n.

追放、放出、突出

関: desorb、discharge、egress、ejection、emission、extrude、obtrusive、overhang、project、prominent、protrude、protrusion、release、salient

WordNet

squeezing out by applying pressure; "an unexpected extrusion of toothpaste from the bottom of the tube"; "the expulsion of pus from the pimple" (同)expulsion
part with a possession or right; "I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term house guest"; "resign a claim to the throne" (同)relinquish, resign, free, give_up
a process that liberates or discharges something; "there was a sudden release of oxygen"; "the release of iodine from the thyroid gland"
a device that when pressed will release part of a mechanism (同)button
activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion; "she had no other outlet for her feelings"; "he gave vent to his anger" (同)outlet, vent
(music) the act or manner of terminating a musical phrase or tone (同)tone ending
a formal written statement of relinquishment (同)waiver, discharge
merchandise issued for sale or public showing (especially a record or film); "a new release from the London Symphony Orchestra"
release (gas or energy) as a result of a chemical reaction or physical decomposition (同)free, liberate
transfer (ideas or principles) from one domain into another
a planned undertaking (同)projection
put or send forth; "She threw the flashlight beam into the corner"; "The setting sun threw long shadows"; "cast a spell"; "cast a warm light" (同)cast, contrive, throw
regard as objective (同)externalize, externalise
present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc.; "He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism"; "She proposed a new theory of relativity" (同)propose
throw, send, or cast forward; "project a missile" (同)send off
cause to be heard; "His voice projects well"
communicate vividly; "He projected his feelings"
draw a projection of
project on a screen; "The images are projected onto the screen"
the release of electrons from parent atoms
the act of emitting; causing to flow forth (同)emanation
the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)
remove the charge from
a substance that is emitted or released (同)emission
any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body; "the discharge of pus" (同)emission, expelling
electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field (同)spark, arc, electric arc, electric_discharge
the act of discharging a gun (同)firing, firing off
the act of venting (同)venting
the pouring forth of a fluid (同)outpouring, run
the sudden giving off of energy
release from military service (同)muster out
pour forth or release; "discharge liquids"
represented as leaping (rampant but leaning forward)
(military) the part of the line of battle that projects closest to the enemy
(of angles) pointing outward at an angle of less than 180 degrees
project over
projection that extends beyond or hangs over something else
be suspended over or hang over; "This huge rock beetles over the edge of the town" (同)beetle
the act of coming (or going) out; becoming apparent (同)egression, emergence
(astronomy) the reappearance of a celestial body after an eclipse (同)emersion
form or shape by forcing through an opening; "extrude steel" (同)squeeze_out

