eve

同

even-skipped遺伝子

　 　 　

WordNet

1. the day before; "he always arrives on the eve of her departure"
2. the period immediately before something; "on the eve of the French Revolution"
3. (Old Testament) Adams wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adams rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden
4. the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (祝祭日の)『前夜』,前日 / 《the~》(重要な事の)直前《+『of』+『名』》
2. イブ,エバ(神が創造した人類最初の女性;Adamの妻)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/10 00:35:20」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

Eve
ルーカス・クラナッハによるアダムとイヴ
生誕	3760 BC (ユダヤ暦) 4004 BC (アッシャーの年表) エデンの園
死没	2820 BC (ユダヤ暦) [aged 940] 3064 BC (アッシャーの年表) 不明
配偶者	アダム
子供	カイン アベル セト その他

イヴ(Eve、ヘブライ語: חַוָּה‎ Ḥawwāh、ハヴァ、アラビア語: حواء‎ Hawwā、ハッワー、ギリシア語: Ευά、エウア)は、旧約聖書において、人（アダム）の妻として彼の肋骨から神が創造した女性に、人（アダム）が付けた名。なお、キリスト教新共同訳聖書並びに口語訳聖書においては「エバ」と表記されている女性の名の異称である。ユダヤ教、キリスト教、イスラム教で重要な人物とされている。彼女は蛇の誘惑に負け、神の命令に逆らって知恵の木の禁断の果実をアダムとともに食べてしまった。その結果、彼女達はエデンの園を追放され、原罪を受けた。

名前と起源

イヴという名前は、「呼吸をする」という意味のchavah（ハヴァ）や「生きる」という意味のchayah（ハヤー）に由来する。彼女の名前は、エバとして、旧約聖書に2度、新約聖書に2度、カトリック教会と正教会の旧約聖書続編（または第二正典）に1度しか登場しない。ヘブライ語では、子音で「ヘット（無声軟口蓋摩擦音）・ヴァヴ（軟口蓋接近音）・ヘー」と綴り、「חוה」と表記する。なお、ヘブライ語の「חוה」には農場の意味がある。

歴史的に、後期青銅器時代にエルサレムで信仰され、アマルナ文書の中にも登場するフルリ人の女神Kheba（ヘバ）に由来すると見られてきた。Khebaの名前はさらにキシュ第3王朝を統治した最初の王Kubauに由来するとも指摘されている。またアーシラトの紀元前1世紀頃の別名は、アラム語でChawatやHawwahというが、英語ではEveにあたる。

イヴは聖書で最初に言及される女性であり、彼女にイヴと名付けたのはアダムである。イヴはアダムとともにエデンの園に住んでいたが、聖書では、その間アダムは神の下で働いていたと記述されている。しかし最終的には堕罪によって2人は楽園を追放された。

ティンダルの翻訳によると、イヴというのはアダムが獣につけた名前で、彼の妻の名前はヘウアと呼ばれた。

エバ、エヴァ、或いはイヴ、イブ（英: Eve に由来する）という読みはギリシャ語に翻訳された際のΕυά（エウア）に由来する。

イヴは聖人ではないが、中世頃より伝統的に、ドイツ、オランダ、ハンガリー、スカンジナビア、エストニア等では、12月24日にアダムとイヴの聖名祝日が祝われている。

ミケランジェロ・ブオナローティによるイヴの創造を描いたシスティーナ礼拝堂天井画

イヴの創造

イヴはエデンの園でアダムの妻として作られた。神は「男性が1人でいるのは良くない。私は彼に似合う女性を作ろう。」と決意した。創世記2章21-22節では次のように述べられている。

ロレンツォ・マイターニによるイヴの創造を描いたイタリアのオルヴィエートの大聖堂にある大理石のレリーフ

「神はアダムを深く眠らせ、アダムは眠った。神は彼の肋骨を1本取り、そこを肉で塞いだ。そして神はアダムから取った肋骨で女性を作り、彼女をアダムの元に遣わせた。」

イヴは、トビト記(viii, 8; Sept., viii, 6)でも言及されており、ここでは単にイヴはアダムの手伝いとして与えられたと述べられている。

1505年頃のMontbenonで出土した彫刻

6世紀に、東方からヨーロッパに伝わったイスラエルの書物『ベン・シラのアルファベット』によると、イヴではなくリリスがアダムと同時に同じ塵から作られ、アダムの最初の妻となったとされている。さらにリリスは平等を要求し、性交時にアダムの下になることを拒否したと記述されている。アダムが彼女を自分の下にしようとすると、彼女はエデンから空に逃亡し、そこで悪魔と性交して妊娠し、1日に100人以上の子を産んだ。神は3人の天使を遣わせ、天使は彼女がアダムの元に帰ることを拒否すれば子供を殺すと脅した。しかしリリスは拒否したため、神はアダムの肋骨からイヴを作り、アダムの後妻とした。

