enterococcal

Enterococcus
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM	041.04

Enterococcus
	Enterococcus sp. infection in pulmonary tissue
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Division:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Lactobacillales
Family:	Enterococcaceae
Genus:	Enterococcus; (ex Thiercelin & Jouhaud 1903); Schleifer & Kilpper-Bälz 1984
Species
	Enterococcus alcedinis; Enterococcus aquimarinus; Enterococcus asini; Enterococcus avium; Enterococcus caccae; Enterococcus camelliae; Enterococcus canintestini; Enterococcus canis; Enterococcus casseliflavus; Enterococcus cecorum; Enterococcus columbae; Enterococcus devriesei; Enterococcus diestrammenae; Enterococcus dispar; Enterococcus durans; Enterococcus eurekensis; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Enterococcus gallinarum; Enterococcus gilvus; Enterococcus haemoperoxidus; Enterococcus hermanniensis; Enterococcus hirae; Enterococcus italicus; Enterococcus lactis; Enterococcus lemanii; Enterococcus malodoratus; Enterococcus moraviensis; Enterococcus mundtii; Enterococcus olivae; Enterococcus pallens; Enterococcus phoeniculicola; Enterococcus plantarum; Enterococcus pseudoavium; Enterococcus quebecensis; Enterococcus raffinosus; Enterococcus ratti; Enterococcus rivorum; Enterococcus rotai; Enterococcus saccharolyticus; Enterococcus silesiacus; Enterococcus solitarius; Enterococcus sulfureus; Enterococcus termitis; Enterococcus thailandicus; Enterococcus ureasiticus; Enterococcus ureilyticus; Enterococcus viikkiensis; Enterococcus villorum; Enterococcus xiangfangensis;

腸球菌の

関: enterococci、Enterococcus

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/15 05:53:45」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone.^[2] Two species are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90-95%) and E. faecium (5-10%). Rare clusters of infections occur with other species, including E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, and E. raffinosus.^[2]

Physiology and classification

Enterococci are facultative anaerobic organisms, i.e., they are capable of cellular respiration in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.^[3] Though they are not capable of forming spores, enterococci are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions: extreme temperature (10-45°C), pH (4.5-10.0) and high sodium chloride concentrations.^[4]

Enterococci typically exhibit gamma-hemolysis on sheep's blood agar.^[5]

History

Members of the genus Enterococcus (from Greek έντερο, éntero, "intestine" and κοκκος, coccos, "granule") were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984, when genomic DNA analysis indicated a separate genus classification would be appropriate.^[6]

Pathology

Important clinical infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis.^[4]^[5] Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin.^[7] Urinary tract infections can be treated specifically with nitrofurantoin, even in cases of vancomycin resistance.^[8]

From a medical standpoint, an important feature of this genus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Some enterococci are intrinsically resistant to β-lactam-based antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), as well as many aminoglycosides.^[5] In the last two decades, particularly virulent strains of Enterococcus that are resistant to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, or VRE) have emerged in nosocomial infections of hospitalized patients, especially in the US.^[4] Other developed countries, such as the UK, have been spared this epidemic, and, in 2005, Singapore managed to halt an epidemic of VRE.^[9] VRE may be treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) with response rates of approximately 70%.^[10] Tigecycline has also been shown to have anti-enterococcal activity as has rifampicin.^{[citation needed]}

Enterococcal meningitis is a rare complication of neurosurgery. It often requires treatment with intravenous or intrathecal vancomycin, yet it is debatable as to whether its use has any impact on outcome: the removal of any neurological devices is a crucial part of the management of these infections.^[11] New epidemiological evidence has shown that enterococci are major infectious agent in chronic bacterial prostatitis^{[citation needed]}. Enterococci are able to form biofilm in the prostate gland making their eradication difficult.