PrepTutorEJDIC

押シ出し,突き出し,追い出し
(束縛・義務などから)〈人・動物など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈矢など〉‘を'放つ,〈爆弾〉‘を'投下する;〈締めつけた物〉‘を'ゆるめて放す / 〈ニュースなど〉‘を'発表する;〈レコード・書籍など〉‘を'発売する,〈映画〉‘を'封切りする / (人に)〈権利など〉‘を'譲渡する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (束縛・義務などからの)『解放』,放免,免除《+『from』+『名』》 / (ガスなどの)放出;(爆弾の)投下;(感情の)吐露《+『of』(『to』)+『名』》 / (ニュースなどの)発表;(映画などの)封切り,(レコードなどの)発表 / (機械の)作動装置,レリーズ
…‘を'『計画する』,企画する / (ねらって)…‘を'『投げる』;…‘を'発射する / (…に)〈光・影・映像など〉‘を'投げかける,投影する,映写する;〈声〉‘を'かける《+『名』+『on』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (他の人に〈‘自分の考え・気持ち〉‘を'投げかけて伝える《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (想像して,…の時間・場所・情況などの中へ)…‘を'置いてみる《+『名』+『in』(『into』)+『名』》 / (得られた情報らよって)…‘を'予報する,予測する / 『突き出る』,出っ張る / 『計画』,企画,案 / 計画的な仕事;研究課題;(大ががりな)事業 / 《米》=housing project
〈U〉〈C〉(光・熱・液体などの)放射,放出 / 〈C〉放射物,放出物
〈船〉‘の'『荷を降ろす』;(積荷・客を)〈船〉‘から'降ろす《+『名』〈船〉+『of』+『名』〈荷〉》;(船から)〈積荷・客〉‘を'降ろす《+『名』〈荷〉+『from』+『名』〈船〉》 / (…に)…‘を'『発射する』《+『名』+『at』(『into』)+『名』》 / 〈煙・液体〉‘を'『出す』,排出する / (…から)〈人〉‘を'解放する,‘に'行くことを許す《+『名』〈人〉+『from』+『名』》 / (仕事から)〈人〉‘を'解雇する,くびにする《+『名』〈人〉+『from』+『名』》 / 〈職務・義務・約束など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する(fulfill) / 〈借金〉‘を'返済する,支払う(pay) / 〈電池など〉‘から'放電する / 〈船が〉『荷を降ろす』,荷揚げする / 〈水などが〉流れ出る,注ぐ,流出する / 〈鉄砲などが〉発射される / 放電する / 〈U〉『荷降ろし』,荷揚げ / 〈C〉発砲,発射 / 〈C〉『放出』,流出,排出;排出物 / 〈U〉解任,退出,解雇;解放,釈放 / 〈U〉(職務・義務などの)『遂行』,履行 / 〈U〉(負債の)『返済』,弁済 / 〈C〉〈U〉(電気の)放電
目立った,顕著な(prominent) / 《文》突き出した(projecting) / 凸角;(線戦・要塞などの)突出部
…‘に'おおいかぶさる,…‘の'上に張り出す / 〈危険などが〉…‘に'迫る / おおいかぶさる,張り出す,迫る / 〈C〉(建物の)張り出し;(岩棚などの)突出部
〈U〉《文》(…から)外へ出ること;外へ出る権利《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《文》(…からの)出口《+『from』+『名』》
(チューブから)〈歯磨きなど〉‘を'押し出す《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈プラスチック・金属など〉‘を'型から押し出して成形する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/08 14:06:21」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Extruded aluminium with several hollow cavities; T slots allow bars to be joined with special connectors.

Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed or pulled through a die of the desired cross-section. The two main advantages of this process over other manufacturing processes are its ability to create very complex cross-sections, and to work materials that are brittle, because the material only encounters compressive and shear stresses. It also forms parts with an excellent surface finish.^[1]

Extrusion may be continuous (theoretically producing indefinitely long material) or semi-continuous (producing many pieces). The extrusion process can be done with the material hot or cold.

Commonly extruded materials include metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete, play dough, and foodstuffs. The products of extrusion are generally called "extrudates". Drawing metal is the main way to produce wire and sheet, and bar and tube are also often drawn.

Hollow cavities within extruded material cannot be produced using a simple flat extrusion die, because there would be no way to support the center barrier of the die. Instead, the die assumes the shape of a block with depth, beginning first with a shape profile that supports the center section. The die shape then internally changes along its length into the final shape, with the suspended center pieces supported from the back of the die.

The extrusion process in metals may also increase the strength of the material.

1 History
2 Process
- 2.1 Hot extrusion
- 2.2 Cold extrusion
- 2.3 Warm extrusion
- 2.4 Extrusion defects
3 Equipment
- 3.1 Forming internal cavities
- 3.2 Direct extrusion
- 3.3 Indirect extrusion
- 3.4 Hydrostatic extrusion
- 3.5 Drives
4 Die design
5 Materials
- 5.1 Metal
- 5.2 Plastic
- 5.3 Ceramic
6 Applications
- 6.1 Food
- 6.2 Drug carriers
- 6.3 Biomass briquettes
7 See also
8 References
- 8.1 Notes
- 8.2 Bibliography
9 See also
10 External links

History

In 1797, Joseph Bramah patented the first extrusion process for making lead pipe. It involved preheating the metal and then forcing it through a die via a hand-driven plunger. The process was not further developed until 1820 when Thomas Burr constructed the first hydraulic powered press. At this time the process was called "squirting". In 1894, Alexander Dick expanded the extrusion process to copper and brass alloys.^[2]

Process

Extrusion of a round blank through a die.