イヴと蛇を描いた聖書の挿絵

解剖学的に男女の肋骨の数は同じ24本である。この事実は1524年にフラマン人の解剖学者アンドレアス・ヴェサリウスによって指摘され、創世記の記述と矛盾するために大きな議論を巻き起こした。

この話のモチーフとして、女神ニンフルサグがディルムンの中に野菜や果物が繁るエディヌという美しい庭園を造ったとするシュメール神話を起源としているという主張もある。ニンフルサグは夫のエンキに野生動物の制御と庭園の手入れを担当させたが、エンキは庭園と手伝いのアルリムについて知りたがった。アルリムは7つの植物を選んでエンキに差し出し、エンキはそれらを食べた。このことでニンフルサグが激怒し、彼女はエンキを病気にした。エンキは肋骨に痛みを感じたが、シュメール語で"ti"は「肋骨」と「生命」の両方を意味する。別の神がニンフルサグをなだめ、怒りは収まった。ニンフルサグはエンキを治療するためにニンティという女神を作った。"Nin"は「女」という意味で、"Ninti"は「肋骨の女」または「生命の女」という意味である。ニンフルサグは全ての生物の母として知られ、イヴと同じ位置を占める。この話はアダムの肋骨からのイヴの創造の話と重なっているが、「肋骨」と「生命」が同じ単語で表されるのはシュメール語

誘惑、堕落、園からの追放

アダムとイヴと蛇を描いたノートルダム聖堂の入り口にあるレリーフ

蛇は女性に、木の果実を食べても死なないことを告げた。「あなたが食べると、あなたの目は開き、善悪を知って神のようになれる。」それで女性は食べ、男性にも渡し、男性も食べた。「すると2人の目は開き、彼らは自分が裸であることを知った。彼らはいちじくの葉を縫って体につけた。」男性と女性は神から隠れ、男性は果実を渡したことで女性を非難し、女性は蛇を非難した。神は蛇を呪い、「おまえの一生の毎日、腹で進め、塵を食べろ。」と言った。女性には子供を産むこととそれに伴う痛みの罰を与えて男性に服従させ、「おまえの望みはおまえの夫のものだ。そして彼はおまえを支配する。」と言った。そしてアダムには人生を通した労働の罰を与え、「顔に汗をかくことで、地面に戻るまでパンを食べることが出来る。」と言った。男は妻をイヴと名付けた。「なぜなら彼女は全ての生物の母だからだ。」

「見よ。」と神は言った。「男性は善悪を知る我々の1人のようになった。」神は2人をエデンの園から追放し、「彼が命の木にも手を伸ばして食べ、永遠の生命を得るといけないから。」エデンの園の門は智天使と炎の剣によって閉ざされた。

人類の母としてのイヴ

聖書によると、アダムとともに原罪を受けたことで、イヴ（と彼女の後に続く女性）は出産の苦労という罰を受け、夫の支配下に置かれることになった。初期の反フェミニズムは、女性に対する性教育は神の罰に反するものだと主張した。信者は全ての人類はイヴの子孫だと信じていたが、イヴ以降の人間は女性から生まれるのにイヴのみが男性から生まれたことで、彼女を特別視していた。アダムとイヴはカインとアベルという2人の子供を作った。カインは農業、アベルは牧畜業を営んだ。アベルが死んだ後、イヴは現在の全ての人類の祖先であるノアの祖先となるセトを産んだ。

各宗教におけるイヴ

ユダヤ教

古代においてさえ、互いに矛盾する2つの記述があった。1つは『創世記』1章27節の「神(Elohim)は自分のかたちに人を創造された。すなわち、神のかたちに創造し、男と女とに創造された。」（Vayivra Elohim et-ha'adam betsalmo betselem Elohim bara oto zachar unekevah bara otam.)というもので、男女が同時に創造されたことが暗示されていると解釈される。もう1つは、『創世記』2章18節のアダムが孤独だったため、神がアダムの肋骨からイヴを作ったという記述である。この矛盾を解決するため、中世のラビはイヴと『創世記』1章27節に登場する最初の女性は別人であるという解釈を示した。

『ミドラーシュ』や 『ベン・シラのアルファベット』では、この女性はアダムの下の位置での性交を嫌がり逃げたため、アダムは孤独になってしまったとされている。この最初の女性の名前は『ミドラーシュ』ではリリスとされ、他では夜の悪魔として描かれる。

『ベン・シラのアルファベット』ではさらに、リリスの後でイヴの前に作られたアダムの3番目の妻がいたと書かれている。この名前のない妻は、アダムと同様に「地面の塵」から作られたとされるが、アダムは彼女に近づこうとしなかった。また、彼女は無から作られ、神は最初に骨格、次に内蔵、最後に肉を作ったとも言われている。

