WordNet

in an aroused state
not excited; "made an unexcited appraisal of the situation"
with excitement; in an excited manner; "she shook his hand excitedly"
unduly excited
produce a magnetic field in; "excite the neurons"
raise to a higher energy level; "excite the atoms" (同)energize, energise
arouse or elicit a feeling

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興奮した
〈人〉‘を'『興奮させる』 / 〈物事が〉〈ある感情・興味など〉‘を'『起こさせる』 / 〈体の器官〉‘を'刺激する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/04 06:55:45」(JST)

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After absorbing energy, an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher energy excited state.

Excitations of copper 3d orbitals on the CuO2-plane of a high Tc superconductor; The ground state (blue) is x2-y2 orbitals; the excited orbitals are in green; the arrows illustrate inelastic x-ray spectroscopy

Excitation is an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state. In physics there is a specific technical definition for energy level which is often associated with an atom being raised to an excited state.

In quantum mechanics an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum). The temperature of a group of particles is indicative of the level of excitation (with the notable exception of systems that exhibit Negative temperature).

The lifetime of a system in an excited state is usually short: spontaneous or induced emission of a quantum of energy (such as a photon or a phonon) usually occurs shortly after the system is promoted to the excited state, returning the system to a state with lower energy (a less excited state or the ground state). This return to a lower energy level is often loosely described as decay and is the inverse of excitation.

Long-lived excited states are often called metastable. Long-lived nuclear isomers and singlet oxygen are two examples of this.

Atomic excitation

A simple example of this concept comes by considering the hydrogen atom.

The ground state of the hydrogen atom corresponds to having the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbit (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wavefunction, which has the lowest possible quantum numbers). By giving the atom additional energy (for example, by the absorption of a photon of an appropriate energy), the electron is able to move into an excited state (one with one or more quantum numbers greater than the minimum possible). If the photon has too much energy, the electron will cease to be bound to the atom, and the atom will become ionised.

After excitation the atom may return to the ground state or a lower excited state, by emitting a photon with a characteristic energy. Emission of photons from atoms in various excited states leads to an electromagnetic spectrum showing a series of characteristic emission lines (including, in the case of the hydrogen atom, the Lyman, Balmer, Paschen and Brackett series.)

An atom in a high excited state is termed Rydberg atom. A system of highly excited atoms can form a long-lived condensed excited state e.g. a condensed phase made completely of excited atoms: Rydberg matter. Hydrogen can also be excited by heat or electricity.

Perturbed gas excitation

A collection of molecules forming a gas can be considered in an excited state if one or more molecules are elevated to kinetic energy levels such that the resulting velocity distribution departs from the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution. This phenomenon has been studied in the case of a two-dimensional gas in some detail, analyzing the time taken to relax to equilibrium.

Calculation of excited states

Excited states are often calculated using Coupled cluster, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, Multi-configurational self-consistent field, Configuration interaction,^[1] and Time-dependent density functional theory. These calculations are more difficult than non-excited state calculations.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Reaction

A further consequence is reaction of the atom in the excited state, as in photochemistry. Excited states give rise to chemical reaction.

References

^ Hehre, Warren J. (2003). A Guide to Molecular Mechanics and Quantum Chemical Calculations (PDF). Irvine, California: Wavefunction, Inc. ISBN 1-890661-06-6.
^ Glaesemann, Kurt R.; Govind, Niranjan; Krishnamoorthy, Sriram; Kowalski, Karol (2010). "EOMCC, MRPT, and TDDFT Studies of Charge Transfer Processes in Mixed-Valence Compounds: Application to the Spiro Molecule". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 114 (33): 8764–8771. doi:10.1021/jp101761d. PMID 20540550.
^ Dreuw, Andreas; Head-Gordon, Martin (2005). "Single-Reference ab Initio Methods for the Calculation of Excited States of Large Molecules". Chemical Reviews 105 (11): 4009–37. doi:10.1021/cr0505627. PMID 16277369.
^ Knowles, Peter J.; Werner, Hans-Joachim (1992). "Internally contracted multiconfiguration-reference configuration interaction calculations for excited states". Theoretica Chimica Acta 84: 95. doi:10.1007/BF01117405.
^ Foresman, James B.; Head-Gordon, Martin; Pople, John A.; Frisch, Michael J. (1992). "Toward a systematic molecular orbital theory for excited states". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 96: 135. doi:10.1021/j100180a030.
^ Glaesemann, Kurt R.; Gordon, Mark S.; Nakano, Haruyuki (1999). "A study of FeCO+ with correlated wavefunctions". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1 (6): 967–975. Bibcode:1999PCCP....1..967G. doi:10.1039/a808518h.

