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A souvenir seller appears bored as she waits for customers.

In conventional usage, boredom is an emotional or psychological state experienced when an individual is left without anything in particular to do, is not interested in his or her surroundings, or feels that a day or period is dull or tedious. It is also understood by scholars as a modern phenomenon which has a cultural dimension. In Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity, Elizabeth Goodstein traces the modern discourse on boredom through literary, philosophical, and sociological texts to find that as "a discursively articulated phenomenon...boredom is at once objective and subjective, emotion and intellectualization — not just a response to the modern world but also a historically constituted strategy for coping with its discontents."^[1] In both conceptions, boredom has to do fundamentally with an experience of time and problems of meaning.

Etymology and terminology

The first recorded use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852,^[2] in which it appears six times, although the expression to be a bore had been used in print in the sense of "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.^[3] The expression "boredom" means "state of being bored," 1852, from bore (v.1) + -dom. It also has been employed in a sense "bores as a class" (1883) and "practice of being a bore" (1864, a sense properly belonging to boreism, 1833)".^[4] The word "bore" as a noun meaning a "thing which causes ennui or annoyance" is attested to since 1778; "of persons by 1812". The noun "bore" comes from the verb "bore", which had the meaning "[s]ense of "[to] be tiresome or dull" first attested [in] 1768, a vogue word c. 1780-81 according to Grose (1785); possibly a figurative extension of "to move forward slowly and persistently," as a [hole-] boring tool does."^[5] The French term for boredom, ennui, is sometimes used in English as well.

Psychology

Boredom by Gaston de La Touche, 1893

Different scholars use different definitions of boredom, which complicates research.^[6] Boredom has been defined by Cynthia D. Fisher in terms of its main central psychological processes: "an unpleasant, transient affective state in which the individual feels a pervasive lack of interest and difficulty concentrating on the current activity."^[7] Mark Leary et al. describe boredom as "an affective experience associated with cognitive attentional processes."^[8] In positive psychology, boredom is described as a response to a moderate challenge for which the subject has more than enough skill.^[9]

There are three types of boredom, all of which involve problems of engagement of attention. These include times when we are prevented from engaging in wanted activity, when we are forced to engage in unwanted activity, or when we are simply unable for no apparent reason to maintain engagement in any activity or spectacle.^[10] Boredom proneness is a tendency to experience boredom of all types. This is typically assessed by the Boredom Proneness Scale.^[11] Recent research has found that boredom proneness is clearly and consistently associated with failures of attention.^[12] Boredom and its proneness are both theoretically and empirically linked to depression and similar symptoms.^[13]^[14]^[15] Nonetheless, boredom proneness has been found to be as strongly correlated with attentional lapses as with depression.^[13] Although boredom is often viewed as a trivial and mild irritant, proneness to boredom has been linked to a very diverse range of possible psychological, physical, educational, and social problems.^[16]

Philosophy

Boredom is a condition characterized by perception of one's environment as dull, tedious, and lacking in stimulation. This can result from leisure and a lack of aesthetic interests. Labor and art may be alienated and passive, or immersed in tedium. There is an inherent anxiety in boredom; people will expend considerable effort to prevent or remedy it, yet in many circumstances, it is accepted as suffering to be endured. Common passive ways to escape boredom are to sleep or to think creative thoughts (daydream). Typical active solutions consist in an intentional activity of some sort, often something new, as familiarity and repetition lead to the tedious.

1916 Rea Irvin illustration depicting a bore putting her audience to sleep

During the fin de siècle, the French term for the end of the 19th century in the West, some of the cultural hallmarks included "ennui", cynicism, pessimism, and "...a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence."^[17]

Boredom also plays a role in existentialist thought. Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche were two of the first philosophers considered fundamental to the existentialist movement. Like Pascal, they were interested in people's quiet struggle with the apparent meaninglessness of life and the use of diversion to escape from boredom. Kierkegaard's Either/Or describes the rotation method, a method used by higher level aesthetes in order to avoid boredom. The method is an essential hedonistic aspect of the aesthetic way of life. For the aesthete, one constantly changes what one is doing in order to maximize the enjoyment and pleasure derived from each activity.

In contexts where one is confined, spatially or otherwise, boredom may be met with various religious activities, not because religion would want to associate itself with tedium, but rather, partly because boredom may be taken as the essential human condition, to which God, wisdom, or morality are the ultimate answers. It is taken in this sense by virtually all existentialist philosophers as well as by Arthur Schopenhauer.