The process begins by heating the stock material (for hot or warm extrusion). It is then loaded into the container in the press. A dummy block is placed behind it where the ram then presses on the material to push it out of the die. Afterward the extrusion is stretched in order to straighten it. If better properties are required then it may be heat treated or cold worked.^[2]

The extrusion ratio is defined as the starting cross-sectional area divided by the cross-sectional area of the final extrusion. One of the main advantages of the extrusion process is that this ratio can be very large while still producing quality parts.

Hot extrusion

Hot extrusion is a hot working process, which means it is done above the material's recrystallization temperature to keep the material from work hardening and to make it easier to push the material through the die. Most hot extrusions are done on horizontal hydraulic presses that range from 230 to 11,000 metric tons (250 to 12,130 short tons). Pressures range from 30 to 700 MPa (4,400 to 101,500 psi), therefore lubrication is required, which can be oil or graphite for lower temperature extrusions, or glass powder for higher temperature extrusions. The biggest disadvantage of this process is its cost for machinery and its upkeep.^[1]

Hot extrusion temperature for various metals^[1]
Material	Temperature [°C (°F)]
Magnesium	350–450 (650–850)
Aluminium	350–500 (650–900)
Copper	600–1100 (1200–2000)
Steel	1200–1300 (2200–2400)
Titanium	700–1200 (1300–2100)
Nickel	1000–1200 (1900–2200)
Refractory alloys	up to 2000 (4000)

The extrusion process is generally economical when producing between several kilograms (pounds) and many tons, depending on the material being extruded. There is a crossover point where roll forming becomes more economical. For instance, some steels become more economical to roll if producing more than 20,000 kg (50,000 lb).^[2]

Aluminium hot extrusion die
Front side of a four family die. For reference, the die is 228 mm (9.0 in) in diameter.
Close up of the shape cut into the die. Notice that the walls are drafted and that the back wall thickness varies.
Back side of die. The wall thickness of the extrusion is 3 mm (0.12 in).

Cold extrusion

Cold extrusion is done at room temperature or near room temperature. The advantages of this over hot extrusion are the lack of oxidation, higher strength due to cold working, closer tolerances, better surface finish, and fast extrusion speeds if the material is subject to hot shortness.^[1]

Materials that are commonly cold extruded include: lead, tin, aluminum, copper, zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, beryllium, vanadium, niobium, and steel.

Examples of products produced by this process are: collapsible tubes, fire extinguisher cases, shock absorber cylinders and gear blanks.

Warm extrusion

Warm extrusion is done above room temperature, but below the recrystallization temperature of the material the temperatures ranges from 800 to 1800 °F (424 to 975 °C). It is usually used to achieve the proper balance of required forces, ductility and final extrusion properties.^[3]

Extrusion defects

Surface cracking occurs when the surface of an extrusion splits. This is often caused by the extrusion temperature, friction, or speed being too high. It can also happen at lower temperatures if the extruded product temporarily sticks to the die.
Pipe – A flow pattern that draws the surface oxides and impurities to the center of the product. Such a pattern is often caused by high friction or cooling of the outer regions of the billet.
Internal cracking – When the center of the extrusion develops cracks or voids. These cracks are attributed to a state of hydrostatic tensile stress at the centerline in the deformation zone in the die. (A similar situation to the necked region in a tensile stress specimen)
Surface lines – When there are lines visible on the surface of the extruded profile. This depends heavily on the quality of the die production and how well the die is maintained, as some residues of the material extruded can stick to the die surface and produce the embossed lines.

