elision

　

WordNet

1. omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/27 16:49:35」(JST)

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For other uses, see Elision (disambiguation).

"Elider" redirects here. For the fantasy novel, see Elidor.

Sound change and alternation
Metathesis Quantitative metathesis
Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation L-vocalization Debuccalization
Fortition
Epenthesis Anaptyxis Excrescence Prosthesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking
Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Fusion Cluster reduction
Cheshirization Compensatory lengthening Nasalization Tonogenesis Floating tone
Assimilation Coalescence Coarticulation Palatalization Velarization Labialization Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony
Dissimilation
Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Hiatus Synalepha Elision Crasis Synaeresis and diaeresis Synizesis
Other types Iotacism Lambdacism Rhotacism Sigmatism Rhinoglottophilia Sulcalization

Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for the speaker to pronounce. Sometimes, sounds may be elided for euphonic effect.

In Native English, elision comes naturally, and it is often described as "slurred" or "muted." Often, elision is deliberate. It is a common misconception that contractions automatically qualify as elided words, which comes from slack definitions. Not all elided words are contractions and not all contractions are elided words (for example, 'going to' -> gonna: an elision that is not a contraction; 'can not' cannot: a contraction that is not an elision).

In French, elision is mandatory in certain contexts, as in the clause C'est la vie (elided from *Ça est la vie).

In Spanish, elision occurs less frequently but is common in certain dialects. Of particular interest is the word para, which becomes pa'. Multiple words can be elided together, as in pa'trabajar for para trabajar and pa'delante or even pa'lante for para adelante.

An example of deliberate elision occurs in Latin poetry as a stylistic device. Under certain circumstances, such as one word ending in a vowel and the following word beginning in a vowel, the words may be elided together. Elision was a common device in the works of Catullus. For example, the opening line of Catullus 3 is: Lugete, O Veneres Cupidinesque, but would be read as Lugeto Veneres Cupidinesque.

A synonym for elision is syncope, though the latter term is most often associated with the elision of vowels between consonants (e.g., Latin tabula → Spanish tabla). Another form of elision is apheresis, which means elision at the beginning of a word (generally of an unstressed vowel).

Some morphemes take the form of elision. See disfix.

The opposite of elision is epenthesis, whereby sounds are inserted into a word to ease pronunciation.

A special form of elision called ecthlipsis is used in Latin poetry when a word ending in the letter "m" is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, e.g., "...et mutam nequiquam adloquerer cinerem." = "...et mutam nequiquadloquerer cinerem." - Catullus 101.

The omission of a word from a phrase or sentence is not elision but ellipsis or, more accurately, elliptical construction.

Written representation

Even though the effort that it takes to pronounce a word does not hold any influence in writing, a word or phrase may be spelled the same as it is spoken, for example, in poetry or in the script for a theatre play, in order to show the actual speech of a character. It may also be used in an attempt to transcribe non-standard speech. Also, some kinds of elision (as well as other phonological devices) are commonly used in poetry in order to preserve a particular rhythm.

In some languages employing the Latin alphabet, such as English, the omitted letters in a contraction are replaced by an apostrophe (e.g., isn't for is not). Greek, which uses its own alphabet, marks elision in the same way.

Examples

English

Examples of elision in English:

Word	IPA before elision	IPA after elision
comfortable	/ˈkʌmfərtəbəl/	/ˈkʌmftərbəl/ (rhotic English), /ˈkʌmftəbəl/ (non-rhotic English)
fifth	/ˈfɪfθ/	/ˈfɪθ/
laboratory	/læˈbɔrətɔri/	/ˈlæbrətɔri/ (American English), /ləˈbɒrətri/ (British English)
temperature	/ˈtɛmpərətʃər/	/ˈtɛmpərtʃər/, /ˈtɛmprətʃə/
vegetable	/ˈvɛdʒətəbəl/	/ˈvɛdʒtəbəl/, /ˈvɛtʃtəbəl/
family	/ˈfæmɪli/	/ˈfæmli/
him	/hɪm/	/ɪm/
going to	/ˈɡoʊ.iŋ tuː/	/ˈɡənə/

Most elision in English is not mandatory, but is used in common practice and even sometimes in more formal speech. This applies to nearly all the examples in the above table. However, this type of elision is rarely shown in modern writing and never shown in formal writing. In formal writing, the words are written the same whether or not the speaker would elide them, but in many plays and classic American literature, words are often written with elision to demonstrate accent (for example, in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men (1937), ""Well, we ain’t got any," George exploded. "Whatever we ain’t got, that’s what you want. God a’mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job an’ work, an’ no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. Why, I could stay in a cathouse all night. I could eat any place I want, hotel or any place, and order any damn thing I could think of. An’ I could do all that every damn month. Get a gallon of whisky, or set in a pool room and play cards or shoot pool." Lennie knelt and looked over the fire at the angry George. And Lennie’s face was drawn in with terror. "An’ whatta I got," George went on furiously. "I got you! You can’t keep a job and you lose me ever’ job I get. Jus’ keep me shovin’ all over the country all the time." (1.89)" ).

