エンケファリン
WordNet
- an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/08 21:47:19」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
|
Met-enkephalin 3D structure, alpha-carbons shown as balls and labeled by residue.[1]
|
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
PENK |
| Entrez |
5179 |
| HUGO |
8831 |
| OMIM |
131330 |
| RefSeq |
NM_006211 |
| UniProt |
P01210 |
| Other data |
| Locus |
Chr. 8 q23-q24 |
An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, as they are internally derived and bind to the body's opioid receptors. Discovered in 1975, two forms of enkephalin were revealed, one containing leucine ("leu"), and the other containing methionine ("met"). Both are products of the proenkephalin gene.[2]
- Met-enkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met.
- Leu-enkephalin has Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu.
Contents
- 1 Endogenous opioid peptides
- 2 Enkephalin receptor
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Endogenous opioid peptides
There are three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body: enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The met-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by the enkephalin gene; the leu-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by both the enkephalin gene and the dynorphin gene.[3] The proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) also contains the met-enkephalin sequence on the N-terminus of beta-endorphin, but the endorphin peptide is not processed into enkephalin.
Enkephalin receptor
Main article: Opioid receptor
The receptors for enkephalin are the delta opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein-coupled receptors, with other opioids as ligands as well. The other endogenous opioids are dynorphins (that bind to kappa receptors), endorphins (mu receptors), endomorphins, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs).
See also
- Endorphin
- Opioid peptide
- Racecadotril
- RB-101
References
- ^ PDB 1plx; Marcotte I, Separovic F, Auger M, Gagné SM (March 2004). "A multidimensional 1H NMR investigation of the conformation of methionine-enkephalin in fast-tumbling bicelles". Biophys. J. 86 (3): 1587–600. Bibcode:2004BpJ....86.1587M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74226-5. PMC 1303993. PMID 14990485.
- ^ Noda M, Teranishi Y, Takahashi H, Toyosato M, Notake M, Nakanishi S, Numa S (June 1982). "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene". Nature 297 (5865): 431–4. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..431N. doi:10.1038/297431a0. PMID 6281660.
- ^ Opioid peptides: Molecular pharmacology, biosynthesis and analysis, R.S. Rapaka and R. L. Hawks (editors) in a National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph (#70), 1986.
External links
- Enkephalins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Physiology: 6/6ch2/s6ch2_36 - Essentials of Human Physiology
|
Peptides: neuropeptides
|
|
| Hormones |
see hormones
|
|
| Opioid peptides |
|
Dynorphins
|
- Big dynorphin
- Dynorphin A
- Dynorphin B
- Leumorphin
|
|
|
Endomorphins
|
- Endomorphin-1
- Endomorphin-2
|
|
|
Endorphins
|
- α-Endorphin
- β-Endorphin
- γ-Endorphin
- α-Neoendorphin
- β-Neoendorphin
|
|
|
Enkephalins
|
- Met-enkephalin
- Leu-enkephalin
|
|
|
Others
|
- Adrenorphin
- Amidorphin
- Hemorphin
- Nociceptin
- Opiorphin
- Spinorphin
- Valorphin
|
|
|
Other
neuropeptides |
|
Kinins
|
- Tachykinins: mammal
- Substance P
- Neurokinin A
- Neurokinin B
- amphibian
|
|
|
Neuromedins
|
|
|
|
Other
|
- Angiotensin
- Bombesin
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Carnosine
- Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
- Delta sleep-inducing peptide
- FMRFamide
- Galanin
- Galanin-like peptide
- Gastrin releasing peptide
- Ghrelin
- Neuropeptide S
- Neuropeptide Y
- Neurophysins
- Neurotensin
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide
- RVD-Hpα
- VGF
|
|
|
|
Index of signal transduction
|
|
| Description |
- Intercellular
- neuropeptides
- growth factors
- cytokines
- hormones
- Cell surface receptors
- ligand-gated
- enzyme-linked
- G protein-coupled
- immunoglobulin superfamily
- integrins
- neuropeptide
- growth factor
- cytokine
- Intracellular
- adaptor proteins
- GTP-binding
- MAP kinase
- Calcium signaling
- Lipid signaling
- Pathways
- hedgehog
- Wnt
- TGF beta
- MAPK ERK