Equipment

A horizontal hydraulic press for hot aluminum extrusion (loose dies and scrap visible in foreground)

There are many different variations of extrusion equipment. They vary by four major characteristics:^[1]

Movement of the extrusion with relation to the ram. If the die is held stationary and the ram moves towards it then it is called "direct extrusion". If the ram is held stationary and the die moves towards the ram it is called "indirect extrusion".
The position of the press, either vertical or horizontal.
The type of drive, either hydraulic or mechanical.
The type of load applied, either conventional (variable) or hydrostatic.

A single or twin screw auger, powered by an electric motor, or a ram, driven by hydraulic pressure (often used for steel and titanium alloys), oil pressure (for aluminium), or in other specialized processes such as rollers inside a perforated drum for the production of many simultaneous streams of material.

Typical extrusion presses cost more than $100,000, whereas dies can cost up to $2000.

Forming internal cavities

Two-piece aluminum extrusion die set (parts shown separated.) The male part (at right) is for forming the internal cavity in the resulting round tube extrusion.

There are several methods for forming internal cavities in extrusions. One way is to use a hollow billet and then use a fixed or floating mandrel. A fixed mandrel, also known as a German type, means it is integrated into the dummy block and stem. A floating mandrel, also known as a French type, floats in slots in the dummy block and aligns itself in the die when extruding. If a solid billet is used as the feed material then it must first be pierced by the mandrel before extruding through the die. A special press is used in order to control the mandrel independently from the ram.^[1] The solid billet could also be used with a spider die, porthole die or bridge die. All of these types of dies incorporate the mandrel in the die and have "legs" that hold the mandrel in place. During extrusion the metal divides, flows around the legs, then merges, leaving weld lines in the final product.^[4]

Direct extrusion

Plot of forces required by various extrusion processes.

Direct extrusion, also known as forward extrusion, is the most common extrusion process. It works by placing the billet in a heavy walled container. The billet is pushed through the die by a ram or screw. There is a reusable dummy block between the ram and the billet to keep them separated. The major disadvantage of this process is that the force required to extrude the billet is greater than that needed in the indirect extrusion process because of the frictional forces introduced by the need for the billet to travel the entire length of the container. Because of this the greatest force required is at the beginning of process and slowly decreases as the billet is used up. At the end of the billet the force greatly increases because the billet is thin and the material must flow radially to exit the die. The end of the billet (called the butt end) is not used for this reason.^[5]

Indirect extrusion

In indirect extrusion, also known as backwards extrusion, the billet and container move together while the die is stationary. The die is held in place by a "stem" which has to be longer than the container length. The maximum length of the extrusion is ultimately dictated by the column strength of the stem. Because the billet moves with the container the frictional forces are eliminated. This leads to the following advantages:^[6]

A 25 to 30% reduction of friction, which allows for extruding larger billets, increasing speed, and an increased ability to extrude smaller cross-sections
There is less of a tendency for extrusions to crack because there is no heat formed from friction
The container liner will last longer due to less wear
The billet is used more uniformly so extrusion defects and coarse grained peripherals zones are less likely.

The disadvantages are:^[6]

Impurities and defects on the surface of the billet affect the surface of the extrusion. These defects ruin the piece if it needs to be anodized or the aesthetics are important. In order to get around this the billets may be wire brushed, machined or chemically cleaned before being used.
This process isn't as versatile as direct extrusions because the cross-sectional area is limited by the maximum size of the stem.

Hydrostatic extrusion

In the hydrostatic extrusion process the billet is completely surrounded by a pressurized liquid, except where the billet contacts the die. This process can be done hot, warm, or cold, however the temperature is limited by the stability of the fluid used. The process must be carried out in a sealed cylinder to contain the hydrostatic medium. The fluid can be pressurized two ways:^[6]

Constant-rate extrusion: A ram or plunger is used to pressurize the fluid inside the container.
Constant-pressure extrusion: A pump is used, possibly with a pressure intensifier, to pressurize the fluid, which is then pumped to the container.

The advantages of this process include:^[6]

No friction between the container and the billet reduces force requirements. This ultimately allows for faster speeds, higher reduction ratios, and lower billet temperatures.
Usually the ductility of the material increases when high pressures are applied.
An even flow of material.
Large billets and large cross-sections can be extruded.
No billet residue is left on the container walls.