Other examples, such as "him" and "going to" shown above, are generally only used in fast or informal speech. They are still generally written as is, unless the writer is intending to show the dialect or speech patterns of the speaker in which case they would write "'im" and "gonna".

The third type of elision is in common contractions, such as "can't", "isn't", or "I'm". The apostrophes represent the sounds that are removed, and are not spoken but help the reader to understand that it is a contraction and not a word of its own. These contractions used to be written out when transcribed (i.e. "cannot", "is not", "I am") even if they were pronounced as a contraction, but nowadays that is no longer the case and are always written as a contraction so long as they are spoken that way. However, they are by no means mandatory and a speaker or writer may choose to keep the words distinct rather than contract them either as a stylistic choice, when using formal register, to make meaning clearer to children or non-native English speakers, or to emphasize a word within the contraction (e.g. "I am going!")

French

Elision of unstressed vowels (usually [ə]) is common in the French language, and in some cases must be indicated orthographically with an apostrophe. For further information about final vowel elision, see Elision (French).

Elision of vowel and consonant sounds was also an important phenomenon in the phonetic evolution of French. For example, s following a vowel and preceding another consonant regularly elided, with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.

• Latin hospitāle → Old French (h)ostel → Modern French hôtel
• Latin spatha → Old French espee → Modern French épée
• Latin schola → Old French escola → Modern French école

German

Nouns and adjectives that end with unstressed "el" or "er" have the "e" elided when they are declined or a suffix follows. ex. teuer becomes teure, teuren, etc., and Himmel + -isch becomes himmlisch.

The final "e" of a noun is also elided when another noun or suffix is concatenated onto it. ex. Strafe + Gesetzbuch becomes Strafgesetzbuch.

In both of the above cases the "e" represents a schwa.

Icelandic

Elision (brottfall) is common in Icelandic. There are a variety of rules for where it occurs, but the most notable is the loss of trailing consonants in common particles as well as the merger of similar vowel sounds. For example, the ubiquitous "ég er að (verb)" structure ("I am verb-ing") becomes transformed to "éra (verb)"; you never hear the full particles spoken unless a person is sounding the sentence out word by word. Another noteworthy and extremely common example along this line includes the phrase "er það ekki?" ("really?") which is pronounced as "erþakki". A common example of internal consonant loss in Icelandic is "gerðu svo vel" ("here you go" / "please") which is pronounced "gjersovel" (the hidden "j" sound is unrelated to elision and occurs when a k or hard g precedes e, í, i, ý, y, or æ). Another special case of elision is the loss of Þ from the start of "þetta" ("this" / "that"), which is sometimes pronounced "etta" ("hvað er þetta" (what is this?) -> "hvaretta?"). The pronunciation of the full word tends to lay emphasis on it ("what is THIS"), while elision of the word leads to its deemphasis ("WHAT is this?").

Irish

Elision is found in the Ulster dialect of Irish, particularly in final position. Iontach, for example, while pronounced ['i:ntəx] in the Conamara dialect, is pronounced ['intə] in Ulster. n is also elided when it begins intervocalic consonant clusters. Anró is pronounced aró; muintir is pronounced muitir.

Japanese

Elision is extremely common in the pronunciation of the Japanese language. In general, a high vowel (/i/ or /u/) that appears in a low-pitched syllable between two voiceless consonants is devoiced, and often deleted outright. However, unlike French or English, Japanese does not often show elision in writing. The process is purely phonetic, and varies considerably depending on the dialect or level of formality. A few examples (slightly exaggerated; apostrophes added to indicate elision):

Matsushita-san wa imasu ka? ("Is Mr. Matsushita in?")