- notch
- JAK-STAT
- apoptosis
- hippo
- TLR
|
|
|
|
Opioidergics
|
|
Receptor
(ligands) |
| MOR |
|
|
| DOR |
|
|
| KOR |
- Agonists: 6'-GNTI
- 8-CAC
- 18-MC
- 14-Methoxymetopon
- β-Chlornaltrexamine
- β-Funaltrexamine
- Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
- Akuuamicine
- Alazocine
- Allomatrine
- Asimadoline
- BAM-12P
- BAM-18P
- BAM-22P
- Big dynorphin
- Bremazocine
- BRL-52537
- Butorphanol
- BW-373U86
- Cebranopadol
- Ciprefadol
- CR845
- Cyclazocine
- Cyclorphan
- Cyprenorphine
- Diamorphine (heroin)
- Diacetylnalorphine
- Dihydroetorphine
- Dihydromorphine
- Dynorphin A
- Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
- Eluxadoline
- Enadoline
- Eptazocine
- Erinacine E
- Ethylketazocine
- Etorphine
- FE 200665 (CR665)
- Fedotozine
- Fentanyl
- Gemazocine
- GR-89696
- GR-103545
- Hemorphin-4
- Herkinorin
- HS665
- Hydromorphone
- HZ-2
- Ibogaine
- ICI-199,441
- ICI-204,448
- Ketamine
- Ketazocine
- Laudanosine
- Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
- Levallorphan
- Levorphanol
- Lexanopadol
- Lofentanil
- LPK-26
- Lufuradom
- Matrine
- MB-1C-OH
- Menthol
- Metazocine
- Metkefamide
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- Morphine
- Moxazocine
- N-MPPP
- Nalbuphine
- NalBzOH
- Nalfurafine
- Nalmefene
- Nalorphine
- Naltriben
- Norbuprenorphine
- Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
- O-Desmethyltramadol
- Oripavine
- Oxilorphan
- Oxycodone
- Pentazocine
- Pethidine (meperidine)
- Phenazocine
- Proxorphan
- RB-64
- Salvinorin A (salvia)
- Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
- Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
- SKF-10047
- Spiradoline (U-62,066)
- TH-030418
- Thienorphine
- Tifluadom
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline)
- U-50,488
- U-54,494A
- U-69,593
- Xorphanol
- Antagonists: 4′-Hydroxyflavanone
- 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
- 5'-GNTI
- 6β-Naltrexol
- 6β-Naltrexol-d4
- β-Chlornaltrexamine
- ALKS-5461
- Amentoflavone
- ANTI
- Apigenin
- Arodyne
- AT-076
- Axelopran
- Binaltorphimine
- BU09059
- Buprenorphine
- Catechin
- Catechin gallate
- CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
- Clocinnamox
- Dezocine
- DIPPA
- Diprenorphine
- EGC
- ECG
- Epicatechin
- Hyperoside
- JDTic
- LY-255582
- LY-2196044
- LY-2459989
- LY-2795050
- Methylnaltrexone
- ML190
- ML350
- MR-2266
- Naloxone
- Naltrexone
- Naltrindole
- Naringenin
- Norbinaltorphimine
- Noribogaine
- Pawhuskin A
- PF-4455242
- Quadazocine
- Taxifolin
- UPHIT
- Zyklophin
- Unknown/unsorted: Akuammicine
- Akuammine
- Coronaridine
- Cyproterone acetate
- Dihydroakuuamine
- Ibogamine
- Tabernanthine
|
|
| NOP |
- Agonists: (Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
- ((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2
- (Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2
- Ac-RYYRWK-NH2
- Ac-RYYRIK-NH2
- BU08070
- Buprenorphine
- Cebranopadol
- Dihydroetorphine
- Etorphine
- JNJ-19385899
- Lexanopadol
- MCOPPB
- MT-7716
- NNC 63-0532
- Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
- Nociceptin (1-11)
- Nociceptin (1-13)NH2
- Norbuprenorphine
- Ro64-6198
- Ro65-6570
- SCH-221510
- SCH-486757
- SR-8993
- SR-16435
- TH-030418
- Antagonists: (Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2
- AT-076
- BAN-ORL-24
- J-113397
- JTC-801
- LY-2940094
- NalBzOH
- Nociceptin (1-7)
- Nocistatin
- SB-612111
- SR-16430
- Thienorphine
- Trap-101
- UFP-101
|
|
Unsorted /
unknown |
- β-Casomorphins
- Amidorphin
- BAM-20P
- Cytochrophin-4
- Deprolorphin
- Gliadorphin (gluteomorphin)
- Gluten exorphins
- Hemorphins
- Kava constituents
- MEAGL
- MEAP
- NEM
- Neoendorphins
- Peptide B
- Peptide E
- Peptide F
- Peptide I
- Rubiscolins
- Soymorphins
|
|
|
Enzyme
(inhibitors) |
| Enkephalinase |
- BL-2401
- Candoxatril
- D -Phenylalanine
- Ecadotril
- Kelatorphan
- Racecadotril (acetorphan)
- RB-101
- RB-120
- RB-3007
- Selank
- Semax
- Spinorphin
- Thiorphan
- Tynorphin
- Ubenimex (bestatin)
|
|
|
| Others |
- Propeptides: β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
- Prodynorphin
- Proenkephalin
- Pronociceptin
- Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
|
|
|
See also: Neuropeptidergics • Peptidergics
|
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Electroneutral silica-based hybrid monolith for hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography.