Martin Heidegger wrote about boredom in two texts available in English, in the 1929/30 semester lecture course The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, and again in the essay What is Metaphysics? published in the same year. In the lecture, Heidegger included about 100 pages on boredom, probably the most extensive philosophical treatment ever of the subject. He focused on waiting at railway stations in particular as a major context of boredom.^[18] Søren Kierkegaard remarks in Either/Or that "patience cannot be depicted" visually, since there is a sense that any immediate moment of life may be fundamentally tedious.

Blaise Pascal in the Pensées discusses the human condition in saying "we seek rest in a struggle against some obstacles. And when we have overcome these, rest proves unbearable because of the boredom it produces", and later states that "only an infinite and immutable object – that is, God himself – can fill this infinite abyss."^[19]

Without stimulus or focus, the individual is confronted with nothingness, the meaninglessness of existence, and experiences existential anxiety. Heidegger states this idea as follows: "Profound boredom, drifting here and there in the abysses of our existence like a muffling fog, removes all things and men and oneself along with it into a remarkable indifference. This boredom reveals being as a whole."^[20] Schopenhauer used the existence of boredom in an attempt to prove the vanity of human existence, stating, "...for if life, in the desire for which our essence and existence consists, possessed in itself a positive value and real content, there would be no such thing as boredom: mere existence would fulfil and satisfy us."^[21]

Erich Fromm and other thinkers of critical theory speak of boredom as a common psychological response to industrial society, where people are required to engage in alienated labor. According to Fromm, boredom is "perhaps the most important source of aggression and destructiveness today." For Fromm, the search for thrills and novelty that characterizes consumer culture are not solutions to boredom, but mere distractions from boredom which, he argues, continues unconsciously.^[22] Above and beyond taste and character, the universal case of boredom consists in any instance of waiting, as Heidegger noted, such as in line, for someone else to arrive or finish a task, or while one is travelling somewhere. The automobile requires fast reflexes, making its operator busy and hence, perhaps for other reasons as well, making the ride more tedious despite being over sooner.

Causes and effects

The Princess Who Never Smiled by Viktor Vasnetsov

Although it has not been widely studied, research on boredom suggests that boredom is a major factor impacting diverse areas of a person's life. People ranked low on a boredom-proneness scale were found to have better performance in a wide variety of aspects of their lives, including career, education, and autonomy.^[23] Boredom can be a symptom of clinical depression. Boredom can be a form of learned helplessness, a phenomenon closely related to depression. Some philosophies of parenting propose that if children are raised in an environment devoid of stimuli, and are not allowed or encouraged to interact with their environment, they will fail to develop the mental capacities to do so.

In a learning environment, a common cause of boredom is lack of understanding; for instance, if one is not following or connecting to the material in a class or lecture, it will usually seem boring. However, the opposite can also be true; something that is too easily understood, simple or transparent, can also be boring. Boredom is often inversely related to learning, and in school it may be a sign that a student is not challenged enough, or too challenged. An activity that is predictable to the students is likely to bore them.^[24]

A 1989 study indicated that an individual's impression of boredom may be influenced by the individual's degree of attention, as a higher acoustic level of distraction from the environment correlated with higher reportings of boredom.^[25] Boredom has been studied as being related to drug abuse among teens.^[26] Boredom has been proposed as a cause of pathological gambling behavior. A study found results consistent with the hypothesis that pathological gamblers seek stimulation to avoid states of boredom and depression.^[27] It has been suggested that boredom has an evolutionary basis that encourages humans to seek out new challenges. It may influence human learning and ingenuity.^[28]

Superfluous man

A superfluous man (Eugene Onegin) idly polishing his fingernails. Illustration by Elena Samokysh-Sudkovskaya, 1908.

The superfluous man (Russian: лишний человек, lishniy chelovek) is an 1840s and 1850s Russian literary concept derived from the Byronic hero.^[29] It refers to an individual, perhaps talented and capable, who does not fit into social norms. In most cases, this person is born into wealth and privilege. Typical characteristics are disregard for social values, cynicism, and existential boredom; typical behaviors are gambling, drinking, romantic intrigues, and duels. He is often unempathetic and carelessly distresses others with his actions.

In the workplace

Boreout is a management theory that posits that lack of work, boredom, and consequent lack of satisfaction are a common malaise affecting individuals working in modern organizations, especially in office-based white collar jobs. This theory was first expounded in 2007 in Diagnose Boreout, a book by Peter Werder and Philippe Rothlin, two Swiss business consultants. They claim the absence of meaningful tasks, rather than the presence of stress, is many workers' chief problem.

