com/publications/ deCODE Genetics.
^ Science Daily: Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows. Date: February 8, 2008; Source: deCODE genetics.
^ Nature: When kissing cousins are good for kids - A little inbreeding might boost fertility. By Heidi Ledford. Date: Published online 7 February 2008.

External links

European kinship system
Genealogy.com definition of various cousins
Genealogy.com: What makes a cousin?
Genetic Genealogy

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Subhojit,Dharmaratne Samath D,Dhimal Meghnath,Djalalinia Shirin,Doku David Teye,Dolan Kate,Dorsey E Ray,Agius Dominic,dos Santos Kadine Priscila Bender,Doyle Kerrie E,Driscoll Tim R,Dubey Manisha,Dubljanin Eleonora,Duncan Bruce Bartholow,Echko Michelle,Edessa Dumessa,Edvardsson David,Ehrlich Joshua R,Agrawal Anurag,Eldrenkamp Erika,El-Khatib Ziad Ziad,Endres Matthias,Endries Aman Yesuf,Eshrati Babak,Eskandarieh Sharareh,Esteghamati Alireza,Fakhar Mahdi,Farag Tamer,Faramarzi Mahbobeh,Agrawal Sutapa,Faraon Emerito Jose Aquino,Faro André,Farzadfar Farshad,Fatusi Adesegun,Fazeli Mir Sohail,Feigin Valery L,Feigl Andrea B,Fentahun Netsanet,Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad,Fernandes Eduarda,Ahmad Kiadaliri Aliasghar,Fernandes João C,Fijabi Daniel Obadare,Filip Irina,Fischer Florian,Fitzmaurice Christina,Flaxman Abraham D,Flor Luisa Sorio,Foigt Nataliya,Foreman Kyle J,Frostad Joseph J,Aichour Miloud Taki Eddine,Fürst Thomas,Futran Neal D,Gakidou Emmanuela,Gallus Silvano,Gambashidze 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Jiawei,Hearps Stephen J C,Hegazy Mohamed I,Heibati Behzad,Heidari Mohsen,Alahdab Fares,Hendrie Delia,Henry Nathaniel J,Herrera Ballesteros Victor Hugo,Herteliu Claudiu,Hibstu Desalegn Tsegaw,Hiluf Molla Kahssay,Hoek Hans W,Homaie Rad Enayatollah,Horita Nobuyuki,Hosgood H Dean,Al-Aly Ziyad,Hosseini Mostafa,Hosseini Seyed Reza,Hostiuc Mihaela,Hostiuc Sorin,Hoy Damian G,Hsairi Mohamed,Htet Aung Soe,Hu Guoqing,Huang John J,Iburg Kim Moesgaard,Alam Khurshid,Idris Fachmi,Igumbor Ehimario Uche,Ikeda Chad,Ileanu Bogdan Vasile,Ilesanmi Olayinka S,Innos Kaire,Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi,Irvine Caleb M S,Islami Farhad,Jacobs Troy A,Alam Tahiya,Jacobsen Kathryn H,Jahanmehr Nader,Jain Rajesh,Jain Sudhir Kumar,Jakovljevic Mihajlo B,Jalu Moti Tolera,Jamal Amr A,Javanbakht Mehdi,Jayatilleke Achala Upendra,Jeemon Panniyammakal,Alasfoor Deena,Jha Ravi Prakash,Jha Vivekanand,Jóúwiak Jacek,John Oommen,Johnson Sarah Charlotte,Jonas Jost B,Joshua Vasna,Jürisson Mikk,Kabir Zubair,Kadel Rajendra,Albittar Mohammed I,Kahsay Amaha,Kalani Rizwan,Kar