Water quality

In bodies of water, the acceptable level of contamination is very low; for example in the state of Hawaii, and most of the United States, the limit for water off its beaches is a five-week geometric mean of 35 colony-forming units per 100 ml of water, above which the state may post warnings to stay out of the ocean.^[12] In 2004, Enterococci sp. took the place of fecal coliforms as the new USA federal standard for water quality at public saltwater beaches and E. coli at freshwater beaches.^[13] It is believed to provide a higher correlation than fecal coliform with many of the human pathogens often found in city sewage.^[14]

References

^ LPSN entry for Enterococcus
^ ^a ^b Gilmore MS et al., eds. (2002). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-234-8.
^ Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI, ed. (2000). Gram-Positive Pathogens. ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-166-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fisher K, Phillips C (June 2009). "The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus". Microbiology 155 (Pt 6): 1749–57. doi:10.1099/mic.0.026385-0. PMID 19383684.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ryan KJ, Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 294–5. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Schleifer KH; Kilpper-Balz R (1984). "Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov.". Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 34: 31–34. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-1-31.
^ Pelletier LL Jr. (1996). Microbiology of the Circulatory System. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ, Karlowsky JA (January 2001). "Nitrofurantoin is active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 (1): 324–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.1.324-326.2001. PMC 90284. PMID 11120989.
^ Kurup, Asok; Chlebicki, M.P.; Ling, M.L.; Koh, T.H.; Tan, K.Y.; Lee, L.C.; Howe, K.B.M. (April 2008). "Control of a hospital-wide vancomycin-resistant Enterococci outbreak". American Journal of Infection Control 36 (3): 206–211. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.06.005. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ Tünger A, Aydemir S, Uluer S, Cilli F (2004). "In vitro activity of linezolid & quinupristin/dalfopristin against Gram-positive cocci". Indian J Med Res 120 (6): 546–52. PMID 15654141.
^ Guardado R; Asensi V; Torres JM et al. (2006). "Post-surgical enterococcal meningitis: clinical and epidemiological study of 20 cases". Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 38 (8): 584–8. doi:10.1080/00365540600606416. PMID 16857599.
^ "Clean Water Branch" (PDF). Hawaii State Department of Health. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
^ "Water Quality Standards for Coastal and Great Lakes Recreation Waters; Final Rule". Federal Register 69 (220): 67218–67243. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ Jin G, Jeng HW, Bradford H, Englande AJ (2004). "Comparison of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform as indicators for brackish water quality assessment". Water Environ. Res. 76 (3): 245–55. doi:10.2175/106143004X141807. PMID 15338696.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 腸球菌感染症の治療 treatment of enterococcal infections
2. 腸球菌の微生物学 microbiology of enterococci
3. バンコマイシン耐性腸球菌の疫学、予防および管理 epidemiology prevention and control of vancomycin resistant enterococci
4. 腸球菌における抗菌薬耐性の機構 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci
5. 固有弁心内膜炎の抗菌療法 antimicrobial therapy of native valve endocarditis

English Journal

Comparison of Two Methods for Purification of Enterocin B, a Bacteriocin Produced by Enterococcus faecium W3.

Dündar H1, Atakay M, Çelikbıçak Ö, Salih B, Bozoğlu F.
Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology.Prep Biochem Biotechnol.2015 Nov 17;45(8):796-809. doi: 10.1080/10826068.2014.958165.
This study aimed to compare two different approaches for the purification of enterocin B from Enterococcus faecium strain W3 based on the observation that the bacteriocin was found both in cell associated form and in culture supernatant. The first approach employed ammonium sulfate precipitation, ca
PMID 25181442

Enzymatic elucidation of haemocyanin from Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus and its molecular recognition mechanism towards pathogens.

Sivakamavalli J1, Vaseeharan B.
Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics.J Biomol Struct Dyn.2015 Jun;33(6):1302-14. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2014.945485. Epub 2014 Sep 9.
Haemocyanin is an important non-specific immune protein present in the hemolymph of invertebrates, which have the ability to recognize the microbial pathogens and trigger the innate immune system. In this study, we isolated and purified the haemocyanin using gel filtration chromatography and investi
PMID 25204648

Antimicrobial bioassay-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of Eupatorium triplinerve.