The disadvantages are:^[6]

The billets must be prepared by tapering one end to match the die entry angle. This is needed to form a seal at the beginning of the cycle. Usually the entire billet needs to be machined to remove any surface defects.
Containing the fluid under high pressures can be difficult.

Drives

Most modern direct or indirect extrusion presses are hydraulically driven, but there are some small mechanical presses still used. Of the hydraulic presses there are two types: direct-drive oil presses and accumulator water drives.

Direct-drive oil presses are the most common because they are reliable and robust. They can deliver over 35 MPa (5000 psi). They supply a constant pressure throughout the whole billet. The disadvantage is that they are slow, between 50 and 200 mm/s (2–8 ips).^[7]

Accumulator water drives are more expensive and larger than direct-drive oil presses, and they lose about 10% of their pressure over the stroke, but they are much faster, up to 380 mm/s (15 ips). Because of this they are used when extruding steel. They are also used on materials that must be heated to very hot temperatures for safety reasons.^[7]

Hydrostatic extrusion presses usually use castor oil at pressure up to 1400 MPa (200 ksi). Castor oil is used because it has good lubricity and high pressure properties.^[8]

Die design

The design of an extrusion profile has a large impact on how readily it can be extruded. The maximum size for an extrusion is determined by finding the smallest circle that will fit around the cross-section, this is called the circumscribing circle. This diameter, in turn, controls the size of the die required, which ultimately determines if the part will fit in a given press. For example, a larger press can handle 60 cm (24 in) diameter circumscribing circles for aluminium and 55 cm (22 in). diameter circles for steel and titanium.^[1]

The complexity of an extruded profile can be roughly quantified by calculating the shape factor, which is the amount of surface area generated per unit mass of extrusion. This affects the cost of tooling as well as the rate of production.^[9]

Thicker sections generally need an increased section size. In order for the material to flow properly legs should not be more than ten times longer than their thickness. If the cross-section is asymmetrical, adjacent sections should be as close to the same size as possible. Sharp corners should be avoided; for aluminium and magnesium the minimum radius should be 0.4 mm (1/64 in) and for steel corners should be 0.75 mm (0.030 in) and fillets should be 3 mm (0.12 in). The following table lists the minimum cross-section and thickness for various materials.^[1]

Material	Minimum cross-section [cm² (sq. in.)]	Minimum thickness [mm (in.)]
Carbon steels	2.5 (0.40)	3.00 (0.120)
Stainless steel	3.0–4.5 (0.45–0.70)	3.00–4.75 (0.120–0.187)
Titanium	3.0 (0.50)	3.80 (0.150)
Aluminium	< 2.5 (0.40)	1.00 (0.040)
Magnesium	< 2.5 (0.40)	1.00 (0.040)

Materials

Metal

Metals that are commonly extruded include:^[10]

Aluminium is the most commonly extruded material. Aluminium can be hot or cold extruded. If it is hot extruded it is heated to 575 to 1100 °F (300 to 600 °C). Examples of products include profiles for tracks, frames, rails, mullions, and heat sinks.
Brass is used to extrude corrosion free rods, automobile parts, pipe fittings, engineering parts.
Copper (1100 to 1825 °F (600 to 1000 °C)) pipe, wire, rods, bars, tubes, and welding electrodes. Often more than 100 ksi (690 MPa) is required to extrude copper.
Lead and tin (maximum 575 °F (300 °C)) pipes, wire, tubes, and cable sheathing. Molten lead may also be used in place of billets on vertical extrusion presses.
Magnesium (575 to 1100 °F (300 to 600 °C)) aircraft parts and nuclear industry parts. Magnesium is about as extrudable as aluminum.
Zinc (400 to 650 °F (200 to 350 °C)) rods, bar, tubes, hardware components, fitting, and handrails.
Steel (1825 to 2375 °F (1000 to 1300 °C)) rods and tracks. Usually plain carbon steel is extruded, but alloy steel and stainless steel can also be extruded.
Titanium (1100 to 1825 °F (600 to 1000 °C)) aircraft components including seat tracks, engine rings, and other structural parts.