Chittaranjan,Karanikolos Marina,Karch André,Karema Corine Kakizi,Karimi Seyed M,Kasaeian Amir,Kassa Dessalegn Haile,Kassa Getachew Mullu,Alene Kefyalew Addis,Kassa Tesfaye Dessale,Kassebaum Nicholas J,Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal,Kaul Anil,Kawakami Norito,Kazanjan Konstantin,Kebede Seifu,Keiyoro Peter Njenga,Kemp Grant Rodgers,Kengne Andre Pascal,Al-Eyadhy Ayman,Kereselidze Maia,Ketema Ezra Belay,Khader Yousef Saleh,Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif,Khajavi Alireza,Khalil Ibrahim A,Khan Ejaz Ahmad,Khan Gulfaraz,Khan Md Nuruzzaman,Khan Muhammad Ali,Ali Syed Danish,Khanal Mukti Nath,Khang Young-Ho,Khater Mona M,Khoja Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah,Khosravi Ardeshir,Khubchandani Jagdish,Kibret Getiye Dejenu,Kiirithio Daniel Ngari,Kim Daniel,Kim Yun Jin,Alijanzadeh Mehran,Kimokoti Ruth W,Kinfu Yohannes,Kinra Sanjay,Kisa Adnan,Kissoon Niranjan,Kochhar Sonali,Kokubo Yoshihiro,Kopec Jacek A,Kosen Soewarta,Koul Parvaiz A,Aljunid Syed M,Koyanagi Ai,Kravchenko Michael,Krishan Kewal,Krohn Kristopher J,Kuate Defo Barthelemy,Kumar G Anil,Kumar Pushpendra,Kutz Michael,Kuzin Igor,Kyu Hmwe H,Alkerwi Ala'a,Lad Deepesh Pravinkumar,Lafranconi Alessandra,Lal Dharmesh Kumar,Lalloo Ratilal,Lam Hilton,Lan Qing,Lang Justin J,Lansingh Van C,Lansky Sonia,Larsson Anders,Alla François,Latifi Arman,Lazarus Jeffrey Victor,Leasher Janet L,Lee Paul H,Legesse Yirga,Leigh James,Leshargie Cheru Tesema,Leta Samson,Leung Janni,Leung Ricky,Allebeck Peter,Levi Miriam,Li Yongmei,Liang Juan,Liben Misgan Legesse,Lim Lee-Ling,Lim Stephen S,Lind Margaret,Linn Shai,Listl Stefan,Liu Patrick,Allen Christine,Liu Shiwei,Lodha Rakesh,Lopez Alan D,Lorch Scott A,Lorkowski Stefan,Lotufo Paulo A,Lucas Timothy C D,Lunevicius Raimundas,Lurton Grégoire,Lyons Ronan A,Alomari Mahmoud A,Maalouf Fadi,Macarayan Erlyn Rachelle King,Mackay Mark T,Maddison Emilie R,Madotto Fabiana,Magdy Abd El Razek Hassan,Magdy Abd El Razek Mohammed,Majdan Marek,Majdzadeh Reza,Majeed Azeem,Al-Raddadi Rajaa,Malekzadeh Reza,Malhotra Rajesh,Malta Deborah Carvalho,Mamun Abdullah A,Manhertz Trey,Manguerra Helena,Mansournia Mohammad Ali,Mantovani Lorenzo G,Manyazewal Tsegahun,Mapoma Chabila C,Alsharif Ubai,Margono Christopher,Martinez-Raga Jose,Martins Sheila Cristina Ouriques,Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio,Martopullo Ira,März Winfried,Massenburg Benjamin Ballard,Mathur Manu Raj,Maulik Pallab K,Mazidi Mohsen,Altirkawi Khalid A,McAlinden Colm,McGrath John J,McKee Martin,Mehata Suresh,Mehrotra Ravi,Mehta Kala M,Mehta Varshil,Meier Toni,Mejia-Rodriguez Fabiola,Meles Kidanu Gebremariam,Alvis-Guzman