農業家、農夫

WordNet

a person who operates a farm (同)husbandman, granger, sodbuster
someone who runs an establishment that houses and cares for babies for a fee
a farmer on a small farm
collect fees or profits
workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit; "it takes several people to work the farm"
be a farmer; work as a farmer; "My son is farming in California"
an expert on cooking whose cookbook has undergone many editions (1857-1915) (同)Fannie Farmer, Fannie Merritt Farmer
United States civil rights leader who in 1942 founded the Congress of Racial Equality (born in 1920) (同)James Leonard Farmer

PrepTutorEJDIC

『農場経営者』,農場主 / 農業労働者,耕作する人
市場向け野菜栽培業者(《英》market gardener)
自作農
『農場』,農園(通例住宅・納屋などを伴い,しばしば家畜も飼育される) / (家畜の)『飼育場』,(魚貝の)養殖場 / 〈土地〉‘を'耕作する;〈農場・飼育場〉‘を'経営する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/28 07:46:01」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A farmer^[1] (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmed land or might work as a labourer on land owned by others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a farm owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers, or farmhands. However, in the not so distant past a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of (a plant, crop, etc.) by labor and attention, land or crops or raises animals (as livestock or fish).

History

Farming has been dated back as far as the Neolithic era. By the Bronze Age, the Sumerians had an agriculture specialized labour force by 5000–4000 BCE, and heavily depended on irrigation to grow crops. They relied on three-person teams when harvesting in the spring.^[2] The Ancient Egypt farmers farmed and relied and irrigated their water from the Nile.^[3]

Animal husbandry, the practice of rearing animals specifically for farming purposes, has existed for thousands of years. Dogs were domesticated in East Asia about 15,000 years ago. Goats and sheep were domesticated around 8000 BCE in Asia. Swine or pigs were domesticated by 7000 BCE in the Middle East and China. The earliest evidence of horse domestication dates to around 4000 BCE.^[4]

Advancements in technology

A combine harvester on an English farm

In the U.S. of the 1930s, one farmer fed only himself and three other consumers. The same farmer now feeds well over a hundred people. However, some authors consider this estimate as flawed as it does not take into account that farming requires energy and many other resources which have to be provided by additional workers, so that the ratio of people fed to farmers is actually smaller than 100 to 1.^[5]

Types

An American dairy farmer

More distinct terms are commonly used to denote farmers who raise specific domesticated animals. For example, those who raise grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and horses, are known as ranchers (U.S.), graziers (Australia & U.K.), or simply stockmen. Sheep, goat, and cattle farmers might also be referred to respectively as shepherds, goatherds, and cowherds. The term dairy farmer is applied to those engaged primarily in milk production, whether from cattle, goats, sheep, or other milk producing animals. A poultry farmer is one who concentrates on raising chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, for either meat, egg, or feather production, or commonly, all three. A person who raises a variety of vegetables for market may be called a truck farmer or market gardener. Dirt farmer is an American colloquial term for a practical farmer, or one who farms his own land.^[6]

In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides land or management in their production. Those who provide only labor are most often called farmhands. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for an absentee landowner, sharing the harvest (or its profits) are known as sharecroppers or sharefarmers. In the context of agribusiness, a farmer is defined broadly, and thus many individuals not necessarily engaged in full-time farming can nonetheless legally qualify under agricultural policy for various subsidies, incentives, and tax deductions.

Techniques

A Nepali farmer

In the context of developing nations or other pre-industrial cultures, most farmers practice a meager subsistence agriculture—a simple organic farming system employing crop rotation, seed saving, slash and burn, or other techniques to maximize efficiency while meeting the needs of the household or community. Historically, one subsisting in this way may have been known as a peasant.

In developed nations, however, a person using such techniques on small patches of land might be called a gardener and be considered a hobbyist. Alternatively, one might be driven into such practices by poverty or, ironically—against the background of large-scale agribusiness—might become an organic farmer growing for discerning consumers in the local food market.

