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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/02 11:01:02」(JST)

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Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward.^[1] During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another.^[2]

Prevalence

Exophoria is particularly common in infancy and childhood, and increases with age.^[3]^{[clarification needed]}

Cause

Exophoria can be caused by several factors, which include:

Refractive errors - distance and near deviation approximately equal.
Divergence excess - exodeviation is more than 15 dioptres greater for distance than near deviation.
Convergence insufficiency - near exodeviation greater than distance deviation.

These can be due to nerve, muscle, or congenital problems, or due to mechanical anomalies. Unlike exotropia, fusion is possible in this condition, causing diplopia to be uncommon.

References

^ Allen, Edmund Turney (1899). The science of higher prisms. Harvard University: G. K. Hazlitt 6 Co., printer. p. 39.
^ Grosvenor, Theodore (2007). Primary Care Optometry 5th Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7506-7575-8.
^ Freier BE, Pickwell LD (1983). "Physiological exophoria". Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 3: 267–272. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1983.tb00613.x.

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1. 小児における水平斜視の原因 causes of horizontal strabismus in children
2. 小児における斜視の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of strabismus in children
3. 複視の概要 overview of diplopia
4. 小児における第3脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in children
5. 核間性眼筋麻痺 internuclear ophthalmoparesis

English Journal

Magnetic resonance imaging of bilateral split lateral rectus transposition to the medial globe.

Chaudhuri Z1, Demer JL.
Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.2015 Sep;253(9):1587-90. doi: 10.1007/s00417-015-3071-6. Epub 2015 Jul 2.
PURPOSE: Medial transposition of the split or intact lateral rectus (LR) muscle in oculomotor palsy improves extreme exotropia. We studied rectus pulley positions using high-resolution surface coil MRI before and after LR split with medial transposition surgery in a patient with bilateral oculomotor
PMID 26134306

Strabismus.

Gunton KB1, Wasserman BN2, DeBenedictis C2.
Primary care.Prim Care.2015 Sep;42(3):393-407. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 Jul 7.
Defining the type of strabismus creates a framework for work-up and management. Comitant esotropia is most commonly a childhood condition treated with glasses and surgery. Comitant exotropia is often a childhood condition that may require surgical correction. Microvascular disease is the most common
PMID 26319345

Neurological Involvement and Hepatocellular Injury Caused by a Snake With Hematotoxin Envenomation.

Sontichai W1, Reungrongrat S1, Narongchai P2, Natesirinilkul R3.
Wilderness & environmental medicine.Wilderness Environ Med.2015 Sep;26(3):366-70. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.02.006. Epub 2015 Apr 15.
Venomous snakes with hematotoxin-Russell's viper (Daboia spp), Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma), and green pit viper (Cryptelytrops albolabris and C macrops, previously named Trimeresurus spp) are commonly found in Thailand. Coagulation factor activation, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinolys
PMID 25890858

Japanese Journal

斜視の視能訓練療法 (特集斜視治療アップデート)

眼科 58(3), 279-284, 2016-03
NAID 40020767370

乳児外斜視に対する治療経験

日本視能訓練士協会誌 45(0), 253-258, 2016
NAID 130005397722

内よせ調節緊張症に対する屈折力の中和法の検討

日本視能訓練士協会誌 45(0), 221-227, 2016
NAID 130005397688

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