A "banishment room" (also known as a "chasing-out-room" and a "boredom room") is a modern employee exit management strategy whereby employees are transferred to a department where they are assigned meaningless work until they become disheartened enough to quit.^[30]^[31]^[32] Since the resignation is voluntary, the employee would not be eligible for certain benefits. The legality and ethics of the practice is questionable and may be construed as constructive dismissal by the courts in some regions.

In popular culture

Meh is an interjection used as an expression of indifference or boredom. It may also mean "be it as it may".^[33] It is often regarded as a verbal shrug of the shoulders. The use of the term "meh" shows that the speaker is apathetic, uninterested, or indifferent to the question or subject at hand. It is occasionally used as an adjective, meaning something is mediocre or unremarkable.^[34]

References

^ Goodstein, Elizabeth S. 2005. Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3.
^ Oxford Old English Dictionary
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ Vodanovich, Stephen J. (November 2003) "Psychometric Measures of Boredom: A Review of the Literature" The Journal of Psychology. 137:6 p. 569 "Indeed, a shortcoming of the boredom literature is the absence of a coherent, universally accepted definition. The lack of an agreed-upon definition of boredom has limited the measurement of the construct and partly accounts for the existence of diverse approaches to assessing various subsets of boredom."
^ Fisher 1993, p. 396
^ Leary, M. R.; Rogers, P. A.; Canfield, R. W.; Coe, C. (1986). "Boredom in interpersonal encounters: Antecedents and social implications". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51 (5): 968–975, p. 968. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.968.
^ Csikszentmihalyi, M., Finding Flow, 1997
^ Cheyne, J. A.; Carriere, J. S. A.; Smilek, D. (2006). "Absent-mindedness: Lapses in conscious awareness and everyday cognitive failures". Consciousness and Cognition. 15 (3): 578–592. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.009. PMID 16427318.
^ Farmer, R.; Sundberg, N. D. (1986). "Boredom proneness: The development and correlates of a new scale". Journal of Personality Assessment. 50 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2. PMID 3723312.
^ Fisher, C.D. (1993). "Boredom at work: A neglected concept". Human Relations. 46 (3): 395–417. doi:10.1177/001872679304600305.
^ ^a ^b Carriere, J. S. A.; Cheyne, J. A.; Smilek, D. (September 2008). "Everyday Attention Lapses and Memory Failures: The Affective Consequences of Mindlessness" (PDF). Consciousness and Cognition. 17 (3): 835–847. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.008. PMID 17574866.
^ Sawin, D. A.; Scerbo, M. W. (1995). "Effects of instruction type and boredom proneness in vigilance: Implications for boredom and workload". Human Factors. 37 (4): 752–765. doi:10.1518/001872095778995616. PMID 8851777.
^ Vodanovich, S. J.; Verner, K. M.; Gilbride, T. V. (1991). "Boredom proneness: Its relationship to positive and negative affect". Psychological Reports. 69 (3 Pt 2): 1139–46. doi:10.2466/PR0.69.8.1139-1146. PMID 1792282.
^ "Boredom: The Forgotten Factor in Fraud Prevention?". Durham University. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Meštrović, Stjepan G. The Coming Fin de Siecle: An Application of Durkheim's Sociology to modernity and postmodernism. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge (1992 [1991]: 2). Pireddu, Nicoletta. "Primitive marks of modernity: cultural reconfigurations in the Franco-Italian fin de siècle," _Romanic Review_, 97 (3-4), 2006: 371-400.
^ Martin Heidegger. The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, pp. 78–164.
^ Pascal, Blaise; Ariew, Roger (2005). Pensées. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-87220-717-2. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
^ Martin Heidegger, What is Metaphysics? (1929)
^ Arthur Schopenhauer, Essays and Aphorisms, Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-044227-8 (2004), p53 Full text available online: Google Books Search
^ Erich Fromm, "Theory of Aggression" pg.7
^ Watt, J. D.; Vodanovich, S. J. (1999). "Boredom Proneness and Psychosocial Development". Journal of Psychology. 133 (1): 149–155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200001)56:1<149::AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-Y.
^ Ed.gov – R.V. Small et al. Dimensions of Interest and Boredom in Instructional Situations, Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the 1996 National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (18th, Indianapolis, IN), (1996)
^ Damrad-Frye, R; Laird JD (1989). "The experience of boredom: the role of the self-perception of attention". J Personality Social Psych. 57 (2): 315–20. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.315.
^ Iso-Ahola, Seppo E.; Crowley, Edward D. (1991). "Adolescent Substance Abuse and Leisure Boredom". Journal of Leisure Research. 23 (3): 260–71.
^ Blaszczynski A, McConaghy N, Frankova A (August 1990). "Boredom proneness in pathological gambling". Psychol Rep. 67 (1): 35–42. doi:10.2466/PR0.67.5.35-42. PMID 2236416.
^ [1] The Psychology of Boredom – Why Your Brain Punishes You for Being Comfortable and Safe
^ Chances 2001, p. 111
^ Torres, Ida (May 30, 2013). "Japanese companies using 'banishment rooms' to push employees to resign". Japan Daily Press. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "BANISHMENT ROOM: Top companies under investigation over unfair labor practices". THE ASAHI SHIMBUN. January 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ TABUCHI, HIROKO (August 16, 2013). "Layoffs Taboo, Japan Workers Are Sent to the Boredom Room". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ Benjamin Zimmer (September 6, 2013). "A History of Meh, from Leo Rosten to Auden to The Simpsons". Slate. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
^ "Bothered much? 'Meh' is a word". Sky News. November 17, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.