Magnesium and aluminium alloys usually have a 0.75 µm (30 µin) RMS or better surface finish. Titanium and steel can achieve a 3 micrometres (120 µin) RMS.^[1]

In 1950, Ugine Séjournet, of France, invented a process which uses glass as a lubricant for extruding steel.^[11] The Ugine-Sejournet, or Sejournet, process is now used for other materials that have melting temperatures higher than steel or that require a narrow range of temperatures to extrude. The process starts by heating the materials to the extruding temperature and then rolling it in glass powder. The glass melts and forms a thin film, 20 to 30 mils (0.5 to 0.75 mm), in order to separate it from chamber walls and allow it to act as a lubricant. A thick solid glass ring that is 0.25 to 0.75 in (6 to 18 mm) thick is placed in the chamber on the die to lubricate the extrusion as it is forced through the die. A second advantage of this glass ring is its ability to insulate the heat of the billet from the die. The extrusion will have a 1 mil thick layer of glass, which can be easily removed once it cools.^[3]

Another breakthrough in lubrication is the use of phosphate coatings. With this process, in conjunction with glass lubrication, steel can be cold extruded. The phosphate coat absorbs the liquid glass to offer even better lubricating properties.^[3]

Plastic

Sectional view of a plastic extruder showing the components

Sectional view of how a caterpillar haul-off provides line tension

Plastics extrusion commonly uses plastic chips or pellets, which are usually dried, to drive out moisture, in a hopper before going to the feed screw. The polymer resin is heated to molten state by a combination of heating elements and shear heating from the extrusion screw. The screw, or screws as the case with twin screw extrusion, forces the resin through a die, forming the resin into the desired shape. The extrudate is cooled and solidified as it is pulled through the die or water tank. A "caterpillar haul-off" (called a "puller" in the US) is used to provide tension on the extrusion line which is essential for overall quality of the extrudate. Pelletizers can also create this tension while pulling extruded strands in to be cut. The caterpillar haul-off must provide a consistent pull; otherwise, variation in cut lengths or distorted product will result. In some cases (such as fibre-reinforced tubes) the extrudate is pulled through a very long die, in a process called "pultrusion". The configuration of the interior screws are a driving force dependent on the application. Mixing elements or convey elements are used in various formations. Extrusion is common in the application of adding colorant to molten plastic thus creating specific custom color.

A multitude of polymers are used in the production of plastic tubing, pipes, rods, rails, seals, and sheets or films.

Ceramic

Ceramic can also be formed into shapes via extrusion. Terracotta extrusion is used to produce pipes. Many modern bricks are also manufactured using a brick extrusion process.^[12]

Applications

Food

Elbow macaroni is an extruded hollow pasta.

With the advent of industrial manufacturing, extrusion found application in food processing of instant foods and snacks, along with its already known uses in plastics and metal fabrication. Products such as certain pastas, many breakfast cereals, premade cookie dough, some french fries, certain baby foods, dry or semi-moist pet food and ready-to-eat snacks are mostly manufactured by extrusion. It is also used to produce modified starch, and to pelletize animal feed.

Generally, high-temperature extrusion is used for the manufacture of ready-to-eat snacks, while cold extrusion is used for the manufacture of pasta and related products intended for later cooking and consumption. The processed products have low moisture and hence considerably higher shelf life, and provide variety and convenience to consumers.

In the extrusion process, raw materials are first ground to the correct particle size. The dry mix is passed through a pre-conditioner, in which other ingredients may be added, and steam is injected to start the cooking process. The preconditioned mix is then passed through an extruder, where it is forced through a die and cut to the desired length. The cooking process takes place within the extruder where the product produces its own friction and heat due to the pressure generated (10–20 bar). The main independent parameters during extrusion cooking are feed rate, particle size of the raw material, barrel temperature, screw speed and moisture content. The extruding process can induce both protein denaturation and starch gelatinization, depending on inputs and parameters.

