- 丹毒の
目次
WordNet
- an acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 丹毒(たんどく)(連鎖球菌により生じる急性伝染病)
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/28 19:47:54」(JST)
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| Erysipelas | |
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Erysipelas of the face due to invasive Streptococcus
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| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Dermatology, infectious disease |
| ICD-10 | A46.x |
| ICD-9-CM | 035 |
| DiseasesDB | 4428 |
| MedlinePlus | 000618 |
| eMedicine | derm/129 |
| MeSH | D004886 |
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Erysipelas (/ɛrᵻˈsɪpələs/; Greek ἐρυσίπελας— "red skin"; also known as "ignis sacer", "holy fire", and "St. Anthony's fire"[1] in some countries) is an acute infection[2] typically with a skin rash, usually on any of the legs and toes, face, arms, and fingers. It is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, usually caused by beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus bacteria on scratches or otherwise infected areas.[3] Erysipelas is more superficial than cellulitis, and is typically more raised and demarcated.[4]
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Cause
- 2.1 Risk factors
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 Notable deaths
- 7 Other animals
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Signs and symptoms
Erysipelas on an arm
Erysipelas on a leg
Affected individuals typically develop symptoms including high fevers, shaking, chills, fatigue, headaches, vomiting, and general illness within 48 hours of the initial infection. The erythematous skin lesion enlarges rapidly and has a sharply demarcated, raised edge. It appears as a red, swollen, warm, and painful rash, similar in consistency to an orange peel. More severe infections can result in vesicles (pox or insect bite-like marks), blisters, and petechiae (small purple or red spots), with possible skin necrosis (death). Lymph nodes may be swollen, and lymphedema may occur. Occasionally, a red streak extending to the lymph node can be seen.
The infection may occur on any part of the skin, including the face, arms, fingers, legs, and toes; it tends to favour the extremities. Fat tissue and facial areas, typically around the eyes, ears, and cheeks, are most susceptible to infection. Repeated infection of the extremities can lead to chronic swelling (lymphangitis).
Cause
Most cases of erysipelas are due to Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as beta-hemolytic group A streptococci), although non-group A streptococci can also be the causative agent. Beta-hemolytic, non-group A streptococci include Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B strep or GBS. Historically, the face was most affected; today, the legs are affected most often.[5] The rash is due to an exotoxin, not the Streptococcus bacteria, and is found in areas where no symptoms are present; e.g., the infection may be in the nasopharynx, but the rash is found usually on the face and arms.
Erysipelas infections can enter the skin through minor trauma, insect bites, dog bites, eczema, athlete's foot, surgical incisions and ulcers and often originate from streptococci bacteria in the subject's own nasal passages. Infection sets in after a small scratch or abrasion spreads, resulting in toxaemia.
Erysipelas does not affect subcutaneous tissue. It does not release pus, only serum or serous fluid. Subcutaneous edema may lead the physician to misdiagnose it as cellulitis, but the style of the rash is much more well circumscribed and sharply marginated than the rash of cellulitis.
Risk factors
This disease is most common among the elderly, infants, and children. People with immune deficiency, diabetes, alcoholism, skin ulceration, fungal infections, and impaired lymphatic drainage (e.g., after mastectomy, pelvic surgery, bypass grafting) are also at increased risk.
Diagnosis
This disease is diagnosed mainly by the appearance of well-demarcated rash and inflammation. Blood cultures are unreliable for diagnosis of the disease, but may be used to test for sepsis. Erysipelas must be differentiated from herpes zoster, angioedema, contact dermatitis, and diffuse inflammatory carcinoma of the breast.
Erysipelas can be distinguished from cellulitis by its raised advancing edges and sharp borders. Elevation of the antistreptolysin O titer occurs after around 10 days of illness.
Treatment
Depending on the severity, treatment involves either oral or intravenous antibiotics, using penicillins, clindamycin, or erythromycin. While illness symptoms resolve in a day or two, the skin may take weeks to return to normal.
Because of the risk of reinfection, prophylactic antibiotics are sometimes used after resolution of the initial condition. However, this approach does not always stop reinfection.[6]
Prognosis
The disease prognosis includes:
- Spread of infection to other areas of body can occur through the bloodstream (bacteremia), including septic arthritis. Glomerulonephritis can follow an episode of streptococcal erysipelas or other skin infection, but not rheumatic fever.
- Recurrence of infection: Erysipelas can recur in 18–30% of cases even after antibiotic treatment.
- Lymphatic damage
- Necrotizing fasciitis, commonly known as "flesh-eating" bacterial infection, is a potentially deadly exacerbation of the infection if it spreads to deeper tissue.
