external ear

外耳

WordNet

1. purely outward or superficial; "external composure"; "an external concern for reputation"- A.R.Gurney,Jr.
2. outward features; "he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion"
3. coming from the outside; "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph"; "relying upon an extraneous income"; "disdaining outside pressure groups" (同)extraneous, outside
4. from or between other countries; "external commerce"; "international trade"; "developing nations need outside help" (同)international, outside
5. happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface; "the external auditory canal"; "external pressures"
6. fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn (同)spike, capitulum
7. attention to what is said; "he tried to get her ear"
8. good hearing; "he had a keen ear"; "a good ear for pitch"
9. the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium
10. having ears (or appendages resembling ears) or having ears of a specified kind; often used in combination
11. a nonresident doctor or medical student; connected with a hospital but not living there (同)medical extern
12. the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『外側の』,外部の / (作用・動作などが)『外側からの』,外部からの / 表面上の,見せかけの / 体外の;体外用の / 外国の(foreign) / (…の)外観,外形《+『of』+『名』》
2. 〈C〉『耳』 / 《単数形で》『聴覚』,聴力,音感 / 《単数形で》じっと聞くこと,傾聴 / 〈C〉耳の形をした物
3. (麦・とうもろこしなどの)穂
4. (水さしなど)取っ手のある;(毛皮など)耳のついた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/06 08:40:39」(JST)

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Outer ear
External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side.
The auricula. Lateral surface.
Details
Latin	auris externa
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1033
MeSH	A09.246.272
Dorlands /Elsevier	Outer ear
TA	A15.3.01.001
FMA	52781
Anatomical terminology

This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the
Human ear
Outer ear Pinna Tragus
Middle ear Tympanic membrane Ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes
Inner ear Vestibules Utricle Saccule Cochlea Semicircular canals
See also Development of the ears Anatomical terminology

The outer ear is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the pinna and external auditory meatus. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

Structure

Pinna

Main article: pinna (anatomy)

The visible part is called the pinna, also known as the auricle. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the external acoustic meatus by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares muscles) in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction in much the same way that they can turn their eyes. Most humans, unlike most other mammals, do not have this ability.

Ear canal

Main article: Ear canal

From the pinna the sound pressure waves move into the ear canal, also known as the external acoustic meatus a simple tube running through the middle ear. This tube leads inward from the bottom of the auricula and conducts the vibrations to the tympanic cavity and amplifies frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 12 kHz.

Muscles

Intrinsic muscles

Intrinsic muscles of external ear
The muscles of the auricula
Details
Nerve	Facial nerve
Actions	Undeveloped in humans
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1035
TA	A15.3.01.001
FMA	52781
Anatomical terms of muscle

The intrinsic muscles of the external ear are the:

• The helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward.
• The helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis.
• The tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus.
• The antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix.
• The transverse muscle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna. It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha.
• The oblique muscle also on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it.

Extrinsic muscles

Auricular muscles
The muscles of the pinna
Auricular muscles in context with the other facial muscles
Details
Latin	Musculi auriculares
Origin	Galeal aponeurosis
Insertion	Front of the helix, cranial surface of the pinna
Artery	Posterior auricular artery
Nerve	Facial nerve
Actions	Undeveloped in humans (wiggle ears)
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1035
TA	A15.3.01.001
FMA	52781
Anatomical terms of muscle

The auricular muscles (or extrinsic muscles) are the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear:

• anterior auricular muscle
• superior auricular muscle
• posterior auricular muscle

The superior muscles is the largest of the three, followed by the posterior and the anterior.

In some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna. In humans these muscles possess very little action. The auricularis anterior draws the auricula forward and upward; the Auricularis superior slightly raises it; and the Auricularis posterior draws it backward.

Function

One consequence of the configuration of the outer ear is selectively to boost the sound pressure 30- to 100-fold for frequencies around 3 kHz. This amplification makes humans most sensitive to frequencies in this range — and also explains why they are particularly prone to acoustical injury and hearing loss near this frequency. Most human speech sounds are also distributed in the bandwidth around 3 kHz.

