equality

平等

WordNet

a state of being essentially equal or equivalent; equally balanced; "on a par with the best" (同)equivalence, equation, par
the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status
lack of equality; "the growing inequality between rich and poor"
the right to equal protection of the laws

PrepTutorEJDIC

(数量・程度・価値・大きさなどで)『等しいこと』,均等;(特に,権利・責任などにおいて)(…間の…の)『平等』《+『of』+『名』+『between』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(大きさ・数・量・程度などが)等しくないこと,不平等,不同 / 《複数形で》表面に不ぞろい,でこぼこ / 〈U〉不等;〈C〉不等式

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/23 08:00:11」(JST)

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English Journal

Fairness as partiality aversion: The development of procedural justice.

Shaw A1, Olson K2.Author information 1Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: alex.w.shaw@gmail.com.2Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.AbstractAdults and children dislike inequity-people being paid unequally for equal work. However, adults will allow inequity if the inequity is determined using an impartial procedure, indicating that they value procedural justice. It is unknown whether children value procedural justice when distributing resources. We investigated whether 5- to 8-year-old children would willingly create inequity between two recipients if they could do so using an impartial procedure. In Experiment 1, children preferred to use an impartial procedure (spinning a wheel that gave both recipients an equal chance to get a resource) over a partial procedure (spinning a wheel that gave one recipient a much better chance to get the resource). In Experiments 2 and 3, children preferred to use the same impartial procedure to assign a resource to one of two recipients, even over an option of keeping things equal by throwing the resource in the trash. Importantly, children preferred to throw the resource in the trash to uphold equality when the only other option was a partial procedure. Older children showed a stronger aversion to using partial procedures than younger children. These results suggest that children value procedural justice increasingly during middle childhood and that their fairness concerns may be more about avoiding partiality than inequity per se.
Journal of experimental child psychology.J Exp Child Psychol.2014 Mar;119:40-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.10.007. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
Adults and children dislike inequity-people being paid unequally for equal work. However, adults will allow inequity if the inequity is determined using an impartial procedure, indicating that they value procedural justice. It is unknown whether children value procedural justice when distributing re
PMID 24291349

Classical NF-κB activation impairs skeletal muscle oxidative phenotype by reducing IKK-α expression.

Remels AH1, Gosker HR2, Langen RC3, Polkey M4, Sliwinski P5, Galdiz J6, van den Borst B7, Pansters NA8, Schols AM9.Author information 1NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: a.remels@maastrichtuniversity.nl.2NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: h.gosker@maastrichtuniversity.nl.3NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: r.langen@maastrichtuniversity.nl.4NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College, London SW3 6NP, UK. Electronic address: M.Polkey@rbht.nhs.uk.5Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: p.sliwinski@wp.pl.6Pneumology Department and Research Unit, Cruces Hospital, Basque Country University, Barakaldo, Spain. Electronic address: med001901@hotmail.com.7NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: b.vdborst@maastrichtuniversity.nl.8NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.9NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre +, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: a.schols@maastrichtuniversity.nl.AbstractBackground: Loss of quadriceps muscle oxidative phenotype (OXPHEN) is an evident and debilitating feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We recently demonstrated involvement of the inflammatory classical NF-κB pathway in inflammation-induced impairments in muscle OXPHEN. The exact underlying mechanisms however are unclear. Interestingly, IκB kinase α (IKK-α: a key kinase in the alternative NF-κB pathway) was recently identified as a novel positive regulator of skeletal muscle OXPHEN. We hypothesised that inflammation-induced classical NF-κB activation contributes to loss of muscle OXPHEN in COPD by reducing IKK-α expression. Methods: Classical NF-κB signalling was activated (molecularly or by tumour necrosis factor α: TNF-α) in cultured myotubes and the impact on muscle OXPHEN and IKK-α levels was investigated. Moreover, the alternative NF-κB pathway was modulated to investigate the impact on muscle OXPHEN in absence or presence of an inflammatory stimulus. As a proof of concept, quadriceps muscle biopsies of COPD patients and healthy controls were analysed for expression levels of IKK-α, OXPHEN markers and TNF-α. Results: IKK-α knock-down in cultured myotubes decreased expression of OXPHEN markers and key OXPHEN regulators. Moreover, classical NF-κB activation (both by TNF-α and IKK-β over-expression) reduced IKK-α levels and IKK-α over-expression prevented TNF-α-induced impairments in muscle OXPHEN. Importantly, muscle IKK-α protein abundance and OXPHEN was reduced in COPD patients compared to controls, which was more pronounced in patients with increased muscle TNF-α mRNA levels. Conclusion: Classical NF-κB activation impairs skeletal muscle OXPHEN by reducing IKK-α expression. TNF-α-induced reductions in muscle IKK-α may accelerate muscle OXPHEN deterioration in COPD.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Feb;1842(2):175-85. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.001. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
Background: Loss of quadriceps muscle oxidative phenotype (OXPHEN) is an evident and debilitating feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We recently demonstrated involvement of the inflammatory classical NF-κB pathway in inflammation-induced impairments in muscle OXPHEN. The exact
PMID 24215713

Anti-equality: Social comparison in young children.