Farming organizations

Farmers are often members of local, regional, or national farmers' unions or agricultural producers' organizations and can exert significant political influence. The Grange movement in the United States was effective in advancing farmers' agendas, especially against railroad and agribusiness interests early in the 20th century. The FNSEA is very politically active in France, especially pertaining to genetically modified food. Agricultural producers, both small and large, are represented globally by the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), representing over 600 million farmers through 120 national farmers' unions in 79 countries.^[7]

Income

Farmed products might be sold either to a market, in a farmers' market, or directly from a farm. In a subsistence economy, farm products might to some extent be either consumed by the farmer's family or pooled by the community.

Occupational hazards

There are several occupational hazards for those in agriculture; farming is a particularly dangerous industry.^[8] Farmers can encounter and be stung or bitten by dangerous insects and other arthropods, including scorpions, fire ants, bees, wasps, and hornets.^[9] Farmers also work around heavy machinery which can kill or injure them.

References

Notes

^ Dyer 2007, p. 1: "The word 'farmer' was originally used to describe a tenant paying a leasehold rent (a farm), often for holding a lord's manorial demesne. The use of the word was eventually extended to mean any tenant or owner of a large holding, though when Gregory King estimated that there were 150,000 farmers in the late seventeenth century he evidently defined them by their tenures, as freeholders were counted separately."
^ By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world, Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975
^ Nicholson (2000) p. 514
^ "Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University". Ansi.okstate.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
^ Kirschenmann 2000.
^ Oxford English Dictionary
^ About the International Federation of Agricultural Producers
^ "Agricultural Safety". NIOSH. December 15, 2014.
^ "Insects and Scorpions". NIOSH. February 24, 2012.

Bibliography

Dyer, Christopher (2007). "A suffolk farmer in the fifteenth century". Agricultural History Review 55 (1): 1–22. JSTOR 40276126.
Kirschenmann, Frederick (2000). "How many farmers will we need?" (PDF). Leopold Letter 12 (4): 3–4.

External links

Media related to Farmers at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of farmer at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の疫学および原因 epidemiology and causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
2. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の治療および予後 treatment and prognosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
3. 過敏性肺臓炎（外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎）の診断 diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis extrinsic allergic alveolitis
4. 成人における気道内異物 airway foreign bodies in adults
5. 間質性肺疾患を有する成人に対するアプローチ：臨床的評価 approach to the adult with interstitial lung disease clinical evaluation

English Journal

Relating costs to the user value of farmland biodiversity measurements.

Targetti S1, Herzog F2, Geijzendorffer IR3, Pointereau P4, Viaggi D5.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2016 Jan 1;165:286-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.044.
The impact of agricultural management on global biodiversity highlights the need for farm-scale monitoring programmes capable of determining the performance of agriculture practices. Yet the identification of appropriate indicators is a challenging process and one that involves considering a number
PMID 26457535

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever with hyperbilirubinemia and ascites: An unusual presentation.

Ture Z1, Ulu Kılıç A1,2, Celik I3, Tok T1, Yağcı-Çağlayık D4.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2016 Jan;88(1):159-62. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24295. Epub 2015 Jun 30.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal systemic viral infection which is an important health problem in Turkey. Many systemic symptoms have been reported including fever, hemorrhage, headache, fatigue, muscle ache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. A 45-year-old male farmer with CCHF p
PMID 26129885

Gender differences in farmers' responses to climate change adaptation in Yongqiao District, China.

Jin J1, Wang X2, Gao Y2.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Dec 15;538:942-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.027. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
This study examines the gender differences in farmers' responses to climate change adaption in Yongqiao District, China. A random sampling technique was used to select 220 household heads, while descriptive statistics and binary logit models were used to analyze the data obtained from the households
PMID 26363606

Japanese Journal

Farmers' Cohort for Agricultural Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (FARM) Study: Study Design, Methods, and Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Subjects

Journal of Epidemiology advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005090523

農林水産省担い手に望む農機でアンケート生産者の多様な要望に応える (特集緊プロ農機の成果と未来)

機械化農業 (3174), 14-19, 2015-11
NAID 40020619248

八王子市地区における明治初期の高札にみる社会制度

工学院大学研究報告 (119), 29-36, 2015-10-30
NAID 110009969024

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「農夫」「農業家」
関連記事	「farm」

「農夫」

Farmer
	A farmer in Nicaragua
Occupation
Occupation type	Employment
Activity sectors	Agriculture
Description
Related jobs	Rancher (U.S.), grazier (Australia) or stockman