Nelson,Melku Mulugeta,Memiah Peter,Memish Ziad A,Mendoza Walter,Mengiste Degu Abate,Mengistu Desalegn Tadese,Menota Bereket Gebremichael,Mensah George A,Meretoja Atte,Meretoja Tuomo J,Amare Azmeraw T,Mezgebe Haftay Berhane,Miazgowski Tomasz,Micha Renata,Milam Robert,Millear Anoushka,Miller Ted R,Mini GK,Minnig Shawn,Mirica Andreea,Mirrakhimov Erkin M,Amenu Kebede,Misganaw Awoke,Mitchell Philip B,Mlashu Fitsum Weldegebreal,Moazen Babak,Mohammad Karzan Abdulmuhsin,Mohammadibakhsh Roghayeh,Mohammed Ebrahim,Mohammed Mohammed A,Mohammed Shafiu,Mokdad Ali H,Ammar Walid,Mola Glen Liddell,Molokhia Mariam,Momeniha Fatemeh,Monasta Lorenzo,Montañez Hernandez Julio Cesar,Moosazadeh Mahmood,Moradi-Lakeh Maziar,Moraga Paula,Morawska Lidia,Moreno Velasquez Ilais,Amoako Yaw Ampem,Mori Rintaro,Morrison Shane D,Moses Mark,Mousavi Seyyed Meysam,Mueller Ulrich O,Murhekar Manoj,Murthy Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana,Murthy Srinivas,Musa Jonah,Musa Kamarul Imran,Anber Nahla,Mustafa Ghulam,Muthupandian Saravanan,Nagata Chie,Nagel Gabriele,Naghavi Mohsen,Naheed Aliya,Naik Gurudatta A,Naik Nitish,Najafi Farid,Naldi Luigi,Andrei Catalina Liliana,Nangia Vinay,Nansseu Jobert Richie Njingang,Narayan KM Venkat,Nascimento Bruno Ramos,Negoi Ionut,Negoi Ruxandra Irina,Newton Charles R,Ngunjiri Josephine Wanjiku,Nguyen Grant,Nguyen Long,Androudi Sofia,Nguyen Trang Huyen,Nichols Emma,Ningrum Dina Nur Anggraini,Nolte Ellen,Nong Vuong Minh,Norheim Ole F,Norrving Bo,Noubiap Jean Jacques N,Nyandwi Alypio,Obermeyer Carla Makhlouf,Antonio Carl Abelardo T,Ofori-Asenso Richard,Ogbo Felix Akpojene,Oh In-Hwan,Oladimeji Olanrewaju,Olagunju Andrew Toyin,Olagunju Tinuke Oluwasefunmi,Olivares Pedro R,Oliveira Patricia Pereira Vasconcelos de,Olsen Helen E,Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola,Araújo Valdelaine E M,Olusanya Jacob Olusegun,Ong Kanyin,Opio John Nelson,Oren Eyal,Ortega-Altamirano Doris V,Ortiz Alberto,Ozdemir Raziye,PA Mahesh,Pain Amanda W,Palone Marcos Roberto Tovani,Aremu Olatunde,Pana Adrian,Panda-Jonas Songhomitra,Pandian Jeyaraj D,Park Eun-Kee,Parsian Hadi,Patel Tejas,Pati Sanghamitra,Patil Snehal T,Patle Ajay,Patton George C,Ärnlöv Johan,Paturi Vishnupriya Rao,Paudel Deepak,Pedroso Marcel de Moares,Pedroza Sandra P,Pereira David M,Perico Norberto,Peterson Hannah,Petzold Max,Peykari Niloofar,Phillips Michael Robert,Artaman Al,Piel Frédéric B,Pigott David M,Pillay Julian David,Piradov Michael A,Polinder Suzanne,Pond Constance D,Postma Maarten J,Pourmalek Farshad,Prakash Swayam,Prakash V,Aryal Krishna Kumar,Prasad Narayan,Prasad Noela Marie,Purcell Caroline,Qorbani Mostafa,Quintana Hedley