Pronounced: matsush'tasanwa imas'ka

IPA: [matsɯɕtasɑ̃wa imasːka]

roku, shichi, hachi ("six, seven, eight")

Pronounced: rok', shich', hach'

IPA: [ɽokɯ̥ ɕitɕi̥ hatɕi̥]

Shitsurei shimasu ("Excuse me")

Pronounced: sh'ts'reishimas'

IPA: [ɕi̥tsɯ̥ɽeː ɕimasː]

Gender roles also influence elision in Japanese. It is considered masculine to elide, especially the final u of the polite verb forms (-masu, desu), whereas women are traditionally encouraged to do the opposite. However, excessive elision is generally viewed as basilectic, and inadequate elision is seen as overly fussy or old-fashioned. Some nonstandard dialects, such as Satsuma-ben, are known for their extensive elision.

Malayalam

Dropping of sounds in connected speech (as Elision) is very common in this south Indian language (of the state of Kerala). Native Malayalam speakers are very much used to it.

Examples:

• entha becomes ntha
• ippol becomes ippo

Spanish

The change of Latin into the Romance languages included a significant amount of elision, especially syncope (loss of medial vowels). In Spanish, for example, we have:

• tabla from Latin tabula
• isla from Latin insula (through *isula)
• alma from Latin anima (with dissimilation of -nm- to -lm-)
• hembra from Latin femina (with lenition of f- to h-, dissimilation of -mn- to -mr- and then epenthesis of -mr- to -mbr-'

In addition, speakers often employ crasis or elision between two words to avoid a hiatus caused by vowels – the choice of which to use depends upon whether or not the vowels are identical.^{[citation needed]}

A frequent informal use is the elision of d in the past participle suffix -ado, pronouncing cansado as cansao. The elision of d in -ido is considered even more informal; both elisions are however common in Andalusian Spanish. Thus the Andalusian quejío for quejido (“lament”) has entered Standard Spanish as a term for a special feature of Flamenco singing. Similar distinctions are made with the words bailaor(a) and cantaor(a) as contracted versions of the literal translations for dancer and singer exclusively used for Flamenco, versus the bailarín and cantante of standard Spanish. The perceived vulgarity of the silent d may lead to hypercorrections like *bacalado for bacalao (stockfish) or *Bilbado for Bilbao.

Tamil

Tamil has a set of rules for elision. They are categorised into classes based on the phoneme where elision occurs.

Class name	Phoneme
Kutriyalukaram	u
Kutriyalikaram	i
Aiykaarakkurukkam	ai
Oukaarakkurukkam	au
Aaythakkurukkam	the special character akh
Makarakkurukkam	m

Finnish

The consonant in the partitive case ending -ta elides when surrounded by two short vowels except when the first of the two vowels involved is paragoge (added to the stem). Otherwise, it stays. For example, katto+ta → kattoa, ranta+ta → rantaa, but työ+tä → työtä (not a short vowel), mies+ta → miestä (consonant stem), jousi+ta → jousta (paragogic i on a consonant stem).

Welsh

Elision is a major feature of Welsh, found commonly in verb forms, as in the following examples:

• Ydych chi'n (chi yn) hoffi'r (hoffi yr) coffi? (Do you like the coffee?)
• Ble mae'r (mae yr) dre? (Where is the town?)
• Rydw i'n (i yn) darllen. (I am reading)

See also

• Apocope
• Sandhi
• Synalepha
• Relaxed pronunciation
• Contraction
• Crasis
• Liaison
• Elision in the French language
• Lacuna

References

Notes

General references

• Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195583786

External links

• French examples (contains pop-up ad)
• Greek Grammar
• Putting Words Together

English Journal

• The possibility of critical realist randomised controlled trials.

• Porter S1, McConnell T2, Reid J3.
• Trials.Trials.2017 Mar 21;18(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-1855-1.
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• Effect of Atomoxetine Treatment on Reading and Phonological Skills in Children with Dyslexia or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Dyslexia in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

• Shaywitz S1, Shaywitz B1, Wietecha L2, Wigal S3, McBurnett K4, Williams D5, Kronenberger WG6, Hooper SR7.
• Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.2017 Feb;27(1):19-28. doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.0189. Epub 2016 Jul 13.
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• Disasters.Disasters.2017 Jan;41(1):3-22. doi: 10.1111/disa.12184. Epub 2016 Mar 14.
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Japanese Journal

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• NAID 120006209547

• 英語の聴解能力向上に効果的な音変化現象の発音指導

• 活水論文集. 文学部編 59, 31-48, 2016-03-31
• NAID 110010039091

• 英語における閉鎖子音の脱落現象 : 脱落の程度に関与する後続子音の音響学的分類

• 言語と文化 (18), 1-14, 2015-03
• NAID 120005754032

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