聖書には、アダムとイヴがエデンの園にどれくらいの期間留まっていたかについては明らかにしていない。しかしヨベル書第3章33節では、彼らは創造から8年目の4か月目の新月の日に追放されたと記述されている。他のユダヤ教の書物では、1日に満たなかったと述べているものもある。追放されてすぐ、イヴは最初の子供を生み、その後2番目の子供を産んだ。彼らはそれぞれカインとアベルと名付けられた。

"male and female He created them"という文の別の解釈では、神がアダムをもともと雌雄同体として作ったというものである。神は後にアダムとイヴを分離させ、2つに分かれた魂を結合させるために2人を一緒にすることを思いついた。

アダムの3人の子であるカイン、アベル、セトの名前は『創世記』にはっきり書かれているが、5章4節では、その他にも息子や娘がいたと述べられている。『ヨベル書』では、長女アズラと、カイン、アベル、セト、その他9人の兄とアズラの後に生まれた次女アワンの名前が書かれている。『ヨベル書』ではさらに、後にカインはアワンとセトはアズラと結婚したと書かれている。しかし『創世記注解』やその他の文献によると、カインにはLebudaという双子の姉妹、アベルにはQelimathという双子の姉妹がいたと書かれている。Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satanでは、カインの双子の姉妹はLuluwa、アベルの双子の姉妹はAkliaという名前になっている。

他の偽典では、エデンの園の外での生活がより詳細に描かれている。特に『アダムとエバの生涯』（『モーセの黙示録』）は、エデンの園の外での彼らの生活の記述だけから構成されている。一般的に、ユダヤ教におけるイヴの罪は、子供を産む義務から外れた女性に何が起こるかの例として用いられる。

ユダヤ教では伝統的に、イヴはヘブロンのマクペラの洞穴に葬られたと信じられている。

キリスト教

キリスト教ではイヴはしばしば性的誘惑の例として用いられるが、ユダヤ教ではこの役割はリリスが担っているため、見られない特徴である。さらにイヴを誘惑した蛇はサタンと解釈されることが多いが、『モーセ五書』では触れられていない。この主題を扱った書物は、ギリシア、ローマ、スラボニア、シリア、アルメニア、アラビア等にある。それらは間違いなくユダヤ教にまで遡っているが、現在に伝わる形では全体がキリスト教化されている。最も古く、ほとんどの部分がユダヤ教に基づくのはPrimary Adam Literatureである。その他に、Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satanやシリア語のCave of Treasuresがある。

イヴはアダムに生命の木の実を食べるよう唆したため、初期の教父は彼女やそれに続く女性を最初の罪人とし、特に堕罪はイヴの罪によるものとした。彼女はまた「悪魔の槍」、「不道徳の道」、「サソリの針」、「嘘の娘」、「地獄の監視員」、「平和の敵」、「最も危険な野獣」等とも呼ばれた。2世紀初頭にテルトゥリアヌスは女性の聴衆に対し、「お前は悪魔の門だ。」と言ったと言い、続けて全ての女性はキリストの死に対する責任があるからだと説明したという。このように、イヴは世界に悪魔を放ったギリシア神話のパンドラと同等と見なされている。

エレーヌ・ペイゲルスによると、アウグスティヌスは、人間を原罪に繋がる堕罪に永遠に怯える者と捉える自身の独特の見方を、イヴの罪のせいにしたと伝えられる。

キリスト教絵画におけるイヴは、その大部分がアダムを誘惑する女として描かれるが、ルネッサンス期にはさらに、エデンの園の蛇もイヴと同じ女性の顔を持って描かれることがしばしばあった。

1人の男性に1人の女性が与えられるアダムとイヴの話では、一夫一婦制が示唆されているという主張もある。

ルター派の教会では、イヴはアダムと共に12月19日を聖人暦として祝われる。

グノーシス主義

グノーシス主義では、イヴはまた別の役割を与えられている。例えば、彼女はしばしば至高の女性的位相が実体化したバルベロと見なされている。このように、彼女は知恵、神の言葉の創造者とされている。別の文献では、生命と同一視されていることもある。The Hypostasis of the Archons等では、Pistis Sophiaはイヴの娘でセトの妻のNoreaと同一視されている。

このようなグノーシス主義の信仰のため、女性は男性と平等と考えられ、予言者、教師、伝道者、信仰治療師、司祭、そしてさらに主教等に就いて尊敬されている。

イスラム教

クルアーンではイヴの名前は出てこないが、アダムの配偶者として登場する。イスラム教では伝統的に彼女のことを、同じ語源のحواء (Hawwāʾ、ハッワー)と読んでいる。アダムの配偶者についての言及は、スーラ2の30-39節、スーラ7の11-25節、スーラ15の26-42節、スーラ17の61-65節、スーラ18の50-51節、スーラ20の110-124節、スーラ38の71-85節に登場する。