Knewjen,Radfar Amir,Rafay Anwar,Rafiei Alireza,Rahimi Kazem,Rahimi-Movaghar Afarin,Asayesh Hamid,Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa,Rahman Mahfuzar,Rahman Muhammad Aziz,Rahman Sajjad Ur,Rai Rajesh Kumar,Raju Sree Bhushan,Ram Usha,Rana Saleem M,Rankin Zane,Rasella Davide,Asfaw Ephrem Tsegay,Rawaf David Laith,Rawaf Salman,Ray Sarah E,Razo-García Christian Aspacia,Reddy Priscilla,Reiner Robert C,Reis Cesar,Reitsma Marissa B,Remuzzi Giuseppe,Renzaho Andre M N,Asgedom Solomon Weldegebreal,Resnikoff Serge,Rezaei Satar,Rezai Mohammad Sadegh,Ribeiro Antonio L,Rios Blancas Maria Jesus,Rivera Juan A,Roever Leonardo,Ronfani Luca,Roshandel Gholamreza,Rostami Ali,Asghar Rana Jawad,Roth Gregory A,Rothenbacher Dietrich,Roy Ambuj,Roy Nobhojit,Ruhago George Mugambage,Sabde Yogesh Damodar,Sachdev Perminder S,Sadat Nafis,Safdarian Mahdi,Safiri Saeid,Ashebir Mengistu Mitiku,Sagar Rajesh,Sahebkar Amirhossein,Sahraian Mohammad Ali,Sajadi Haniye Sadat,Salama Joseph,Salamati Payman,Saldanha Raphael de Freitas,Salimzadeh Hamideh,Salomon Joshua A,Samy Abdallah M,Asseffa Netsanet Abera,Sanabria Juan Ramon,Sancheti Parag K,Sanchez-Niño Maria Dolores,Santomauro Damian,Santos Itamar S,Santric Milicevic Milena M,Sarker Abdur Razzaque,Sarrafzadegan Nizal,Sartorius Benn,Satpathy Maheswar,Atey Tesfay Mehari,Savic Miloje,Sawhney Monika,Saxena Sonia,Saylan Mete I,Schaeffner Elke,Schmidhuber Josef,Schmidt Maria Inês,Schneider Ione J C,Schumacher Austin E,Schutte Aletta E,Atre Sachin R,Schwebel David C,Schwendicke Falk,Sekerija Mario,Sepanlou Sadaf G,Servan-Mori Edson E,Shafieesabet Azadeh,Shaikh Masood Ali,Shakh-Nazarova Marina,Shams-Beyranvand Mehran,Sharafi Heidar,Atteraya Madhu S,Sharif-Alhoseini Mahdi,Shariful Islam Sheikh Mohammed,Sharma Meenakshi,Sharma Rajesh,She Jun,Sheikh Aziz,Shfare Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin,Shi Peilin,Shields Chloe,Shigematsu Mika,Avila-Burgos Leticia,Shinohara Yukito,Shiri Rahman,Shirkoohi Reza,Shiue Ivy,Shrime Mark G,Shukla Sharvari Rahul,Siabani Soraya,Sigfusdottir Inga Dora,Silberberg Donald H,Silva Diego Augusto Santos,Avokpaho Euripide Frinel G Arthur,Silva João Pedro,Silveira Dayane Gabriele Alves,Singh Jasvinder A,Singh Lavanya,Singh Narinder Pal,Singh Virendra,Sinha Dhirendra Narain,Sinke Abiy Hiruye,Sisay Mekonnen,Skirbekk Vegard,Awasthi Ashish,Sliwa Karen,Smith Alison,Soares Filho Adauto Martins,Sobaih Badr H A,Somai Melek,Soneji Samir,Soofi Moslem,Sorensen Reed J D,Soriano Joan B,Soyiri Ireneous N,Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina,Sposato Luciano A,Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T,Srinivasan Vinay,Stanaway