Sheskin M1, Bloom P2, Wynn K2.Author information 1Psychology Department, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, United States. Electronic address: mark.sheskin@yale.edu.2Psychology Department, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, United States.AbstractYoung children dislike getting less than others, which might suggest a general preference for equal outcomes. However, young children are typically not averse to others receiving less than themselves. These results are consistent with two alternatives: young children might not have any preferences about others receiving less than themselves, or they might have preferences for others receiving less than themselves. We test these alternatives with 5- to 10-year-old children. We replicate previous findings that children will take a cost to avoid being at a relative disadvantage, but also find that 5- and 6-year-olds will spitefully take a cost to ensure that another's welfare falls below their own. This result suggests that the development of fairness includes overcoming an initial social comparison preference for others to get less relative to oneself.
Cognition.Cognition.2014 Feb;130(2):152-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.10.008. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
Young children dislike getting less than others, which might suggest a general preference for equal outcomes. However, young children are typically not averse to others receiving less than themselves. These results are consistent with two alternatives: young children might not have any preferences a
PMID 24291266

Central gender theoretical concepts in health research: the state of the art.

Hammarström A, Johansson K, Annandale E, Ahlgren C, Aléx L, Christianson M, Elwér S, Eriksson C, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Gilenstam K, Gustafsson PE, Harryson L, Lehti A, Stenberg G, Verdonk P.Author information Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, , Umeå, Sweden.AbstractDespite increasing awareness of the importance of gender perspectives in health science, there is conceptual confusion regarding the meaning and the use of central gender theoretical concepts. We argue that it is essential to clarify how central concepts are used within gender theory and how to apply them to health research. We identify six gender theoretical concepts as central and interlinked-but problematic and ambiguous in health science: sex, gender, intersectionality, embodiment, gender equity and gender equality. Our recommendations are that: the concepts sex and gender can benefit from a gender relational theoretical approach (ie, a focus on social processes and structures) but with additional attention to the interrelations between sex and gender; intersectionality should go beyond additive analyses to study complex intersections between the major factors which potentially influence health and ensure that gendered power relations and social context are included; we need to be aware of the various meanings given to embodiment, which achieve an integration of gender and health and attend to different levels of analyses to varying degrees; and appreciate that gender equality concerns absence of discrimination between women and men while gender equity focuses on women's and men's health needs, whether similar or different. We conclude that there is a constant need to justify and clarify our use of these concepts in order to advance gender theoretical development. Our analysis is an invitation for dialogue but also a call to make more effective use of the knowledge base which has already developed among gender theorists in health sciences in the manner proposed in this paper.
Journal of epidemiology and community health.J Epidemiol Community Health.2014 Feb 1;68(2):185-90. doi: 10.1136/jech-2013-202572. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
Despite increasing awareness of the importance of gender perspectives in health science, there is conceptual confusion regarding the meaning and the use of central gender theoretical concepts. We argue that it is essential to clarify how central concepts are used within gender theory and how to appl
PMID 24265394

Japanese Journal

ポートフォリオのレプリケーション問題における進化計算の探索効果改善のための探索空間無制約化モデルの提案

柴田峻輔 ,折登由希子 ,山本久志 ,花田良子
情報処理学会研究報告. MPS, 数理モデル化と問題解決研究報告 2013-MPS-96(17), 1-6, 2013-12-04
投資配分比率の組合せが公開されていない未知ポートフォリオ (複製対象ポートフォリオ) が良好なリターンを示しているとき,そのポートフォリオの複製を行いたいという要望がある.しかしながら,ポートフォリオのレプリケーション問題は,等式制約付き不定問題であり,進化計算の適用により評価値を最小化することで真の解である複製対象ポートフォリオを見つけることはできない.つまり,進化計算による評価値の最小化と解の …
NAID 110009634065

ポートフォリオのレプリケーション問題における進化計算の探索効果改善のための探索空間無制約化モデルの提案

柴田峻輔 ,折登由希子 ,山本久志 ,花田良子
情報処理学会研究報告. BIO, バイオ情報学 2013-BIO-36(17), 1-6, 2013-12-04
投資配分比率の組合せが公開されていない未知ポートフォリオ (複製対象ポートフォリオ) が良好なリターンを示しているとき,そのポートフォリオの複製を行いたいという要望がある.しかしながら,ポートフォリオのレプリケーション問題は,等式制約付き不定問題であり,進化計算の適用により評価値を最小化することで真の解である複製対象ポートフォリオを見つけることはできない.つまり,進化計算による評価値の最小化と解の …
NAID 110009634039

The Protestant Sects and the Origin of Human Rights: On the Concept of Max Weber's "Sect"

SANO Makoto,佐野誠
奈良教育大学紀要（人文・社会科学） 62(1), 81-88, 2013-11-30
… Weber was rather so much interested in some problems of human rights, such as religious toleration, religious liberty, freedom of conscience, equality before the law, and suffrage. …
NAID 120005350142

女性活躍推進施策と企業業績 : 大阪府における中小企業の分析

川口章,笠井高人,カワグチアキラ,カサイタカト,Kawaguchi Akira,Kasai Takato
同志社政策科学研究 15(1), 85-97, 2013-09-20
… On the other hand, it is not clear how WLB and equality policies relate to corporate performance. …
NAID 120005328770