クルアーンやハディースに含まれるアダムとイヴの物語は、聖書のものとは異なる。クルアーンでは、アダムとイヴが等しく罪を負う。クルアーンでは、イヴがアダムを誘惑して食べさせたとは書かれておらず、彼より先に食べたとさえ書かれていない。アダムとイヴが罪を犯し、神に許しを請うと神は両者を許したと書かれているだけである。イスラム教では、通常原罪が存在するとは考えられていない。

イスラム教では伝統的に、イヴはサウジアラビアのジッダにある「イヴの墓」に葬られていると信じられている。

脚注

出典

一次資料

• Genesis ii.7-iii.23
• Paulinus Minorita, Compendium

二次資料

• Pamela Norris (1998) "The Story of Eve" (MacMillan Books)
• Elaine Pagels (1989) "Adam, Eve and the Serpent" (Vintage Books)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Eve (disambiguation).

Eve
Eva, by Hendrik Goltzius
Spouse(s)	Adam
Children	Cain Abel Seth Awan

Further information: Adam and Eve

Eve (Hebrew: חַוָּה‎, Classical Hebrew: Ḥawwāh, Modern Israeli Hebrew: Khavah, Arabic: حواء‎, Syriac: ܚܘܐ, Tigrinya: ሕይዋን^? or Hiywan) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. She is also mentioned, though not by name, in the Quran.

According to the creation myth of Abrahamic religions, she is the first woman created by God (Yahweh, the god of Israel). Her husband was Adam, from whose rib God created her to be his companion. She succumbs to the serpent's temptation via the suggestion that to eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil would improve on the way God had made her, and that she would not die, and she, believing the lie of the serpent rather than the earlier instruction from God, shares the fruit with Adam. As a result, the first humans are expelled from the Garden of Eden and are cursed.

Name and origin

In the Bible, Eve (Hawwa'; Ge'ez: ሕይዋን or Hiywan, "living one" or "source of life", related to ḥāyâ, "to live"; Greek: Εὕα or heúā, ultimately from the Semitic root ḥyw;) is Adam's wife. Her name occurs only four times; the first being Genesis 3:20: "And Adam called his wife's name Ḥawwāh; because she was the mother of all living." In Vulgate she appears as "Hava" in the Old Testament, but "Eva" in the New Testament. The name may actually be derived from that of the Hurrian Goddess Kheba, who was shown in the Amarna Letters to be worshipped in Jerusalem during the Late Bronze Age.^{[citation needed]} It has been suggested that the name Kheba may derive from Kubau, a woman who reigned as the first king of the Third Dynasty of Kish Another name, Asherah, in the first millennium BCE was Chawat, or Hawwah in Aramaic (Eve in English).

Creation of Eve
Marble relief by Lorenzo Maitani on the Orvieto Cathedral, Italy

The Hebrew name Eve (חַוָּה) bears resemblance to an Aramaic word for "snake" (O.Arb.: חוה; J.Arm.: חִוְיָא).

In the Tyndale Bible Adam's wife is called "Heua" in accordance with the Greek form Ἕυα (although in Genesis 3:20 the Septuagint says that Adam called her Ζωή).

Though Eve is not a saint's name, the traditional name day of Adam and Eve has been celebrated on December 24 since the Middle Ages in many European countries, e.g. Germany, Hungary, Scandinavia, Estonia, Lithuania.

The Creation of Eve, from the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo

Genesis narrative

Eve is the first woman mentioned in the Bible. Here it was Adam who gave her the name Eve. Eve lived with Adam in the Garden of Eden during the time which Adam was described as having walked with God.

Creation

Main article: Genesis creation narrative

Eve was created in the Garden of Eden to be the wife of Adam. God decides that "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a companion fit for him." In Genesis 2:21–22 it states:

"And God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; And the rib, which God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man"

After her creation, Adam names his companion Woman, "because she was taken out of Man." "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh."

Eve is also mentioned in the Book of Tobit (viii, 8; Sept., viii, 6) where it is simply affirmed that she was given to Adam as a helper.

Creation of Eve, sandstone from Montbenon (Lausanne), circa 1515. On display at Lausanne historical museum.

The rib

Controversy regarding the "rib" continues to the present day, regarding the Sumerian and the original Hebrew words for rib. The common translation, for example, that of the King James Version, is that אַחַת מִצַּלְעֹתָיו means "one of his ribs". The contrary position is that the term צלע or ṣelaʿ, occurring forty-one times in the Tanakh, is most often translated as "side" in general. "Rib" is, however, the etymologically primary meaning of the term, which is from a root ṣ-l-ʿ meaning "bend", a cognate to the Assyrian ṣêlu meaning "rib". Also God took "one" (ʾeḫad) of Adam's ṣelaʿ, suggesting an individual rib. The Septuagint has μίαν τῶν πλευρῶν αὐτοῦ, with ἡ πλευρά choosing a Greek term that, like the Hebrew ṣelaʿ, may mean either "rib", or, in the plural, "side [of a man or animal]" in general. The specification "one of the πλευρά" thus closely imitates the Hebrew text. The Aramaic form of the word is עלע or or ʿalaʿ, which appears, also in the meaning "rib", in Daniel 7:5.