Jeffrey D,Stathopoulou Vasiliki,Steel Nicholas,Stein Dan J,Stokes Mark Andrew,Sturua Lela,Sufiyan Muawiyyah Babale,Ayalew Animut Alebel,Suliankatchi Rizwan Abdulkader,Sunguya Bruno F,Sur Patrick J,Sykes Bryan L,Sylaja PN,Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael,Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar,Tadesse Andualem Henok,Taffere Getachew Redae,Tandon Nikhil,Ayele Henok Tadesse,Tariku Amare Tariku,Taveira Nuno,Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash,Temam Shifa Girma,Temsah Mohamad-Hani,Terkawi Abdullah Sulieman,Tesema Azeb Gebresilassie,Tesfaye Dawit Jember,Tessema Belay,Thakur JS,Ayer Rakesh,Thomas Nihal,Thompson Matthew J,Tillmann Taavi,To Quyen G,Tobe-Gai Ruoyan,Tonelli Marcello,Topor-Madry Roman,Topouzis Fotis,Torre Anna,Tortajada Miguel,Ayuk Tambe Betrand,Tran Bach Xuan,Tran Khanh Bao,Tripathi Avnish,Tripathy Srikanth Prasad,Troeger Christopher,Truelsen Thomas,Tsoi Derrick,Tudor Car Lorainne,Tuem Kald Beshir,Tyrovolas Stefanos,Azzopardi Peter,Uchendu Uche S,Ukwaja Kingsley N,Ullah Irfan,Updike Rachel,Uthman Olalekan A,Uzochukwu Benjamin S Chudi,Valdez Pascual Rubén,van Boven Job F M,Varughese Santosh,Vasankari Tommi,Azzopardi-Muscat Natasha,Violante Francesco S,Vladimirov Sergey K,Vlassov Vasiliy Victorovich,Vollset Stein Emil,Vos Theo,Wagnew Fasil,Waheed Yasir,Wallin Mitchell T,Walson Judd L,Wang Yafeng,Babalola Tesleem Kayode,Wang Yuan-Pang,Wassie Molla Mesele,Weaver Marcia R,Weiderpass Elisabete,Weintraub Robert G,Weiss Jordan,Weldegwergs Kidu Gidey,Werdecker Andrea,West T Eoin,Westerman Ronny,Badali Hamid,White Richard G,Whiteford Harvey A,Widecka Justyna,Winkler Andrea Sylvia,Wiysonge Charles Shey,Wolfe Charles DA,Wondimkun Yohanes Ayele,Workicho Abdulhalik,Wyper Grant M A,Xavier Denis,Badawi Alaa,Xu Gelin,Yan Lijing L,Yano Yuichiro,Yaseri Mehdi,Yimer Nigus Bililign,Yin Peng,Yip Paul,Yirsaw Biruck Desalegn,Yonemoto Naohiro,Yonga Gerald,Banach Maciej,Yoon Seok-Jun,Yotebieng Marcel,Younis Mustafa Z,Yu Chuanhua,Zadnik Vesna,Zaidi Zoubida,Zaki Maysaa El Sayed,Zaman Sojib Bin,Zamani Mohammad,Zenebe Zerihun Menlkalew,Banerjee Amitava,Zhou Maigeng,Zhu Jun,Zimsen Stephanie R M,Zipkin Ben,Zodpey Sanjay,Zuhlke Liesl Joanna,Murray Christopher J L,Lozano Rafael,Banstola Amrit,Barber Ryan M,Barboza Miguel A,Barker-Collo Suzanne L,Bärnighausen Till,Barquera Simon,Barrero Lope H,Bassat Quique,Basu Sanjay,Baune Bernhard T,Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad,Bedi Neeraj,Beghi Ettore
The Lancet 391(10136), 2236-2271, 2018-06
… We transformed each cause to a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); …
NAID 120006591441