External links

Picture of a hydrogen atom changing from ground state to an excited state
NASA background information on ground and excited states

UpToDate Contents

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5. 医療用レーザーの基本原則 basic principles of medical lasers

English Journal

Quantum dots sensitized titanium dioxide decorated reduced graphene oxide for visible light excited photoelectrochemical biosensing at a low potential.

Zeng X1, Bao J1, Han M1, Tu W1, Dai Z2.Author information 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.2Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China. Electronic address: daizhihuii@njnu.edu.cn.AbstractA low potential and competitive photoelectrochemical biosensing platform was developed using quantum dots sensitized titanium dioxide decorated reduced graphene oxide (TiO2-RGO) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared through electrostatic interaction between mercaptoacetic acid wrapped CdSe quantum dots with negative charge and TiO2-RGO hybrids with positive charge obtained via ultrasonic and acid treatments. Electron microscopes and spectroscopes were used to characterize the functionalized nanocomposites films of CdSe/TiO2-RGO, and the fabrication process of the photoelectrochemical biosensor. Based on the high photovoltaic conversion efficiency of CdSe/TiO2-RGO nanocomposites films, after introducing biological recognition and competitive immunoreaction, a low potential and competitive photoelectrochemical biosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection was fabricated. The synergic effect of horseradish peroxide and benzo-4-chlorohexadienone decreased the background signal, leading to signal amplification. Under the light irradiation of 430nm and the applied potential of 0V, the biosensor detected CEA with a linear range from 0.003 to 100ngmL(-1) and the detection limit was estimated to be 1.38pgmL(-1) at a S/N of 3. It was satisfactory for clinical sample detection. The proposed competitive and low potential photoelectrochemical biosensor under irradiation of visible light exhibited good performance, which has a promising prospect in clinical diagnose.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Apr 15;54:331-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.057. Epub 2013 Nov 4.
A low potential and competitive photoelectrochemical biosensing platform was developed using quantum dots sensitized titanium dioxide decorated reduced graphene oxide (TiO2-RGO) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared through electrostatic interaction between mercaptoacetic acid wrapped CdS
PMID 24291752

FRET-based dimeric aptamer probe for selective and sensitive Lup an 1 allergen detection.

Mairal T1, Nadal P1, Svobodova M2, O'Sullivan CK3.Author information 1Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.2Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain. Electronic address: marketa.svobodova@urv.cat.3Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avancats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: ciara.osullivan@urv.cat.AbstractA sensitive method for the rapid and sensitive detection of the anaphylactic food allergen Lup an 1 (β-conglutin) exploiting fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been developed. A high affinity dimeric form of a truncated 11-mer aptamer against β-conglutin was used, with each monomeric aptamer being flanked by donor/acceptor moieties. The dimeric form in the absence of target yields fluorescence emission due to the FRET from the excited fluorophore to the proximal second fluorophore. However, upon addition of β-conglutin, the specific interaction induces a change in the bi-aptameric structure resulting in an increase in fluorescence emission. The method is highly specific and sensitive, with a detection limit of 150pM, providing an effective tool for the direct detection of the toxic β-conglutin subunit in foodstuffs in just 1min at room temperature.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Apr 15;54:207-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.070. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
A sensitive method for the rapid and sensitive detection of the anaphylactic food allergen Lup an 1 (β-conglutin) exploiting fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been developed. A high affinity dimeric form of a truncated 11-mer aptamer against β-conglutin was used, with each monomeri
PMID 24280051

Tryptophan 19 residue is the origin of bovine β-lactoglobulin fluorescence.