An old story of the rib was told by Rabbi Joshua:

"God deliberated from what member He would create woman, and He reasoned with Himself thus: I must not create her from Adam's head, for she would be a proud person, and hold her head high. If I create her from the eye, then she will wish to pry into all things; if from the ear, she will wish to hear all things; if from the mouth, she will talk much; if from the heart, she will envy people; if from the hand, she will desire to take all things; if from the feet, she will be a gadabout. Therefore I will create her from the member which is hid, that is the rib, which is not even seen when man is naked."

Other versions

An alternate tradition, originating in a Jewish book called The Alphabet of Ben-Sira which entered Europe from the East in the 6th century AD suggests that Lilith, not Eve, was Adam's first wife, created at the same time and from the same dust. The tradition goes that Lilith, claiming to be created equal, refused to sleep or serve "under him" (Adam). When Adam tried to force her into the "inferior" position, she flew away from Eden into the air, where she copulated with demons, conceiving hundreds more each day. God sent three angels after her, who threatened to kill her brood if she refused to return to Adam. But she did refuse. So God made Eve from Adam's rib to be his "second wife."

Some, for instance Samuel Noah Kramer, hold that the origin of this motif is the Sumerian myth in which the goddess Ninhursag created a beautiful garden full of lush vegetation and fruit trees, called Edinu, in Dilmun, the Sumerian earthly Paradise, a place which the Sumerians believed to exist to the east of their own land, beyond the sea. Ninhursag charged Enki, her lover and half brother, with controlling the wild animals and tending the garden, but Enki became curious about the garden, and his assistant, Adapa, selected seven plants (8 in some version) and offered them to Enki, who ate them. This enraged Ninhursag, and she caused Enki to fall ill. Enki felt pain in his rib, which is a pun in Sumerian, as the word "ti" means both "rib" and "life". The other gods persuaded Ninhursag to relent. Ninhursag then created a new goddess (7 or 8 to heal his 7 or 8 ailing organs, including his rib) named Ninti, (a name composed of "Nin", or "lady", and "ti", and which can be translated as both "Lady of Living" and "Lady of the Rib"), to cure Enki. Neither Ninhursag nor Ninti are exact parallels of Eve, since both differ from the character. However, given that the pun with rib is present only in Sumerian, linguistic criticism places the Sumerian account as the more ancient and therefore, a possible narrative influence on the Judeo-Christian story of creation.

Temptation, fall, and expulsion

See also: Fall of Man

Adam, Eve, and the (female) serpent at the entrance to Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France. The portrayal of the image of the serpent as a mirror of Eve was common in earlier iconography as a result of the identification of women as the source of human original sin

The serpent tells the woman that she will not die if she eats the fruit of the tree: "For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil." So the woman eats, and gives to the man who also eats. "And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons." The man and woman hide themselves from God, the man blaming the woman for giving him the fruit, and the woman blaming the serpent. God curses the serpent, "upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life;" the woman he punishes with childbirth (and the pain therein), and with subordination to man: "and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee;" and Adam he punishes with a life of toil: "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground." The man names his wife Eve, "because she was the mother of all living."

"Behold," says God, "the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil." God expels the couple from Eden, "lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever;" the gate of Eden is sealed by cherubim and a flaming sword "to keep the way of the tree of life."

Mother of humanity

According to the Bible, for her share in the transgression, Eve (and womankind after her) is sentenced to a life of sorrow and travail in childbirth, and to be under the power of her husband. While believers accept that all subsequent humans have Eve as an ancestor, she is believed to be unique in that although all people after her were physically created from women, Eve herself was created from a man. Adam and Eve had two sons, Cain and Abel (or Habel), the first a tiller of the ground, the second a keeper of sheep. After the death of Abel, Eve gave birth to a third son, Seth (or Sheth), from whom Noah (and thus the whole of modern humanity) is descended. According to the Bible, Eve states "God hath given me [literally, "put" or "appointed", in Hebrew "shāth"] another seed, for Abel whom Cain slew" (Genesis 4:25).

Religious views

Jewish traditions

Even in ancient times, the presence of two distinct accounts was noted, and regarded with some curiosity. The first account says male and female [God] created them (Genesis 1:27), which has been assumed by critical scholars to imply simultaneous creation, whereas the second account states that God created Eve from Adam's rib because Adam was lonely (Genesis 2:18 ff.). Thus to resolve this apparent discrepancy, some medieval rabbis suggested that Eve and the woman of the first account were two separate individuals, Eve and Lilith.