English Journal

Madness and Rulers: Events in Coorg and London in 1810, as observed by the Hon. Arthur Cole, the resident at Mysore.

Jain S1, Sarin A2.
Indian journal of psychiatry.Indian J Psychiatry.2015 Apr-Jun;57(2):214-6. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.158204.
What happens if a King becomes mentally ill Excerpts from the personal papers of Arthur Henry Cole, Resident to the Kingdom of Mysore in 1809, open up fascinating insights into the madness of rulers, in neighboring Coorg and faraway London, and ways in which different societies responded to this. M
PMID 26124533

The War on Women in Psychoanalytic Theory Building: Past to Present.

Balsam RH.
The Psychoanalytic study of the child.Psychoanal Study Child.2015;69:83-107.
Psychoanalysis has both waged "hot" war on women overtly and "cold" war covertly over the years by colluding with cultural stereotypes offered as "theory," starting with Freud and his Viennese circle. True freedom of thinking, however, broke through in Freud's originality even then, and from time to
PMID 27337812

What was tropical about tropical neurasthenia? The utility of the diagnosis in the management of British East Africa.

Crozier A1.
Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences.J Hist Med Allied Sci.2009 Oct;64(4):518-48. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jrp017. Epub 2009 Jun 16.
During the first quarter of the twentieth century, tropical neurasthenia was a popular diagnosis for a nervous condition experienced by Europeans in the topics. Tropical neurasthenia was not psychosis or madness, but was rather an ennui or loss of "edge" brought about by the strains of tropical life
PMID 19531548

Japanese Journal

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NAID 120004950092

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日本文学 61(5), 55-66, 2012-05
NAID 40019246058

'倦怠'は存在の反証である : 尹東柱の'倦怠'と'生活'にみる日常的植民性の諸相

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NAID 40019325844

Related Pictures

MmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmMmmMMMmmmMMMMMMMmmmmmm Price: $11.00 ennui is for Ennui ennui-askerov mid 1900s Azerbadjan

[1] Goodstein, Elizabeth S. 2005. Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3.

[2] Oxford Old English Dictionary

[3] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-12-06.

[4] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[5] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[6] Vodanovich, Stephen J. (November 2003) "Psychometric Measures of Boredom: A Review of the Literature" The Journal of Psychology. 137:6 p. 569 "Indeed, a shortcoming of the boredom literature is the absence of a coherent, universally accepted definition. The lack of an agreed-upon definition of boredom has limited the measurement of the construct and partly accounts for the existence of diverse approaches to assessing various subsets of boredom."

[7] Fisher 1993, p. 396

[8] Leary, M. R.; Rogers, P. A.; Canfield, R. W.; Coe, C. (1986). "Boredom in interpersonal encounters: Antecedents and social implications". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51 (5): 968–975, p. 968. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.968.

[Finding_Flow-9] Csikszentmihalyi, M., Finding Flow, 1997

[10] Cheyne, J. A.; Carriere, J. S. A.; Smilek, D. (2006). "Absent-mindedness: Lapses in conscious awareness and everyday cognitive failures". Consciousness and Cognition. 15 (3): 578–592. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.009. PMID 16427318.

[11] Farmer, R.; Sundberg, N. D. (1986). "Boredom proneness: The development and correlates of a new scale". Journal of Personality Assessment. 50 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2. PMID 3723312.

[12] Fisher, C.D. (1993). "Boredom at work: A neglected concept". Human Relations. 46 (3): 395–417. doi:10.1177/001872679304600305.

[ReferenceA-13] Carriere, J. S. A.; Cheyne, J. A.; Smilek, D. (September 2008). "Everyday Attention Lapses and Memory Failures: The Affective Consequences of Mindlessness" (PDF). Consciousness and Cognition. 17 (3): 835–847. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.008. PMID 17574866.

