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not produced by natural forces; "brokers created a factitious demand for stocks"

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人為的な,人工の / 故意に作られた

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/06 19:28:13」(JST)

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Artificiality (also called factitiousness, or the state of being artificial or man-made) is the state of being the product of intentional human manufacture, rather than occurring naturally, through processes not involving or requiring human activity.

Connotations

Artificiality often carries with it the implication of being false, counterfeit, or deceptive. The philosopher Aristotle wrote in his Rhetoric:

Naturalness is persuasive, artificiality is the contrary; for our hearers are prejudiced and think we have some design against them, as if we were mixing their wines for them. It is like the difference between the quality of Theodorus' voice and the voices of all other actors: his really seems to be that of the character who is speaking, theirs do not.^[1]

However, artificiality does not necessarily have a negative connotation, as it may also reflect the ability of humans to replicate forms or functions arising in nature, as with an artificial heart or artificial intelligence. Political scientist and artificial intelligence expert Herbert A. Simon observes that "some artificial things are imitations of things in nature, and the imitation may use either the same basic materials as those in the natural object or quite different materials.^[2] Simon distinguishes between the artificial and the synthetic, the former being an imitation of something found in nature (for example, an artificial sweetener which generates sweetness using a formula not found in nature), and the latter being a replication of something found in nature (for example, a sugar created in a laboratory that is chemically indistinguishable from a naturally occurring sugar).^[2] Some philosophers have gone further and asserted that, in a deterministic world, "everything is natural and nothing is artificial", because everything in the world (including everything made by humans) is a product of the physical laws of the world.^[3]

Distinguishing natural objects from artificial objects

Pattern resembling a Reaction-diffusion model, produced using sharpen and blur.

It is generally possible for humans, and in some instances, for computers,^[4] to distinguish natural from artificial environments. The artificial environment tends to have more physical regularity both spatially and over time, with natural environments tending to have both irregular structures and structures that change over time.^[5] However, on close observation it is possible to discern some mathematical structures and patterns in natural environments, which can then be replicated to create an artificial environment with a more natural appearance.^[5]

For example, by identifying and imitating natural means of pattern formation, some types of automata have been used to generate organic-looking textures for more realistic shading of 3D objects.^[6]^[7]

References

^ Aristotle, Rhetoric, (2004, Dover Publications, W.D. Ross, translator), p. 121.
^ ^a ^b Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (1996), p. 4.
^ Qinglai Sheng, Philosophical Papers (1993), p. 342.
^ See generally, E.P. Baltsavias, A. Gruen, L. VanGool, Automatic Extraction of Man-made Objects from Aerial and Space Images, Volume 3 (2001).
^ ^a ^b Herman Kaken, "Recognition of Natural and Artificial Environments by Computers: Commonalities and Differences", in Juval Portugali, Complex Artificial Environments (2006), p. 31-48.
^ Greg Turk, Reaction-Diffusion
^ Andrew Witkin,Michael Kassy (1991). "Reaction-Diffusion Textures" (PDF). Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 299–308. doi:10.1145/122718.122750.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 虚偽性精神障害とミュンヒハウゼン症候群 factitious disorder and munchausen syndrome
2. 身体化：疫学、病因、臨床的特徴、医学的評価、および診断 somatization epidemiology pathogenesis clinical features medical evaluation and diagnosis
3. 心因性不随意運動 psychogenic movement disorders
4. 虚偽性下痢症 factitious diarrhea
5. 心因性紫斑病（ガードナーダイヤモンド症候群） psychogenic purpura gardner diamond syndrome

English Journal

How to kill a flap: munchausen syndrome - a silent trap for plastic surgeons.

Acartürk TO1, Abdel-Motleb M2, Acar F3.
Journal of hand and microsurgery.J Hand Microsurg.2014 Jun;6(1):42-4. doi: 10.1007/s12593-012-0088-5. Epub 2013 Jan 9.
PMID 24876691

Munchausen syndrome by proxy presenting as hearing loss.

Ashraf N, Thevasagayam MS.
The Journal of laryngology and otology.J Laryngol Otol.2014 May 22:1-3. [Epub ahead of print]
Objective: To review the diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, a factitious disorder, in which symptoms are induced or feigned, usually in a child, by the caregiver. The involved caregiver seeks to gain attention or sympathy and often has a psychological need to maintain the sick role. We highl
PMID 24849842

Factitious hypobicarbonatemia associated with profound hyperlipidemia.

Rifkin SI1, Shaub B.
Renal failure.Ren Fail.2014 May 21:1-3. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract We describe a patient who presented on two occasions with severe hypobicarbonatemia and an associated high anion gap on enzymatic analysis. She also had profound hyperlipidemia. Her low bicarbonate was shown to be factitious by analysis of her blood using a direct ion-selective electrode me
PMID 24845977

Japanese Journal

症例報告精神療法的な治療が奏功した身体表現性障害と虚偽性障害が混在した1症例 : 病状と治療

倉持素樹,加藤敏,岡島美朗 [他]
精神神経学雑誌 114(8), 906-914, 2012-00-00
NAID 40019421434

ミュンヒハウゼン症候群の1症例

境徹也,澄川耕二
The journal of the Japan Society of Pain Clinicians = 日本ペインクリニック学会誌 17(1), 21-24, 2010-01-25
虚偽性障害は，身体的・心理的症状または徴候を意図的に作り出す疾患であり，特に身体的症状と徴候の優勢なものはミュンヒハウゼン症候群と呼ばれる．われわれは複合性局所疼痛症候群（CRPS）様症状をきたしたミュンヒハウゼン症候群患者を報告する．患者は47歳の男性であった．腰椎椎間板術後の腰下肢痛と歩行不能を訴え，車椅子で当科へ紹介受診となった．腰椎のMRIで，明らかな異常はなく，院外では普通に歩行していた …
NAID 10026388995