Lilith, by John Collier, 1887

Another Jewish tradition, also used to explain the "male and female He created them" line, is that God originally created Adam as a hermaphrodite (Midrash Rabbah - Genesis VIII:1), and in this way was bodily and spiritually male and female. He later decided that "it is not good for [Adam] to be alone," and created the separate beings of Adam and Eve, thus creating the idea of two people joining together to achieve a union of the two separate spirits.

Only three of Adam's children (Cain, Abel, and Seth) are explicitly named in Genesis, although it does state that there were other sons and daughters as well (Genesis 5:4). In Jubilees, two daughters are named — Azûrâ, first, and Awân, who was born after Seth, Cain, Abel, nine other sons, and Azûrâ. Jubilees goes on to state that Cain later married Awân and Seth married Azûrâ, thus, accounting for their descendants. However, according to the Midrash of Genesis Rabba and other later sources, either Cain had a twin sister, and Abel had two twin sisters, or Cain had a twin sister named Lebuda, and Abel a twin sister named Qelimath.

Other pseudepigrapha give further details of their life outside of Eden, in particular, the Life of Adam and Eve (also known as the Apocalypse of Moses) consists entirely of a description of their life outside Eden.

According to traditional Jewish belief, Eve is buried in the Cave of Machpelah.

Christian traditions

Original sin, by Michiel Coxie

The snake in this piece, by the Workshop of Giovanni della Robbia, has a woman's face that resembles Eve's.

In Christian tradition, Eve is often used as the exemplar of sexual temptation, a tendency not found in Judaism, where Lilith plays that role. Furthermore, the serpent that tempted Eve was interpreted within most Christian traditions to have been Satan, although there is no mention of this identification in the Torah. In fact, Genesis does not even hint at any of these readings. While such ideas are found in some of the Jewish apocrypha, their adoption by many Christians but not by modern Judaism marked the radical split between the two religions. Writings dealing with this subject are extant in Greek, Latin, Slavonic, Syriac, Armenian and Arabic. They go back undoubtedly to a Jewish basis, but in some of the forms in which they appear at present they are Christianized throughout. The oldest and for the most part Jewish portion of this literature is called Primary Adam Literature (see Life of Adam and Eve). Before discussing Primary Adam Literature it is useful to mention other members of this literature, which, though derivable ultimately from Jewish sources, are Christian in their present form; The Book of Adam and Eve, also called the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan and a Syriac work entitled Cave of Treasures. This work has close affinities to the Conflict, but is said by Dillmann to be more original.

Drawing upon the statement in II Cor., xi, 3, where reference is made to Eve's deception by the serpent, and in I Tim., ii, 13-4, where the Apostle enjoins submission and silence upon women, arguing that "Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression", because Eve had tempted Adam to eat of the fatal fruit, some early Fathers of the Church held her and all subsequent women to be the first sinners, and especially responsible for the Fall because of the sin of Eve. She was also called "the lance of the demon", "the road of iniquity" "the sting of the scorpion", "a daughter of falsehood, the sentinel of Hell", "the enemy of peace" and "of the wild beast, the most dangerous." "You are the devil's gateway," Tertullian told his female listeners in the early 2nd century, and went on to explain that all women were responsible for the death of Christ: "On account of your desert – that is, death – even the Son of God had to die." In this way Eve is compared with the Greco-Roman myth of Pandora who was responsible for bringing evil into the world.

Saint Augustine, according to Elaine Pagels, used the sin of Eve to justify his idiosyncratic view of humanity as permanently scarred by the Fall, which led to the Catholic doctrine of Original sin.

In 1486 the Renaissance Dominicans Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger took this further as one of their justifications in the Malleus Maleficarum ("Hammer of the Witches"), a central text in three centuries of persecution of "witches". Such "Eve bashing" is much more common in Christianity than in Judaism or Islam, though major differences in the status of women does not seem to have been the result. This is often balanced by the typology of the Madonna, much as "Old Adam" is balanced by Christ — this is even the case in the Malleus whose authors were capable of writing things such as "Justly we may say with Cato of Utica: If the world could be rid of women, we should not be without God in our intercourse. For truly, without the wickedness of women, to say nothing of witchcraft, the world would still remain proof against innumerable dangers", but were aware that a large percentage of those accusing witches were female as well, and they perhaps feared losing their support:

"There are also others who bring forward yet other reasons, of which preachers should be very careful how they make use. For it is true that in the Old Testament the Scriptures have much that is evil to say about women, and this because of the first temptress, Eve, and her imitators; yet afterwards in the New Testament we find a change of name, as from Eva to Ave (as S. Jerome says), and the whole sin of Eve taken away by the benediction of Mary. Therefore preachers should always say as much praise of them as possible."

