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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/07 22:38:38」(JST)

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Esophoria is characterised by inward deviation of the eye usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance.

Causes include:

refractive errors
divergence insufficiency
convergence excess, these can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital or mechanical anomalies.^[1]

Unlike esotropia, fusion is possible and therefore diplopia is uncommon.

References

^ Eckstein, AK; Fischer, M; Esser, J (1998). "Normal accommodative convergence excess--long-term follow-up of conservative therapy with bifocal eyeglasses". Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 212 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034868. PMID 9644668.

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1. 小児における水平斜視の原因 causes of horizontal strabismus in children
2. 小児における斜視の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of strabismus in children
3. 複視の概要 overview of diplopia
4. 小児における第6脳神経（外転神経）麻痺 sixth cranial nerve abducens nerve palsy in children
5. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults

English Journal

Development of Manifest Strabismus and Reduced Visual Acuity Following Initial Normal Orthoptic Examination/Pseudo-strabismus Under the Age of 30 Months.

Garretty T.Author information St James Hospital , Leeds , England.AbstractAbstract Aim: To evaluate the incidence of manifest strabismus and the visual acuity found at 5-year vision screening in those who were referred with concerns of strabismus under the age of 30 months and were initially diagnosed by an orthoptist with either pseudo-strabismus or "no abnormality detected" (NAD). Method: Data were collected for children who were seen between April 2007 and March 2008 and diagnosed as above. Notes were retrieved and the database of visual acuity at screening was examined. Results: 248 children were diagnosed as NAD or pseudo-squint on their first visit. 82 were discharged at their first appointment and 166 were offered follow-up. Notes were retrieved for 208 (84%). Of those followed up, 4 (1.9%) were later found to have a heterotropia (2 esotropes, 2 exotropes). Vision screening results were available for 207 (83.5%). Of these, 172 (83%) passed and 35 (17%) failed vision screening. 2 were found to have microtropia and 1 was esotropic. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of referral from visual screening between the general population and those who were seen and discharged on their first visit (x(2 )= 1.76, p = 0.67 risk ratio = 0.98 [95% CI 0.89 to 1.08]). Conclusion: The incidence of undiagnosed esotropia in this group is between 2.4% and 3.4%. The risk of failing visual screening is the same as the general population.
Strabismus.Strabismus.2014 Mar;22(1):26-31. doi: 10.3109/09273972.2013.877944. Epub 2014 Feb 10.
Abstract Aim: To evaluate the incidence of manifest strabismus and the visual acuity found at 5-year vision screening in those who were referred with concerns of strabismus under the age of 30 months and were initially diagnosed by an orthoptist with either pseudo-strabismus or "no abnormality detec
PMID 24512635

Modified Inferior Oblique Transposition Considering the Equator for Primary Inferior Oblique Overaction (IOOA) Associated with Dissociated Vertical Deviation (DVD).

Yoo EJ1, Kim SH.Author information 1Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.AbstractAbstract Purpose: Inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) should be done only in patients with inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) without fusional potential because the procedure can cause anti-elevation syndrome. This study reports the results of modified inferior oblique transposition onto the equator in 7 patients diagnosed with infantile exotropia or esotropia associated with IOOA and DVD. Methods: We performed modified inferior oblique (IO) transposition onto or considering the equator on 7 patients who had infantile exotropia or esotropia associated with IOOA and DVD. Five patients had infantile exotropia, and the other two patients had infantile esotropia. Six patients had undergone bilateral rectus -- Bilateral Lateral Rectus (BLR) or Bilateral Medial Rectus (BMR) -- recession previously and one patient underwent BLR recession and IO transposition simultaneously. They had more than +1.5 IOOA with DVD in both eyes. IO was transposed vertically onto the equator in this study. The mean distance between the lateral border of the inferior rectus insertion and the equator was 5.6 mm (range: 4.5 to 6.5 mm). Three months after the operation, degree of IOOA and DVD in each eye was evaluated. Results: IOOA and DVD were markedly reduced in all patients (+0.5 ∼+1 for IOOA postoperatively). Mild contralateral IOOA was noted but the motility disturbance was successfully corrected in all cases postoperatively. Conclusion: Bilateral IO transposition onto the equator could minimize antielevation and corrected IOOA and DVD successfully in patients with infantile exotropia or esotropia.
Strabismus.Strabismus.2014 Mar;22(1):13-7. doi: 10.3109/09273972.2013.877946. Epub 2014 Feb 3.
Abstract Purpose: Inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) should be done only in patients with inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) without fusional potential because the procedure can cause anti-elevation syndrome. This study reports the results of modi
PMID 24484410

Intermittent exotropia: relation between age and surgical outcome: a change-point analysis.

Awadein A, Eltanamly RM, Elshazly M.Author information Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.AbstractPurposeTo study the relationship between age and response to surgery in patients with intermittent exotropia and to identify change points in response to surgery.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 311 patients with intermittent exotropia who had bilateral lateral rectus recession using standard tables with minimum follow-up of 6 months. Data were analyzed using the change-point analysis software to identify cutoff points. A prospective pilot study was then performed on 171 consecutive patients with intermittent exotropia with the same clinical characteristics, in whom amount of recession was modified according to the identified cutoff points. In angles with two change points, 1-mm recession was reduced from patients younger than the lower change point and 1.5-mm recession was added to those older than the upper change point. In angles with one change point, 1.5-mm recession was added to those older than the change point. Satisfactory alignment was defined as esophoria/tropia ≤5Δ to exophoria/tropia ≤8Δ.ResultsThere was a negative correlation (P<0.01) between response to surgery and age at surgery for all angles. In younger patients (<7 years) in whom surgical dose was reduced, there was no significant change in success rate (77%), compared with those who had surgery using standard tables (75%). In older patients (>12 years) in whom surgical dose was increased, there was a statistically significant increase in success rate (80% vs 41%).ConclusionsModifying the surgical dose according to age can improve the success in patients with intermittent exotropia.Eye advance online publication, 28 February 2014; doi:10.1038/eye.2014.29.
Eye (London, England).Eye (Lond).2014 Feb 28. doi: 10.1038/eye.2014.29. [Epub ahead of print]
PurposeTo study the relationship between age and response to surgery in patients with intermittent exotropia and to identify change points in response to surgery.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 311 patients with intermittent exotropia who had bilateral lateral rectus recession using
PMID 24577251

Japanese Journal

Accommodative Lag Under Habitual Seeing Conditions : Comparison Between Myopic and Emmetropic Children

NAKATSUKA Chiaki,HASEBE Satoshi,NONAKA Fumitaka,OHTSUKI Hiroshi
Japanese journal of ophthalmology 49(3), 189-194, 2005-05-01
NAID 10016485050

内・外斜位と眼鏡矯正

近江源次郎
視覚の科学 = Japanese journal of visual science 24(4), 117-120, 2003-12-26
NAID 10017001938

「内斜位」

Esophoria
	Classification and external resources
ICD-10	H50.5
ICD-9	378.41

　　[★]

英: esophoria
関: 内斜視

[pmid9644668-1] Eckstein, AK; Fischer, M; Esser, J (1998). "Normal accommodative convergence excess--long-term follow-up of conservative therapy with bifocal eyeglasses". Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 212 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034868. PMID 9644668.

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esophoria