- Lin X, Wang X, Zhao T, Zheng Y, Liu S, Xie Z.SourceInstitute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China. Electronic address: xulin@fzu.edu.cn.
- Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2012 Oct 19;1260:174-82. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.053. Epub 2012 Aug 23.
- A novel electroneutral and polar silica-based hybrid monolith was developed by an in situ copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacryl substituted (POSS-MA), and successfully employed for hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatogra
- PMID 22954745
- Methionine Residue Acts as a Prooxidant in the (•)OH-Induced Oxidation of Enkephalins.
- Mozziconacci O, Mirkowski J, Rusconi F, Kciuk G, Wisniowski PB, Bobrowski K, Houée-Levin C.SourceLaboratory of Physical Chemistry and CNRS Bldg 350, Centre Universitaire, F-91405 Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
- The journal of physical chemistry. B.J Phys Chem B.2012 Oct 18;116(41):12460-72. doi: 10.1021/jp307043q. Epub 2012 Oct 9.
- Enkephalins are bioactive pentapeptides (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu (Leu-enk) and Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met (Met-enk)) produced while an organism is under mental and/or physical stress. In the course of their biological action they are exposed to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We have reinvestigated the r
- PMID 22998458
Japanese Journal
- Nicotine Effects and the Endogenous Opioid System
- Kishioka Shiroh,Kiguchi Norikazu,Kobayashi Yuka,Saika Fumihiro
- Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 125(2), 117-124, 2014
- … Systemic administration of NIC elicits the release of endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins) in the supraspinal cord. …
- NAID 130004438636
- Extract from Inflamed Skin of Rabbits Increases Enkephalin Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Rats
- Morimoto Shigeto,Takahashi Takashi,Jackman Herbert L.,Erdos Ervin G.,Kanda Tsugiyasu,Ohde Hironori,Liu Wei-Min,Okuro Masashi,Nomura Kohji,Matsumoto Masayuki
- 金沢医科大学雑誌 30(3), 141-146, 2005-10
- … 11), the major inactivator of enkephalins in the brain, in cerebrospinal fluid of rats treated with EISRV. …
- NAID 110006198426
- ウシ子宮に存在する非adrenaline, 非choline作動性神経伝達物質の解明
- 北澤 多喜雄,畠山 洋文,小野寺 秀一,塩見 徳夫,種池 哲朗
- Journal of smooth muscle research. Japanese section 9(2), "J-47"-"J-64", 2005-08-01
- … In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, bioactive peptides (angiotensin II, bombesin, calcitonin-gene related peptide, enkephalins, galanin, neurokinin A, neurokinin B, substance P, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), ATP and 5-hydroxytryptamine did not produce contraction of the myometrium. …
- NAID 110002694965
Related Links
- Enkephalins definition, either of two pentapeptides that bind to morphine receptors in the central nervous system and have opioid properties of relatively short duration; one pentapeptide (Met enkephalin) has the amino acid Blog ...
- enkephalins, n.pl either of the two pentapeptides produced in the body that bind neuroreceptors in brain to alleviate pain. en·keph·a·lins (en-kef'ă-linz), Pentapeptide endorphins, found in many parts of the brain, that bind to specific ...
Related Pictures