It is interesting to note that in pre-industrial times, misogynous authorities were often (such as in The Romance of the Rose feminist debate) just called "The Roman Books", due to the perceived paternalistic attitude of both Pagan & Christian Romans to gender problems.^{[citation needed]}

In another example of "Eve bashing", Gregory of Tours reported that in the Council of Macon (585 CE), attended by 43 bishops, one bishop maintained that woman could not be included under the term "man", and as being responsible for Adam's sin, had a deficient soul. However, he accepted the reasoning of the other bishops and did not press his case, for the holy book of the Old Testament tells us that in the beginning, when God created man, "Male and female he created them" and the term used was Adam which means earthly man; he called the woman Eve, yet of both he used the word "man."

Eve in Christian Art is most usually portrayed as the temptress of Adam, and often during the Renaissance the serpent in the Garden is portrayed as having a woman's face identical to that of Eve.

Some Christians claim monogamy is implied in the story of Adam and Eve as one woman is created for one man. Eve's being taken from his side implies not only her secondary role in the conjugal state (1 Corinthians 11:9), but also emphasizes the intimate union between husband and wife, and the dependence of the latter on the former "Wherefore a man shall leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they shall be two in one flesh."

Gnosticism

Eve too has different roles within Gnosticism. For example she is often seen as the embodiment of the supreme feminine principle, called Barbelo (from Arb-Eloh), barbeloth, or barthenos. As such she is equated with the light-maiden of Sophia (Wisdom), creator of the word (Logos) of God, the "thygater tou photos" or simply the Virgin Maiden, "parthenos". In other texts she is equated with Zoe (Life). Again, in conventional Christianity, this is a prefigurement of Mary, also sometimes called "the Second Eve". In other Gnostic texts, such as The Hypostasis of the Archons (The Reality of the Rulers), the Pistis Sophia is equated with Eve's daughter, Norea, the wife of Seth.

As a result of such Gnostic beliefs, especially among Marcionites, women were considered equal to men, being revered as prophets, teachers, traveling evangelists, faith healers, priests and even bishops.

Islamic view

Adam and Eve expelled from Paradise, from a Fal-nameh manuscript, Topkapi Palace library, Istanbul.

Although she is mentioned in the hadith, Eve is not mentioned by name in the Qur'an, she is nevertheless referred to as Adam's spouse, and Islamic tradition refers to her in Arabic as حواء or Hawwāʾ. Mention of Adam's spouse is found in verses 30-39 of Sura 2, verses 11-25 of Sura 7, verses 26-42 of Sura 15, verses 61-65 of Sura 17, verses 50-51 of Sura 18, verses 110-124 of Sura 20 and in verses 71-85 of Sura 38. Accounts of Adam and Eve in Islamic texts, which include the Quran and the books of Sunnah (Hadith), are similar but different to that of the Torah and Bible.

A similarity in particular, Sura 7:22-23 recounts:

"By deceit he [Satan] brought them to their fall: when they tasted the tree, their shame became manifest to them and they began to sew together the leaves of the Garden over their bodies. And their Lord called unto them: Did I not forbid you that tree and tell you that Satan was your avowed enemy?" They said: "Our Lord we have wronged our own souls and if You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy, we shall certainly be lost."

However, the Quran does not suggest that God created Eve independently from Adam, as opposed to some beliefs that she was. It is generally believed by Muslims that Eve was created from Adam's rib to be his partner and companion. Surah Al-Nisa 4:1:

"O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah , through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed Allah is ever, over you, an Observer."

Another difference is that Eve is not blamed for enticing Adam to eat the forbidden fruit, nor is there the concept of original sin. On the contrary, the Quran indicates that Adam initiated the eating of the fruit but God simply blames both of them for the transgression as they both ate the fruit.

"Then Satan whispered to him (Adam); he said, "O Adam, shall I direct you to the tree of eternity and possession that will not deteriorate? And Adam and his wife ate of it, and their private parts became apparent to them, and they began to fasten over themselves from the leaves of Paradise. And Adam disobeyed his Lord and erred." (Quran - 20:121-122)

However, there are hadiths, which are contested, saying the Prophet Mohammed (narrated by Abu Hurrairah) designates Eve as the epitome of female betrayal. "Narrated Abu Hurrairah: The Prophet said, 'Were it not for Bani Israel, meat would not decay; and were it not for Eve, no woman would ever betray her husband.'" (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith 611, Volume 55) An identical but more explicit version is found in the second most respected book of prophetic narrations, Sahih Muslim. "Abu Hurrairah (May Allah be pleased with him) reported Allah's Messenger (May peace be upon him) as saying: Had it not been for Eve, woman would have never acted unfaithfully towards her husband." (Hadith 3471, Volume 8). The above verses from the Quran (20:121-122) are the reason these accounts are disputed and the authenticity of these hadiths is challenged. As the Quran never blamed Eve for the sin that they both (Adam and Eve) committed together. To condemn all the women in the world for a sin that Eve committed is against a basic Quranic teaching which states that no soul is accountable for the sins of another: Say, is it other than Allah I should desire as a lord while He is the Lord of all things? And every soul earns not [blame] except against itself, and no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another. Then to your Lord is your return, and He will inform you concerning that over which you used to differ. (6:164)

Bahá'í view

The Bahá'í account of Eve is described in Some Answered Questions. `Abdu'l-Bahá describes Eve as a symbol of the soul and as containing divine mysteries. The Bahá'í Faith claims the account of Eve in previous Abrahamic traditions is metaphorical.