[14] Sawin, D. A.; Scerbo, M. W. (1995). "Effects of instruction type and boredom proneness in vigilance: Implications for boredom and workload". Human Factors. 37 (4): 752–765. doi:10.1518/001872095778995616. PMID 8851777.

[15] Vodanovich, S. J.; Verner, K. M.; Gilbride, T. V. (1991). "Boredom proneness: Its relationship to positive and negative affect". Psychological Reports. 69 (3 Pt 2): 1139–46. doi:10.2466/PR0.69.8.1139-1146. PMID 1792282.

[16] "Boredom: The Forgotten Factor in Fraud Prevention?". Durham University. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[17] Meštrović, Stjepan G. The Coming Fin de Siecle: An Application of Durkheim's Sociology to modernity and postmodernism. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge (1992 [1991]: 2). Pireddu, Nicoletta. "Primitive marks of modernity: cultural reconfigurations in the Franco-Italian fin de siècle," _Romanic Review_, 97 (3-4), 2006: 371-400.

[18] Martin Heidegger. The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, pp. 78–164.

[Pens.C3.A9es-19] Pascal, Blaise; Ariew, Roger (2005). Pensées. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-87220-717-2. Retrieved 2009-07-27.

[20] Martin Heidegger, What is Metaphysics? (1929)

[21] Arthur Schopenhauer, Essays and Aphorisms, Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-044227-8 (2004), p53 Full text available online: Google Books Search

[22] Erich Fromm, "Theory of Aggression" pg.7

[23] Watt, J. D.; Vodanovich, S. J. (1999). "Boredom Proneness and Psychosocial Development". Journal of Psychology. 133 (1): 149–155. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200001)56:1<149::AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-Y.

[24] Ed.gov – R.V. Small et al. Dimensions of Interest and Boredom in Instructional Situations, Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the 1996 National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (18th, Indianapolis, IN), (1996)

[25] Damrad-Frye, R; Laird JD (1989). "The experience of boredom: the role of the self-perception of attention". J Personality Social Psych. 57 (2): 315–20. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.315.

[26] Iso-Ahola, Seppo E.; Crowley, Edward D. (1991). "Adolescent Substance Abuse and Leisure Boredom". Journal of Leisure Research. 23 (3): 260–71.

[27] Blaszczynski A, McConaghy N, Frankova A (August 1990). "Boredom proneness in pathological gambling". Psychol Rep. 67 (1): 35–42. doi:10.2466/PR0.67.5.35-42. PMID 2236416.

[28] [1] The Psychology of Boredom – Why Your Brain Punishes You for Being Comfortable and Safe

[c1-29] Chances 2001, p. 111

[Torres-30] Torres, Ida (May 30, 2013). "Japanese companies using 'banishment rooms' to push employees to resign". Japan Daily Press. Retrieved 24 August 2013.

[ASAHI-31] "BANISHMENT ROOM: Top companies under investigation over unfair labor practices". THE ASAHI SHIMBUN. January 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

[TABUCHI-32] TABUCHI, HIROKO (August 16, 2013). "Layoffs Taboo, Japan Workers Are Sent to the Boredom Room". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

[zimmer-33] Benjamin Zimmer (September 6, 2013). "A History of Meh, from Leo Rosten to Auden to The Simpsons". Slate. Retrieved February 26, 2014.

[Collins-34] "Bothered much? 'Meh' is a word". Sky News. November 17, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.

v t e Emotions (list)

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v t e Aesthetics

Philosophers	Abhinavagupta Theodor W. Adorno Leon Battista Alberti Thomas Aquinas Hans Urs von Balthasar Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Clive Bell Bernard Bosanquet Edward Bullough R. G. Collingwood Ananda Coomaraswamy Arthur Danto John Dewey Denis Diderot Hubert Dreyfus Curt John Ducasse Thierry de Duve Roger Fry Nelson Goodman Clement Greenberg Georg Hegel Martin Heidegger David Hume Immanuel Kant Paul Klee Susanne Langer Theodor Lipps György Lukács Jean-François Lyotard Joseph Margolis Jacques Maritain Thomas Munro Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Dewitt H. Parker Stephen Pepper David Prall Ayn Rand George Lansing Raymond I. A. Richards George Santayana Friedrich Schiller Arthur Schopenhauer Roger Scruton Irving Singer Rabindranath Tagore Giorgio Vasari Morris Weitz Johann Joachim Winckelmann Richard Wollheim more...

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v t e Charles Dickens' Bleak House

Films	The Death of Poor Joe (1901) Bleak House (1920)

Television	Bleak House (1959) Bleak House (1985) Bleak House (2005)

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