WordNet

being easily excited (同)excitableness, volatility
excessive sensitivity of an organ or body part (同)irritability
drive out or away by or as if by fire; "The soldiers were fired"; "Surrender fires the cold skepticism"
the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke; "fire was one of our ancestors first discoveries" (同)flame, flaming
bake in a kiln so as to harden; "fire pottery"
fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking; "put the kettle on the fire"; "barbecue over an open fire"
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy; "hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes"; "they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire" (同)firing
a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning; "they sat by the fire and talked"
intense adverse criticism; "Clinton directed his fire at the Republican Party"; "the government has come under attack"; "dont give me any flak" (同)attack, flak, flack, blast
a severe trial; "he went through fire and damnation"
the event of something burning (often destructive); "they lost everything in the fire"
cause to go off; "fire a gun"; "fire a bullet" (同)discharge
go off or discharge; "The gun fired" (同)discharge, go_off
produce a magnetic field in; "excite the neurons"
raise to a higher energy level; "excite the atoms" (同)energize, energise
arouse or elicit a feeling
the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up; "his face was flushed with excitement and his hands trembled"; "he tried to calm those who were in a state of extreme inflammation" (同)excitation, inflammation, fervor, fervour
stimulating interest and discussion; "an exciting novel"
creating or arousing excitement; "an exciting account of her trip"
the neural or electrical arousal of an organ or muscle or gland (同)innervation, irritation
something that agitates and arouses; "he looked forward to the excitements of the day" (同)excitement

PrepTutorEJDIC

すぐのぼせあがる(かっとなる)性質
『火』,炎 / 〈C〉『燃えているもの』,炉火,たき火 / 〈C〉〈U〉『火事』,火災 / 〈U〉(火のような)熱情,情熱 / 〈U〉(鉄砲などの)発射,射撃,砲火 / 〈炉など〉‘に'『燃料をくべる』,‘の'火をたく《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘に'『火を付ける』,‘を'燃やす / 〈陶器など〉‘を'焼く,焼いて作る / (…に向けて)〈銃砲など〉‘を'撃つ,〈弾丸・ロケットなど〉‘を'発射する《+『off』+『名』(+『名』+『off』)+『at』+『名』》 / (…で)〈感情など〉‘を'燃え立たせる,〈人〉‘を'興奮させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《話》(…)〈石・ボールなど〉‘を'投げつける,〈質問・批評など〉‘を'浴びせる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / 《話》(…から)〈人〉‘を'首にする,解雇する(dismiss)《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…に向かって)〈人が〉『発砲する』,〈銃などが〉発射される《+『名』+『at(into,on,upon』)+『名』》
〈人〉‘を'『興奮させる』 / 〈物事が〉〈ある感情・興味など〉‘を'『起こさせる』 / 〈体の器官〉‘を'刺激する
〈U〉『興奮』,動揺 / 〈C〉興奮させるもの(事),刺激物
(物事が)『興奮させる』

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/30 22:33:52」(JST)

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This single EPSP does not sufficiently depolarize the membrane to generate an action potential.

The summation of these three EPSPs generates an action potential.

In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-gated ion channels. They are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell. A postsynaptic potential is defined as excitatory if it makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC).

EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential.

Overview

EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Many of these receptors contain an ion channel capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called ionotropic receptors). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current. This depolarizing current causes an increase in membrane potential, the EPSP.

Excitatory molecules

The neurotransmitter most often associated with EPSPs is the amino acid glutamate, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates.^[1] Its ubiquity at excitatory synapses has led to it being called the excitatory neurotransmitter. In some invertebrates, glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction.^[2]^[3] In the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates, EPP (end-plate potentials) are mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is also the main transmitter in the central nervous system of invertebrates.^{[citation needed]} At the same time, GABA is the most common neurotransmitter associated with IPSPs in the brain. However, classifying neurotransmitters as such is technically incorrect, as there are several other synaptic factors that help determine a neurotransmitter's excitatory or inhibitory effects.

Miniature EPSPs and quantal analysis

The release of neurotransmitter vesicles from the presynaptic cell is probabilistic. In fact, even without stimulation of the presynaptic cell, a single vesicle will occasionally be released into the synapse, generating miniature EPSPs (mEPSPs). Bernard Katz pioneered the study of these mEPSPs at the neuromuscular junction (often called miniature end-plate potentials^[4]) in 1951, revealing the quantal nature of synaptic transmission. Quantal size can then be defined as the synaptic response to the release of neurotransmitter from a single vesicle, while quantal content is the number of effective vesicles released in response to a nerve impulse.^{[citation needed]} Quantal analysis refers to the methods used to deduce, for a particular synapse, how many quanta of transmitter are released and what the average effect of each quantum is on the target cell, measured in terms of amount of ions flowing (charge) or change in the membrane potential.^[5]

Field EPSPs

EPSPs are usually recorded using intracellular electrodes. The extracellular signal from a single neuron is extremely small and thus next to impossible to record in the human brain. However, in some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, neurons are arranged in such a way that they all receive synaptic inputs in the same area. Because these neurons are in the same orientation, the extracellular signals from synaptic excitation don't cancel out, but rather add up to give a signal that can easily be recorded with a field electrode. This extracellular signal recorded from a population of neurons is the field potential. In studies of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), figures are often given showing the field EPSP (fEPSP) in stratum radiatum of CA1 in response to Schaffer collateral stimulation. This is the signal seen by an extracellular electrode placed in the layer of apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. The Schaffer collaterals make excitatory synapses onto these dendrites, and so when they are activated, there is a current sink in stratum radiatum: the field EPSP. The voltage deflection recorded during a field EPSP is negative-going, while an intracellularly recorded EPSP is positive-going. This difference is due to the relative flow of ions (primarily the sodium ion) into the cell, which, in the case of the field EPSP is away from the electrode, while for an intracellular EPSPs it is towards the electrode. After a field EPSP, the extracellular electrode may record another change in electrical potential named the population spike which corresponds to the population of cells firing action potentials (spiking). In other regions than CA1 of the hippocampus, the field EPSP may be far more complex and harder to interpret as the source and sinks are far less defined. In regions such as the striatum, neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA and others may also be released and further complicate the interpretation.

References

^ Meldrum, BS (Apr 2000). "Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology.". The Journal of nutrition 130 (4S Suppl): 1007S–15S. PMID 10736372.
^ Keshishian, H; Broadie K; Chiba A; Bate M (1996). "The Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction: A Model System for Studying Synaptic Development and Function". Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 19: 545–575. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002553. PMID 8833454.
^ Samoilova, MV; Frolova, EV; Potapjeva, NN; Fedorova, IM; Gmiro, VE; Magazanik, LG (September 1997). "Channel blocking drugs as tools to study glutamate receptors in insect muscles and molluscan neurons". Invertebrate Neuroscience 3 (2–3): 117–126. doi:10.1007/BF02480366. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Functionally, mEPSPs and miniature end-plate potentials (mEPPs) are identical. The name end-plate potential is used since Katz's studies were performed on the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber component of which is commonly called the motor end-plate.
^ "2001-2002 M.R. Bauer Foundation Colloquium Series". Bio.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-22.

External links

Quantal transmission at neuromuscular synapses

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, , ,
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「fire」「興奮」「exciting」「興奮性」「excite」
拡張検索	「excitatory amino acid agonist」「excitatory neurotoxin」「excitatory amino acid」「excitatory synaptic transmission」