Drug carriers

For use in pharmaceutical products, extrusion through nano-porous, polymeric filters is being used to produce suspensions of lipid vesicles liposomes or transfersomes with a particular size of a narrow size distribution. The anti-cancer drug Doxorubicin in liposome delivery system is formulated by extrusion, for example.

Biomass briquettes

The extrusion production technology of fuel briquettes is the process of extrusion screw wastes (straw, sunflower husks, buckwheat, etc.) or finely shredded wood waste (sawdust) under high pressure when heated from 160 to 350 °C. The resulting fuel briquettes do not include any of the binders, but one natural – the lignin contained in the cells of plant wastes. The temperature during compression causes melting of the surface of bricks, making it more solid, which is important for the transportation of briquettes.

References

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Oberg et al. 2000, pp. 1348–1349
^ ^a ^b ^c Drozda, pp. 13-11 & 13-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Avitzur, B. (1987), "Metal forming", Encyclopedia of Physical Science & Technology 8, San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 80–109
^ Drozda, pp. 13–21.
^ Drozda, p. 13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Drozda, pp. 13–14.
^ ^a ^b Drozda, pp. 13–16.
^ Drozda, pp. 13–20.
^ Aluminum Extrusion Tooling – MakeItFrom
^ Drozda, pp. 13–15 & 16.
^ Bauser, Martin; Sauer, Günther; Siegert, Klaus (2006), Extrusion, ASM International, p. 270, ISBN 0-87170-837-X
^ Brick manufacturing process

Bibliography

Drozda, Tom; Wick, Charles; Bakerjian, Ramon; Veilleux, Raymond F.; Petro, Louis (1984), Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook: Forming 2, SME, ISBN 0-87263-135-4.
Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (2000), Machinery's Handbook (26th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 0-8311-2635-3.

External links

eFunda Engineering Fundamentals - Extrusion
Extrusion cross-sectional tolerances

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English Journal

Diclofenac sodium sustained release hot melt extruded lipid matrices.

Vithani K, Cuppok Y, Mostafa S, Slipper IJ, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D.Author information University of Greenwich, School of Science , Chatham Maritime, Kent , UK .AbstractAbstract Sustained release diclofenac sodium (Df-Na) solid lipid matrices with Compritol® 888 ATO were developed in this study. The drug/lipid powders were processed via cold and hot melt extrusion at various drug loadings. The influence of the processing temperatures, drug loading and the addition of excipients on the obtained dissolution rates was investigated. The physicochemical characterization of the extruded batches showed the existence of crystalline drug in the extrudates with a small amount being solubilized in the lipid matrix. The drug content and uniformity on the tablet surface were also investigated by using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The dissolution rates were found to depend on the actual Df-Na loading and the nature of the added excipients, while the effect of the processing temperatures was negligible. The dissolution mechanism of all extruded formulations followed Peppas-Korsemeyer law, based on the estimated determination coefficients and the dissolution constant rates, indicating drug diffusion from the lipid matrices.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Aug;19(5):531-8. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.805775. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
Abstract Sustained release diclofenac sodium (Df-Na) solid lipid matrices with Compritol® 888 ATO were developed in this study. The drug/lipid powders were processed via cold and hot melt extrusion at various drug loadings. The influence of the processing temperatures, drug loading and the addition
PMID 23763447

Bound phenolics in foods, a review.