Notable deaths
In order of death
- Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, (d. 1557), Scottish nobleman active in the reigns of James V and Mary, Queen of Scots
- John of the Cross, Spanish saint and priest (d. 1591)
- Michiel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral in the Anglo-Dutch wars, contracted from injuries sustained from a cannonball. (d. 1676)[7]
- Christina, Queen of Sweden (d. 1689)
- Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (d. 1714)
- Norborne Berkeley, baron de Botetourt, Royal Governor of Virginia (d. 1770)[8]
- Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom, daughter of George III of the United Kingdom (1783–1810)
- Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and wife of King William I of Württemberg (d. 1819)
- Charles Lamb, English writer and essayist (d. 1834)
- Barbara Hofland, English children's writer and novelist (d. 1844)[9]
- Pope Gregory XVI (d. 1846)
- Mary Lyon, American women's education pioneer (d. 1849)[10]
- Frederick VII of Denmark, king of Denmark (d. 1863)[11]
- John Stuart Mill, English political philosopher (d. 1873)[12]
- Marcus Clarke, Australian journalist, poet, playwright and novelist, who wrote "For the Term of His Natural Life", died age 35 (d. 1881) [13]
- John Brown, Scottish personal servant and companion to Queen Victoria (d. 1883)[14]
- Pat Killen, American heavyweight boxer, died at age 29 while in hiding in Chicago from police after assaulting two men (d. 1891)
- Samuel Augustus Ward, American organist, composer, teacher, businessman (d. 1903)[15]
- James Anthony Bailey, American circus ringmaster (d. 1906)
- George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (d. 1923), English aristocrat known as the financial backer of the search for and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. His death led to the story of the Curse of Tutankhamun.
- Miller Huggins, American baseball player and manager (d. 1929)
- Father Solanus Casey, American Capuchin priest declared "venerable" by the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1957)[16]
Richard Wagner, German composer, also suffered from erysipelas,[citation needed] although he died of a heart attack.
In D. H. Lawrence's famous novel Sons and Lovers one of the major characters in the novel, William Morel (who is the main character Paul's older brother) dies quickly from the complications of erysipelas in conjunction with pneumonia.[17]
Other animals
Erysipelas is also the name given to an infection in animals caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. E. rhusiopathiae can also infect humans, but in that case the infection is known as erysipeloid.
See also
- Chronic recurrent erysipelas
References
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 260. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ "erysipelas" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Krasagakis K, Samonis G, Maniatakis P, Georgala S, Tosca A (2006). "Bullous erysipelas: clinical presentation, staphylococcal involvement and methicillin resistance". Dermatology 212 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1159/000089019. PMID 16319471.
- ^ Bisno AL, Stevens DL (January 1996). "Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues". The New England Journal of Medicine 334 (4): 240–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199601253340407. PMID 8532002.
- ^ See eMedicine link
- ^ Koster JB, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JW (March 2007). "Recurrent erysipelas despite antibiotic prophylaxis: an analysis from case studies". The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 65 (3): 89–94. PMID 17387234.
- ^ Entry on Geni.com (Dutch language). Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Berkeley_Norborne_baron_de_Botetourt_1717-1770#start_entry
- ^ Dennis Butts, "Hofland , Barbara (bap. 1770, d. 1844)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004 Retrieved 20 December 2015, pay-walled.
- ^ Green, Elizabeth Alden (1979). Mary Lyon and Mount Holyoke. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. p. 310. ISBN 0-87451-172-0.
- ^ Møller, Jan (1994). Frederik 7. En kongeskæbne. Copenhagen: Aschehoug Dansk Forlag. p. 235. ISBN 978-87-11-22878-4.
- ^ Capaldi, Nicholas (2004). John Stuart Mill: a biography. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-521-62024-4.
- ^ Australian Variety Theatre Archive • http://ozvta.com/practitioners-other-a-l/
- ^ Ridley, Jane (2013). The Heir Apparent: a life of Edward VII, the Crown Prince. New York, NY: Penguin Random House LLC. p. 287.
- ^ America the Beautiful by Lynn Sherr
- ^ Wollenweber, Brother Leo (2002). "Meet Solanus Casey". St. Anthony Messenger Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, page 107, ISBN 1-56955-281-9,
- ^ Chapter 6, "Death in the Family" – summary on GradeSaver website. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erysipelas. |
- Erysipelas Overview Health in Plain English - with pictures
- Cellulitis Treatment for Skin Infection - Without Pictures
| Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Diseases of Swine (8th edition)/Chapters 31
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English Journal
- [Malonaldehyde and tumor necrosis factor-alpha as indicators of intoxication syndrome in erysipelatous inflammation].
- Marzhokhova MIu, Afashagova MM, Marzhokhova AR.
- Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika.Klin Lab Diagn.2011 May;(5):20-2.
- The aim of the investigation was to study the implication of infectious endotoxicosis in the pathogenesis of erysipelas, by measuring the level of malondialdehyde and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) depending on the stage, severity, pattern of the disease, and possible c
- PMID 21789799
- [Erysipelatous inflammation: a new view on a long-standing problem].
- Shliapnikov SA, Naser NR, Eremin SR.
- Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova.Vestn Khir Im I I Grek.2004;163(4):71-4.
- Under observation there were 72 patients with primary and recurring forms of erysipelatous inflammation. The data obtained have shown the reliable (p<0.001) effectiveness of antimitotic treatment with terbinaphin hydrochloride (lamizil) for prophylactics of recurrences of erysipelatous inflammati
- PMID 15626079
Japanese Journal
- 丹毒様外観を呈した膀胱癌皮膚転移の1例
- 三浦 由宏,藤崎 伸太,安芸 雅史,林 秀樹,桑原 守正
- 西日本皮膚科 = The Nishinihon journal of dermatology 65(5), 462-464, 2006-10-01
- NAID 10019001217
Related Links
- Erysipelatous definition, Pathology. an acute, febrile infectious disease, caused by a specific streptococcus, characterized by diffusely spreading deep-red inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes. See more. Thesaurus ...
- er·y·si·pel·a·tous (er'i-si-pel'ă-tŭs) Relating to erysipelas. erysipelatous (ĕr″ĭ-sĭ-pĕl′ă-tŭs) Of the nature of or pert. to erysipelas. ... Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other ...
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