Albani JR1, Vogelaer J2, Bretesche L2, Kmiecik D2.Author information 1Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France. Electronic address: Jihad-Rene.Albani@univ-lille1.fr.2Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France.Abstractβ-Lactoglobulin consists of a single polypeptide of 162 amino acid residues with 2 Trp residues, Trp 19 present in a hydrophobic pocket and Trp 61 present at the surface of the protein near the pocket. This study aimed to characterize the respective contribution of the two Trp residues to the overall fluorescence of the protein. We added for that calcofluor white, an extrinsic fluorophore, which, at high concentration compared to that of the protein, quenches completely emission of hydrophobic Trp residue(s). The study was performed at different pHs by recording fluorescence steady state spectra and measuring fluorescence lifetimes of the Trp-residues using Single Time Photon Counting method. Our results indicate that addition of calcofluor white does not induce a red shift of the tryptophan(s) emission peak (332nm) but only a decrease in the fluorescence intensity. This means that Trp 61 residue does not contribute to the protein emission, tryptophan emission occurs from Trp 19 residue only. Also, excitation spectrum peak position (283nm) of β-lactoglobulin is not modified upon calcofluor white binding. These results mean that structural rearrangements within β-lactoglobulin are not occurring upon calcofluor white binding. Energy transfer between Trp 19 residue and calcofluor white occurs with 100% efficiency, i.e. the two fluorophores are very close one to each other (<5Å). This energy transfer is not Forster type. Fluorescence intensity decay of Trp 19 residue occurs with three lifetimes, equal to 0.48, 1.49 and 4.29ns at pH 2 (monomeric state). Very close values were obtained at the different studied pHs (2-12) and where β-lactoglobulin is at different quaternary structure or present in solution in a mixture of dimers and monomers. Our data are interpreted as the results of emission occurring from different substructures of the tryptophan, reached at the excited state. The populations of these substructures characterized by the pre-exponential parameters of the fluorescence lifetimes are dependent on the microenvironment of the fluorophore and on the local protein structure.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2014 Mar 25;91:144-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.015. Epub 2014 Jan 3.
β-Lactoglobulin consists of a single polypeptide of 162 amino acid residues with 2 Trp residues, Trp 19 present in a hydrophobic pocket and Trp 61 present at the surface of the protein near the pocket. This study aimed to characterize the respective contribution of the two Trp residues to the overa
PMID 24463042

Japanese Journal

Improvement of Bending Vibration Suppression Performance for Galvano Mirror by Self-Sensing Actuation

Seki Kenta,Iwasaki Makoto
IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications 3(1), 10-17, 2014
… However, mechanical resonant vibrations of the mirror, which are excited by the moment force during positioning, lead to residual vibrations after positioning; …
NAID 130003388500

紫外光励起による単結晶ダイヤモンドの研磨メカニズムに関する研究

峠睦,長野拓義,田川智彦,坂本武司,横井裕之,岩本知広,渡邉純二
精密工学会誌 80(1), 112-116, 2014
… The ultraviolet rays excited polishing of single crystal diamond substrates has been studied in our laboratory. …
NAID 130003385047

蛍光プローブの分子設計法と新規蛍光団母核の開発

長野哲雄
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 134(1), 89-103, 2014
… This review deals with the general principles for the design of bioimaging fluorescent probes by modulating the fluorescence properties of fluorophores, employing mechanisms such as acceptor-excited photoinduced electron transfer (a-PeT), donor-excited photoinduced electron transfer (d-PeT), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and spirocyclization. …
NAID 130003382314

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