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For the archaeological term, see Entoptic phenomena (archaeology).

Entoptic phenomena (from Greek ἐντός "within" and ὀπτικός "visual") are visual effects whose source is within the eye itself. (Occasionally, these are called entopic phenomena, which is probably a typographical mistake.)

In Helmholtz's words:

Under suitable conditions light falling on the eye may render visible certain objects within the eye itself. These perceptions are called entoptical.

Entoptic images have a physical basis in the image cast upon the retina. Hence, they are different from optical illusions, which are perceptual effects that arise from interpretations of the image by the brain. Because entoptic images are caused by phenomena within the observer's own eye, they share one feature with optical illusions and hallucinations: the observer cannot share a direct and specific view of the phenomenon with others.

Helmholtz^[1] comments on phenomena which could be seen easily by some observers, but could not be seen at all by others. This variance is not surprising because the specific aspects of the eye that produce these images are unique to each individual. Because of the variation between individuals, and the inability for two observers to share a nearly identical stimulus, these phenomena are unlike most visual sensations. They are also unlike most optical illusions which are produced by viewing a common stimulus. Yet, there is enough commonality between the main entoptic phenomena that their physical origin is now well-understood.

During the 1920s, some theosophists, unaware of the physical explanation, maintained that the moving spots seen in the blue field entoptic phenomenon were "vitality globules" related to the concept of prana in yoga.^[2]

Some examples of entoptical effects include:

Floaters depiction

Purkinje Tree depiction

Floaters or muscae volitantes are slowly-drifting blobs of varying size, shape, and transparency, which are particularly noticeable when viewing a bright, featureless background (such as the sky) or a point source of diffuse light very close to the eye. They are all shadow images of objects suspended just above the retina. Some may be individual red blood cells swollen due to osmotic pressure or chains of these cells stuck together and diffraction patterns can be seen around these.^[3] They may also be "coagula of the proteins of the vitreous gel, to embryonic remnants, or the condensation round the walls of Cloquet's canal".^[4] Floaters may collect over the fovea (the center of vision) and therefore be more visible when lying on your back looking upwards.
The blue field entoptic phenomenon has the appearance of tiny bright dots moving rapidly along squiggly lines in the visual field. It is much more noticeable when viewed against a field of pure blue light and is caused by white blood cells moving in the capillaries in front of the retina. The white cells are larger than the red cells and must deform to fit. As they go through a capillary, an open space opens up in front of them and red blood cells pile up behind. This makes the dots of light appear slightly elongated with dark tails.^[5]^[6]
Haidinger's brush is a very subtle bowtie or hourglass shaped pattern that is seen when viewing a field with a component of blue light that is plane or circularly polarized and rotating with respect to the observer's eye. If the light is all blue, it will appear as a dark shadow, if the light is full spectrum, it will appear yellow. It is due to the preferential absorption of blue polarized light by pigment molecules in the fovea.^[7]^[8]
The Purkinje images are the reflections from the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. While these first four reflections are not entoptic, Becker^[9] described how light can reflect from the posterior surface of the lens and then again from the anterior surface of the cornea to focus a second image on the retina, this one much fainter and inverted. Tscherning^[10] referred to this as the sixth image (the fifth image being formed by reflections from the anterior surfaces of the lens and cornea to form an image too far in front of the retina to be visible) and noted it was much fainter and best seen with a relaxed emmetropic eye. In a dark room, with one eye closed and looking ahead with the other eye, move a light back and forth under your gaze - you should see a dimmer image moving the opposite direction.
The Purkinje tree is an image of the retinal blood vessels in one's own eye, first described by Purkinje in 1823.^[11] It can be seen by shining the beam of a small bright light penlight through the pupil from the periphery of a subject's vision. This results in an image of the light being focused on the periphery of the retina. Light from this spot then casts shadows of the blood vessels (which lie on top of the retina) onto unadapted portions of the retina. Normally the image of the retinal blood vessels is invisible because of adaptation. Unless the light moves, the image disappears within a second or so. If the light is moved at about 1 Hz, adaptation is defeated, and a clear image can be seen indefinitely. The vascular figure is often seen by patients during an ophthalmic examination when the doctor is using an ophthalmoscope. Another way in which the shadows of blood vessels may be seen is by holding a bright light against the eyelid at the corner of the eye. The light penetrates the eye and casts a shadow on the blood vessels as described previously. The light must be jiggled to defeat adaptation. Viewing in both cases is improved in a dark room while looking at a featureless background. This topic is discussed in more detail by Helmholtz.
Purkinje's blue arcs are associated with the activity of the nerves sending signals from where a spot of light is focussed on the retina near the fovea to the optic disk. Look at the right edge of a small red light in a dark room with your right eye (left eye closed) after dark-accommodating your eye for about 30 seconds and you should see two faint blue arcs starting at the light and heading towards the blind spot. Look at the left edge and you will see a faint blue spike going from the light to the right.^[12]
A phosphene is the perception of light without light actually entering the eye, for instance caused by pressure applied to the closed eyes.