台湾男性との結婚を選択したインドネシア女性 : 結婚と行為主体性に関する人類学的試論 (清水真一教授退任記念号国松夏紀教授退任記念号 GONZALEZ Dario教授退任記念号)

小池誠,徐幼恩
人間文化研究 = Journal of humanities research, St. Andrew's University (8), 187-216, 2018-02
… He fell in love with Li at first sight. … Her cousin, who worked in Taipei, introduced her to Yang whoworked in interior finishing in Kaohsiung. … Martha could not adapt herself to her new circumstancesduring her first four years in Taiwan. … He fell in love with her at first sight and proposed to her.It took one year to finish the marriage procedures in Jakarta. …
NAID 120006461004

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関連記事	「cousin」「first」

「cousin」

　　[★]

n.

(家族)いとこ、(事物の分類)同類

関: brother、kin

「first」

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　　　

[1] "Cousin". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Chambers Harrap Publishers. 2013. 19.

[2] "Cousin-german definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-02-26.

[DictWebster-3] "Definition of Cousin by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster.

[DictGen-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press. 2013. 8.

[DictOxford-5] "Definition of cousin in English by Oxford Dictionaries". oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press.

[GG-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy – Types Of Collateral Relationships". Genetic-genealogy.co.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2014.

[7] Dr. Barry Starr (2015-01-13). "Relatedness". Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics.

[8] Jillynne Quinn (2014-01-09). "Relatedness". Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics.

[9] "cousin-in-law". Webster's Dictionary.

[10] "What is a First Cousin, Twice Removed?". Genealogy.com. Retrieved Sep 26, 2015.

[11] "great-aunt, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 December 2018.

[12] "grand-aunt, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 December 2018.

[kershaw-13] Kershaw, Sarah (26 November 2009). "Shaking Off the Shame". The New York Times.

[kissyourcousin-14] "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin - DiscoverMagazine.com".

[bittles1-15] Bittles, Alan H. (May 2001). A Background Summary of Consanguineous Marriage (PDF) (Technical report). Edith Cowan University.

[Bittles_1994,_p._567-16] Bittles 1994, p. 567

[17] Bittles and Black 2009, Section 7

[map-18] Dr. Alan Bittles; Dr. Michael Black. "Global prevalence". consang.net.

[truth-19] "The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage". 14 February 2014.

[plos-20] Paul, Diane B.; Spencer, Hamish G. (23 December 2008). ""It's Ok, We're Not Cousins by Blood": The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective". PLOS Biology. 6 (12): 2627–30. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060320. PMC 2605922. PMID 19108607.

[finalthoughts-21] "Final Thoughts". Cousin Couples. Retrieved 4 June 2016.

[okbyscience-22] Brandon Keim (23 December 2008). "Cousin Marriage OK by Science". Wired. Wired.

[slate-23] Saletan, William (10 April 2002). "The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname" – via Slate.

[24] The Conversation: What’s the genetic disease risk for children of related couples? Date: September 27, 2012. Source: Tiong Tan, Clinical Geneticist at Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Researcher in Craniofacial Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute.

[25] PubMed: An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples. Free Full Text. Date: 2008 Feb 8; Source: https://www.decode.com/publications/ deCODE Genetics.

[26] Science Daily: Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows. Date: February 8, 2008; Source: deCODE genetics.

[27] Nature: When kissing cousins are good for kids - A little inbreeding might boost fertility. By Heidi Ledford. Date: Published online 7 February 2008.

v t e Family
History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families
First-degree relatives	Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister
Second-degree relatives	Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Niece and nephew
Third-degree relatives	Great-grandparent Great-grandchild Grandnephew and grandniece Great-Uncle Great-Aunt Cousin
Family-in-law	Spouse wife husband Parents-in-law Siblings-in-law Son-in-law Daughter-in-law
Stepfamily	Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling
Kinship	Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship
Lineage	Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor
Relationships	Agape (parental love) Eros (marital love) Filial piety Storge (familial love)
Holidays	Mother's Day U.S. Father's Day Father-Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents' Day Children's Day Family Day Canada American Family Day National Family Week UK
Related	Wedding anniversary Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Incest

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