Acosta-Estrada BA1, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA2, Serna-Saldívar SO1.Author information 1Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, School of Biotechnology and Foods, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 64849, Mexico.2Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, School of Biotechnology and Foods, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 64849, Mexico. Electronic address: jagu@itesm.mx.AbstractAmong phytochemicals, phenolic compounds have been extensively researched due to their diverse health benefits. Phenolic compounds occur mostly as soluble conjugates and insoluble forms, covalently bound to sugar moieties or cell wall structural components. Absorption mechanisms for bound phenolic compounds in the gastrointestinal tract greatly depend on the liberation of sugar moieties. Food processes such as fermentation, malting, thermoplastic extrusion or enzymatic, alkaline and acid hydrolyses occasionally assisted with microwave or ultrasound have potential to release phenolics associated to cell walls. Different kinds of wet chemistry methodologies to release and detect bound phenolic have been developed. These include harsh heat treatments, chemical modifications or biocatalysis. New protocols for processing and determining phenolics in food matrices must be devised in order to release bound phenolics and for quality control in the growing functional food industry.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:46-55. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.093. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
Among phytochemicals, phenolic compounds have been extensively researched due to their diverse health benefits. Phenolic compounds occur mostly as soluble conjugates and insoluble forms, covalently bound to sugar moieties or cell wall structural components. Absorption mechanisms for bound phenolic c
PMID 24444905

Modelling and optimisation of enzymatic extrusion pretreatment of broken rice for rice wine manufacture.

Li H1, Wei B1, Wu C2, Zhang B1, Xu X3, Jin Z4, Tian Y5.Author information 1The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.2School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.3School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.4The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. Electronic address: jinlab2008@yahoo.com.5The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. Electronic address: yqtian@jiangnan.edu.cn.AbstractThe manufacture of Chinese rice wine involves an uneconomical, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly pretreatment process. In this study, the enzymatic extrusion of broken rice was applied to the brewing of rice wine. The response surface methodology was used to study the effects of the barrel temperature (BT), moisture content (MC), and amylase concentration (AC) on the alcohol yield. A second-order polynomial model had a good fit to the experimental data and the coefficient of determination (R(2)) was 0.9879. According to the model, the optimal parameters required to obtain the highest alcoholic degree of 17.94% were: BT=100.14°C, MC=43%, and AC=1.45‰. Under these optimal conditions, the alcoholic degree actually reached 18.3%, which was close to the value predicted by the model. Enzymatic extrusion improved the yeast growth and alcohol yield during the fermentation process. The fermentation recovery and efficiency of processed rice wine were 38.07% and 94.66%, respectively.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 May 1;150:94-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.146. Epub 2013 Nov 4.
The manufacture of Chinese rice wine involves an uneconomical, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly pretreatment process. In this study, the enzymatic extrusion of broken rice was applied to the brewing of rice wine. The response surface methodology was used to study the effects of the bar
PMID 24360424

Evaluation of hot-melt extrusion technique in the preparation of HPC matrices for prolonged release.

Loreti G1, Maroni A1, Del Curto MD1, Melocchi A1, Gazzaniga A1, Zema L2.Author information 1Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy.2Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: lucia.zema@unimi.it.AbstractThe aim of the work was to explore the potential of hot-melt extrusion (HME) for preparing hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-based prolonged-release matrices intended for oral administration. For this purpose, compressed and extruded systems, either composed of polymer only or containing different amounts of a model drug (theophylline or ketoprofen), were compared. The overall morphological/physical changes of the systems following interaction with water indicated that the manufacturing process would not exert a major influence on the swelling behavior of the polymeric matrices. On the other hand, the release rate was generally higher from HME systems probably due to an increase of the drug dissolution rate, which is in agreement with the relevant DSC data (loss of drug cristallinity). However, the technological characteristics of the matrices and the maximum drug load were demonstrated to depend on the mode of interaction of the active ingredient with the molten polymer. In this respect, the formation of a composite material from ketoprofen and HPC, when mixed in specific ratios, was supposed to explain the differences observed between compressed and extruded systems in terms of morphological characteristics, hydration/swelling and release. The obtained results support the possibility of exploiting the advantages offered by HME technique, above all the potential for continuous manufacturing, in the preparation of prolonged-release swellable matrices based on a cellulose derivative.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.Eur J Pharm Sci.2014 Feb 14;52:77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.014. Epub 2013 Nov 6.
The aim of the work was to explore the potential of hot-melt extrusion (HME) for preparing hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-based prolonged-release matrices intended for oral administration. For this purpose, compressed and extruded systems, either composed of polymer only or containing different amoun
PMID 24211649