Matos Lopes TR1, de Oliveira FR, Malheiros FF, de Andrade MA, Monteiro MC, Baetas Gonçalves AC.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2015 Jun;53(6):897-903. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2014.948634. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
CONTEXT: Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl (Asteraceae), popularly known as Japana, is widely used in folk medicine, due its analgesic, anticoagulant, antianorexic, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, sedative, antifungal, and antibacterial properties.OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the chemical compositi
PMID 25430540

Japanese Journal

Propeptide processing and proteolytic activity of proenzymes of the Staphylococcal and Enterococcal GluV8-family protease

Rouf S M A,Ohara-Nemoto Yuko,Shimoyama Y,Kimura S,Ono Toshio,Nemoto Takayuki K.
Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 49(6), 421-427, 2012-12
Proenzymes with various lengths of propeptides have been observed in GluV8 from Staphylococcus aureus and GluSE from S. epidermidis. However, the production mechanism of these proenzymes and roles of …
NAID 120005196714

腸球菌のバクテリオシン研究

富田治芳
北関東医学 62(1), 71-72, 2012
NAID 130002096515

A surveillance of high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia

ARAOKA Hideki,KIMURA Muneyoshi,YONEYAMA Akiko
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 17(3), 433-434, 2011-06-01
NAID 10029365216

Related Pictures

[1] LPSN entry for Enterococcus

[Gilmore_2002-2] Gilmore MS et al., eds. (2002). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-234-8.

[Fischetti_2000-3] Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Rood JI, ed. (2000). Gram-Positive Pathogens. ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-166-3.

[Fisher-4] Fisher K, Phillips C (June 2009). "The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus". Microbiology 155 (Pt 6): 1749–57. doi:10.1099/mic.0.026385-0. PMID 19383684.

[Sherris-5] Ryan KJ, Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 294–5. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[6] Schleifer KH; Kilpper-Balz R (1984). "Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov.". Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 34: 31–34. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-1-31.

[Baron-7] Pelletier LL Jr. (1996). Microbiology of the Circulatory System. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.

[pmid11120989-8] Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ, Karlowsky JA (January 2001). "Nitrofurantoin is active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 (1): 324–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.1.324-326.2001. PMC 90284. PMID 11120989.

[9] Kurup, Asok; Chlebicki, M.P.; Ling, M.L.; Koh, T.H.; Tan, K.Y.; Lee, L.C.; Howe, K.B.M. (April 2008). "Control of a hospital-wide vancomycin-resistant Enterococci outbreak". American Journal of Infection Control 36 (3): 206–211. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.06.005. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

[10] Tünger A, Aydemir S, Uluer S, Cilli F (2004). "In vitro activity of linezolid & quinupristin/dalfopristin against Gram-positive cocci". Indian J Med Res 120 (6): 546–52. PMID 15654141.

[Guardado_2006-11] Guardado R; Asensi V; Torres JM et al. (2006). "Post-surgical enterococcal meningitis: clinical and epidemiological study of 20 cases". Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 38 (8): 584–8. doi:10.1080/00365540600606416. PMID 16857599.

[Hawaii_DOH-12] "Clean Water Branch" (PDF). Hawaii State Department of Health. Retrieved 2012-05-18.

[13] "Water Quality Standards for Coastal and Great Lakes Recreation Waters; Final Rule". Federal Register 69 (220): 67218–67243. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2014.

[Jin_2004-14] Jin G, Jeng HW, Bradford H, Englande AJ (2004). "Comparison of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform as indicators for brackish water quality assessment". Water Environ. Res. 76 (3): 245–55. doi:10.2175/106143004X141807. PMID 15338696.

匿名

検索

案内

案内