See also

• Eve Grave
• Hebat
• Mitochondrial Eve
• Paradise Lost
• Pre-Adamite

Footnotes

References

Primary sources

• Genesis ii.7-iii.23
• Paulinus Minorita, Compendium

Secondary sources

• Flood, John (2010) "Representations of Eve in Antiquity and the English Middle Ages" (Routledge)
• Norris, Pamela. (1998) "The Story of Eve" (MacMillan Books)
• Pagels, Elaine. (1989) "Adam, Eve and the Serpent" (Vintage Books)
• Tumanov, Vladimir. (2011) “Mary versus Eve: Paternal Uncertainty and the Christian View of Women].” Neophilologus: International Journal of Modern and Mediaeval Language and Literature 95 (4: 507-521.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 核間性眼筋麻痺 internuclear ophthalmoparesis
• 2. 薬物乱用があった母親の乳児 infants of mothers with substance abuse

English Journal

• Temporal pattern of the posterior expression of Wingless in Drosophila blastoderm.

• Vorwald-Denholtz PP, De Robertis EM.SourceHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, United States.
• Gene expression patterns : GEP.Gene Expr Patterns.2011 Oct;11(7):456-63. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
• In most animals, the antero-posterior (A-P) axis requires a gradient of Wnt signaling. Wnts are expressed posteriorly in many vertebrate and invertebrate embryos, forming a gradient of canonical Wnt/β-Catenin activity that is highest in the posterior and lowest in the anterior. One notable exceptio
• PMID 21821151

• Phase II Study of Cetuximab As First-Line Single-Drug Therapy in Patients With Unresectable Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin.

• Maubec E, Petrow P, Scheer-Senyarich I, Duvillard P, Lacroix L, Gelly J, Certain A, Duval X, Crickx B, Buffard V, Basset-Seguin N, Saez P, Duval-Modeste AB, Adamski H, Mansard S, Grange F, Dompmartin A, Faivre S, Mentre F, Avril MF.SourceHopital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, cedex 75877, France; eve.maubec@bch.aphp.fr.
• Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.J Clin Oncol.2011 Sep 1;29(25):3419-26. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
• PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as a first-line monotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCCS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients received cetuximab
• PMID 21810686

• Novel molecular targets of the neuroprotective/neurorescue multimodal iron chelating drug M30 in the mouse brain.

• Kupershmidt L, Weinreb O, Amit T, Mandel S, Bar-Am O, Youdim MB.SourceEve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
• Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2011 Aug 25;189:345-58. Epub 2011 May 6.
• The novel multifunctional brain permeable iron, chelator M30 [5-(N-methyl-N-propargyaminomethyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline] was shown to possess neuroprotective activities in vitro and in vivo, against several insults applicable to various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson'
• PMID 21570450

Japanese Journal

• 現代型環境変化と地域における生活文化の変容に関する研究 その5 : 年中行事について(学部プロジェクト研究)

• 千葉 俊之,大里 怜子,川崎 雅志,本間 義規,佐々木 隆,原 英子
• 岩手県立大学盛岡短期大学部研究論集 13, 29-33, 2011-03
• … First water drawn on New Year's morning and the Birthday of the Buddha were unfamiliar, whereas New Year, the equinoctial week, Bon Festival, and the New Year's Eve were popular. …
• NAID 110008425673

• リレー討論 歴研創立80年に向けて(第3回)「東アジア世界論」再考--『民族の詩』論争,『ヂンダレ』のことなど

• 藤間 生大
• 歴史学研究 (882), 54-57, 2011-08
• NAID 40018898553

• リレー討論 歴研創立80年に向けて(第2回)戦後歴研の出発

• 荒井 信一
• 歴史学研究 (881), 57-59, 2011-07
• NAID 40018850771

Related Links

• EVE Online - a massive multiplayer online roleplaying space game ...

EVE allows you to discover, explore and dominate an amazing science fiction universe while you fight, trade, form corporations and alliances with other players .

• EVEシリーズ - Wikipedia

EVEシリーズ（イブ・シリーズ）は、シーズウェアが製作したアドベンチャーゲームシリーズ 。 目次. 1 歴史; 2 登場人物; 3 作品一覧; 4 ノベライズ; 5 関連項目. [編集] 歴史. 1995 年に発売されたシリーズ第1作PC98版「EVE burst error」は、アダルトゲーム市場で大 ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

拡張検索	「major vascular events」

「major vascular events」

　　[★] 主要血管イベント, MVE