Clinical significance

Malformations of the external ear can be a consequence of hereditary disease, or exposure to environmental factors such as radiation, infection. Such defects include:

• A preauricular fistula, which is a long narrow tube, usually near the tragus. This can be inherited as an autosomal recessive fashion]] and may suffer from chronic infection in later life.
• Cosmetic defects, such as very large ears, small ears.
• Malformation that may lead to functional impairment, such as atresia of the external auditory meatus or aplasia of the pinna,
• Genetic syndromes, which include:
  • Konigsmark syndrome, characterised by small ears and atresia of the external auditory canal, causing conductive hearing loss and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
  • Goldenhar syndrome, a combination of developmental abnormalities affecting the ears, eyes, bones of the skull, and vertebra, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
  • Treacher Collins syndrome, characterised by dysplasia of the auricle, atresia of the bony part of the autiory canal, hypoplasia of the auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity, and 'mixed' deafness (both sensorineural and conductive), inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
  • Crouzon syndrome, characterised by bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. .

Surgery

Usually, malformations are treated with surgery, although artificial prostheses are also sometimes used.

• Preauricular fistulas are generally not treated unless chronically inflammed .
• Cosmetic defects without functional impairment are generally repaired after ages 6–7.

If malformations are accompanied by hearing loss amenable to correction, then the early use of hearing aids may prevent complete hearing loss.

References

This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 外耳炎：病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 external otitis pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis
• 2. 耳介血腫およびカリフラワー耳の評価およびマネージメント assessment and management of auricular hematoma and cauliflower ear
• 3. 外耳炎：治療 external otitis treatment
• 4. 小児における耳痛の評価 evaluation of earache in children
• 5. 小児における耳漏（耳だれ）の評価 evaluation of otorrhea ear discharge in children

English Journal

• Effect of low-intensity focused ultrasound on the middle ear in a mouse model of acute otitis media.

• Noda K, Hirano T, Noda K, Kodama S, Ichimiya I, Suzuki M.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
• Ultrasound in medicine & biology.Ultrasound Med Biol.2013 Mar;39(3):413-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.10.003. Epub 2013 Jan 11.
• We hypothesized that low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) increases vessel permeability and antibacterial drug activity in the mouse middle ear. We determined appropriate settings by applying LIFU to mouse ears with the external auditory canal filled with normal saline and performed histologic an
• PMID 23312959

• Profiling drug-induced cell death pathways in the zebrafish lateral line.

• Coffin AB, Williamson KL, Mamiya A, Raible DW, Rubel EW.SourceVirginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Box 357923, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA, allison.coffin@wsu.edu.
• Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death.Apoptosis.2013 Feb 15. [Epub ahead of print]
• Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important process in development and disease, as it allows the body to rid itself of unwanted or damaged cells. However, PCD pathways can also be activated in otherwise healthy cells. One such case occurs in sensory hair cells of the inner ear following exposure to
• PMID 23413197

Japanese Journal

• 第一鰓裂性瘻孔の2例

• 坂東 伸幸,後藤 孝
• 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(9), 875-881, 2012-09-01
• NAID 10031012353

• 一側の小耳症ならびに外耳道閉鎖症とともに

• 小森 正博
• Otology Japan 22(3), 219-222, 2012-07-25
• NAID 10030959034

Related Links

• external earの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

external earとは。意味や和訳。外耳. - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる辞書検索サービスです。 ... 辞書すべて 国語 類語 英和 和英 中日 日中 ※「説明文に含む」「見出し語に含む」検索は休止中 ...

• The External Ear - Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body ...

The External Ear The external ear consists of the expanded portion named the auricula or pinna, and the external acoustic meatus. The former projects from the side of the head and serves to collect the vibrations of the air by which ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「外耳」「outer ear」「auris externa」
拡張検索	「conductive deafness-malformed external ears syndrome」
関連記事	「external」「EAR」「ear」

「外耳」

　　[★]

英

external ear

ラ

auris externa

• 外界からの音を鼓膜まで伝える部分

「outer ear」

　　[★]

外耳

関

auris externa、external ear

「auris externa」

　　[★]

外耳

関

external ear、outer ear

「conductive deafness-malformed external ears syndrome」

　　[★] 伝音難聴・外耳奇形症候群

「external」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 外部の、外側の、外の

関

exo、exterior、externally、extra、lateral、laterale、lateralis、laterally、outer、outside

　 　 　 　 　 　

「EAR」

　　[★]

• estimated average requirement
• 過剰絶対リスク excess absolute risk

「ear」

　　[★]

• n.

• 耳