feebleminded

　

WordNet

1. severe mental deficiency

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 精神薄弱な,低能の / 意志の弱い

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/08/19 07:25:37」(JST)

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The term feeble-minded was used from the late nineteenth century in Europe, the United States and Australasia for disorders later referred to as illnesses or deficiencies of the mind.

At the time, mental deficiency encompassed all degrees of educational and social deficiency. Within the concept of mental deficiency, researchers established a hierarchy, ranging from idiocy, at the most severe end of the scale; to imbecility, at the median point; and to feeble-mindedness at the highest end of functioning. The latter was conceived of as a form of high-grade mental deficiency.

The development of the ranking system of mental deficiency has been attributed to Sir Charles Trevelyan in 1876, and was associated with the rise of eugenics. The term and hierarchy had been used in that sense at least ten years previously. "Wild card" terms outside the established hierarchy such as idiot savant, may have been used as connotations for varying degrees of autism.

History

The earliest recorded use of the term in the English language dates from 1534, when it appears in one of the first English translations of the New Testament, the Tyndale Bible. A biblical commandment to "Comforte the feble mynded" is included in 1 Thessalonians.

A London Times editorial of November 1834 describes the long-serving former Prime Minister Lord Liverpool as a "feeble-minded pedant of office".

Definition

The British government's Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded (1904–1908), in its Report in 1908 defined the feeble-minded as:

[P]ersons who may be capable of earning a living under favourable circumstances, but are incapable from mental defect, existing from birth or from an early age: (1) of competing on equal terms with their normal fellows, or (2) of managing themselves and their affairs with ordinary prudence.

Despite being pejorative, in its day the term was considered, along with idiot, imbecile, and moron, to be a relatively precise psychiatric classification.

The American psychologist Henry H. Goddard, who coined the term moron, was the director of the Vineland Training School (originally the Vineland Training School for Backward and Feeble-minded Children) at Vineland, New Jersey. Goddard was known for strongly postulating that "feeble-mindedness" was a hereditary trait, most likely caused by a single recessive gene. Goddard rang the eugenic "alarm bells" in his 1912 work, The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness, about those in the population who carried the recessive trait despite outward appearances of normality.

In the first half of the 20th century, a diagnosis of "feeble-mindedness, in any of its grades" was a common criterion for many states in the United States, which embraced eugenics as a progressive measure, to mandate the compulsory sterilization of such patients. In the 1927 US Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes closed the 8-1 majority opinion upholding the sterilization of Carrie Buck, with the phrase, "Three generations of imbeciles are enough." Buck, her mother and daughter were all classified as feeble-minded.

Representation in other media

Jack London published a short story, "Told in the Drooling Ward" (1914), which describes inmates at a California institution for the "feeble-minded." He narrates the story from the point of view of a self-styled "high-grade feeb". The California Home for the Care and Training of Feeble-minded Children, now the Sonoma Developmental Center, was located near the Jack London Ranch in Glen Ellen, California.

See also

• Insanity
• Developmental disorder

External links

• Jack London. The Turtles of Tasman at Project Gutenberg, contains the story "Told in the Drooling Ward"

English Journal

• The professionalization of psychologists as court personnel: Consequences of the first institutional commitment law for the "feebleminded".

• , F F, I I, I I, .
• Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences. 2019 Jul;55(3)183-198.
• The first law providing for the permanent, involuntary institutionalization of "feeble-minded" individuals was passed in Illinois in 1915. This bill represented the first eugenic commitment law in the United States. Focusing on the consequences of this 1915 commitment law within the context of intel
• PMID 31124169

• Clara Harrison Town and the origins of the first institutional commitment law for the "feebleminded": psychologists as expert diagnosticians.

• , F F, I I, I I, .
• History of psychology. 2014 Nov;17(4)271-81.
• The first law providing for the commitment of "feeble-minded" individuals in the United States was passed in 1915, in the state of Illinois. House Bill 655 not only allowed for the permanent, involuntary institutionalization of feeble-minded individuals, but it shifted the commitment and discharge a
• PMID 24885000

• Who was Deborah Kallikak?

• Smith JD, Wehmeyer ML.
• Intellectual and developmental disabilities. 2012 Apr;50(2)169-78.
• The Kallikak Family was, along with The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity, one of the most visible eugenic family narratives published in the early 20th century. Published in 1912 and authored by psychologist Henry Herbert Goddard, director of the psychological laboratory at
• PMID 22642970

Japanese Journal

• 第二次世界大戦後初期の「精神遅滞」をめぐる諸問題白 : 大恐慌からヘバー定義にいたる道 (人文・社会科学)

• 清水 貞夫,玉村 公二彦,富井 奈菜実
• 奈良教育大学紀要. 人文・社会科学 = Bulletin of Nara University of Education. 奈良教育大学 編 67(1・2), 201-212, 2018-11
• … This paper tracks the way of establishing the concept of intellectual disability in American society, such as feebleminded, mental deficiency and mental retardation, especially focusses on a road to Heber's definition in 1959 followed by the Great Depression. …
• NAID 120006551719

• 初期八幡学園における入所児の障害と教育・保護の内容 : 昭和7 (1932)年~昭和12 (1937)年を中心として

• 高野 聡子
• 障害科学研究 37, 197-211, 2013
• 昭和7 (1932)年から昭和12 (1937)年の八幡学園(昭和3 [1928]年設立、初代園長は久保寺保久[1891-1942])では、精神薄弱とは異なる精神低格児や性格異常児と、魯鈍、痴愚、白痴といった精神薄弱児を処遇していたが、八幡学園が想定した主たる処遇対象は精神薄弱児であり、入所児に占める割合は痴愚が高い傾向となっていた。入所児に教育と保護を提供するため、八幡学園では入所児の障害の程度 …
• NAID 110009624572

• J. E. W.ウォーリンによる心理教育クリニックの創設と個別的ニーズへの対応 : 20世紀初頭セントルイス市公立学校を中心に

• 吉井 涼
• 障害科学研究 37, 145-158, 2013
• 20世紀初頭アメリカ合衆国セントルイス市において、学業不振児や精神薄弱児への対応を試みたJ.E.W.ウォーリンと心理教育クリニックに焦点を当て、彼の実践とその実践を支えた思想を検討した。当時、セントルイス市の通常学級や特殊学校では学業不振や精神薄弱を含む多様な状態をもつ子どもが混在し、彼らの適切な診断・分類と彼らのニーズに合う教育の場の整備が課題であった。ウォーリンは、民主主義理念に基づき、知能検 …
• NAID 110009624568

Related Links

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become feebleminded with age ぼける - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• Feebleminded | Definition of Feebleminded by Merriam-Webster

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