A phenomenon that could be entoptical if the eyelashes are considered to be part of the eye is seeing light diffracted through the eyelashes. The phenomenon appears as one or more light disks crossed by dark blurry lines (the shadows of the lashes) each having fringes of spectral colour. The disk shape is given by the circular aperture of the pupil.

Notes

^ Jan E. Purkinye, 1823: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjectiver Hinsicht in Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne, In Commission der J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Prag.
^ H. von Helmholtz, Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik, published as "Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, Translated from the Third German Edition," ed. James P. C. Southall; 1925; The Optical Society of America.
^ Leonard Zusne, 1990: Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking; Lea; ISBN 0-8058-0508-7 [13]
^ Becker, O., 1860, “Über Wahrnehmung eines Reflexbildes im eigenen Auge [About perception of a reflected image in your own eye],” Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, pp. 670 672 & 684 688.
^ M. Tscherning, 1920, Physiologic Optics; Third Edition, (English translation by C. Weiland). Philadelphia: Keystone Publishing Co. pp. 55–56.
^ White, Harvey E., and Levatin, Paul, 1962, "'Floaters' in the eye," Scientific American, Vol. 206, No. 6, June, 1962, pp. 199 127.
^ Duke Elder, W. S. (ed.), 1962, System of Ophthalmology, Volume 7, The Foundations of Ophthalmology: heredity pathology diagnosis and therapeutics, St. Louis, The C.V. Mosby Company. p450.
^ Snodderly, D.M., Weinhaus, R.S., & Choi, J.C. (1992). Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of Macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Neuroscience, 12(4), 1169-1193. Available online at: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/12/4/1169.pdf.
^ Sinclair, S.H., Azar-Cavanagh, M., Soper, K.A., Tuma, R.F., & Mayrovitz, H.N. (1989). Investigation of the source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 30(4), 668-673. Available online at: http://www.iovs.org/.
^ Giles Skey Brindley, Physiology of the Retina and Visual Pathway, 2nd ed. (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1970), pp. 140–141.
^ Bill Reid, “Haidinger's brush,” Physics Teacher, Vol. 28, p. 598 (Dec. 1990).
^ Walker, J., 1984, “How to stop a spinning object by humming and perceive curious blue arcs around the light,” Scientific American, February, Vol. 250, No. 2, pp. 136 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148.

External links

Entoptic+Vision at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Picture of the entoptic phenomenon: Vitreous Floaters (PDF file, requires an Acrobat Reader or plugin)
Diagram of entoptic subjective visual phenomena

English Journal

Photopsias: A Key to Diagnosis.

Brown GC1, Brown MM2, Fischer DH3.
Ophthalmology.Ophthalmology.2015 Oct;122(10):2084-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.06.025. Epub 2015 Aug 3.
PURPOSE: To assess the character and cause of photopsias in vitreoretinal patients.DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 169 consecutive patients (217 eyes) with vitreoretinal disease presenting with a history of photopsias.METHODS: A total of 217 eyes with photopsias in 169 patient
PMID 26249730

Perceiving polarization with the naked eye: characterization of human polarization sensitivity.

Temple SE, McGregor JE, Miles C, Graham L, Miller J, Buck J, Scott-Samuel NE, Roberts NW.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2015 Jul 22;282(1811). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0338.
Like many animals, humans are sensitive to the polarization of light. We can detect the angle of polarization using an entoptic phenomenon called Haidinger's brushes, which is mediated by dichroic carotenoids in the macula lutea. While previous studies have characterized the spectral sensitivity of
PMID 26136441

Entoptic perceptions of spiral waves and rare inward spirals.

Pearce I1.
Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.).Chaos.2015 Jun;25(6):063109. doi: 10.1063/1.4922253.
This report concerns Entoptic Rotating Spiral Waves as observed and documented by the author over a period of 46 years (1962-2008). The manifestations of these state-dependent, elusive rotating spiral entities were brief, emerging only during sleep-to-waking arousal epochs (in limbo). The images wer
PMID 26117103

Japanese Journal

自働性としての地域-都市連携 : 地域のからだの再構築

武井幸久,坪川勝彦
福井工業高等専門学校研究紀要. 自然科学・工学 37, 95-110, 2003-11-25
… The first one is to refine and to model the concept about recognition and action due to entoptic. … And second one is the modeling due to entoptic, a meaning of existence of individual is made clear. …
NAID 110000961693