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concerned with or producing electric current

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/07 12:00:35」(JST)

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The electric eel uses electric shocks for both hunting and self-defense.

Bioelectrogenesis is the generation of electricity by living organisms, a phenomenon that belongs to the science of electrophysiology. The nerve impulse is a bioelectric event.^[1] In biological cells, the Sodium-Potassium Exchanger maintains a voltage imbalance, or cell potential difference, between the inside of the cell and its surroundings (see also ion channel). Also called a pump, the exchanger is said to be "electrogenic," because it removes 3 sodium ions for every two ions of potassium it allows in. The process consumes metabolic energy in the form of ATP. ^[2] Plant cells also exhibit light-induced electrogenesis.^[3] Certain types of bacteria are able to generate electric currents which are used in microbial fuel cells. However the term usually refers to the electricity-generating ability that is in some aquatic creatures, such as the electric eel and to a lesser extent the black ghost knifefish. Fish exhibiting such bioelectrogenesis often also possess electroreceptive abilities (which are more widespread) as part of an integrated electric system.^[4] Electrogenesis may be utilized for electrolocation, self-defense, electrocommunication and sometimes the stunning of prey.^[5]

Other electric fishes

Electric ray

Electric catfish

Northern Stargazer

References

^ Schoffeniels, E. D.; Mărgineanu, G. (1990). Molecular Basis and Thermodynamics of Bioelectrogenesis. Topics in molecular organization and engineering 5. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7923-0975-8.
^ Nicholls, John G.; Martin, A. Robert; Fuchs, Paul A.; Brown, David A.; Diamond, Mathew E.; Weisblat, David A. (2012). From Neuron to Brain 5. Sinauer. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-87893-609-0.
^ Volkov, A. G. (2006). Plant electrophysiology: theory and methods. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-32717-2.
^ Bullock, T. H.; Hopkins, C. D.; Ropper, A. N.; Fay, R. R. (2005). From Electrogenesis to Electroreception: An Overview. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.
^ Castello, M. E., A. Rodriguez-Cattaneo, P. A. Aguilera, L. Iribarne, A. C. Pereira, and A. A. Caputi (2009). "Waveform generation in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus coropinae (Hoedeman): the electric organ and the electric organ discharge". Journal of Experimental Biology 212 (9): 1351–1364. doi:10.1242/jeb.022566.

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English Journal

Prolonged applied potential to anode facilitate selective enrichment of bio-electrochemically active Proteobacteria for mediating electron transfer: Microbial dynamics and bio-catalytic analysis.

Kannaiah Goud R, Venkata Mohan S.SourceBioengineering and Environmental Centre (BEEC), CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR - IICT), Hyderabad 500 607, India.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2013 Jun;137:160-70. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.059. Epub 2013 Mar 18.
Prolonged application of poised potential to anode was evaluated to understand the influence of applied potentials [500mV (E500); 1000mV (E1000); 2000mV (E2000)] on bio-electrogenic activity of microbial fuel cell (MFC) and the resulting dynamics in microbial community in comparison to control opera
PMID 23587817

Numerical models based on a minimal set of sarcolemmal electrogenic proteins and an intracellular Ca(2+) clock generate robust, flexible, and energy-efficient cardiac pacemaking.

Maltsev VA, Lakatta EG.SourceLaboratory of Cardiovascular Science, NIA, NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Electronic address: maltsevvi@mail.nih.gov.
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.J Mol Cell Cardiol.2013 Jun;59:181-95. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.03.004. Epub 2013 Mar 16.
Recent evidence supports the idea that robust and, importantly, FLEXIBLE automaticity of cardiac pacemaker cells is conferred by a coupled system of membrane ion currents (an "M-clock") and a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-based Ca(2+) oscillator ("Ca(2+)clock") that generates spontaneous diastolic Ca(
PMID 23507256

Towards a hybrid anaerobic digester-microbial fuel cell integrated energy recovery system: An overview of the development of an electrogenic biofilm.

Higgins SR, Lopez RJ, Pagaling E, Yan T, Cooney MJ.Source1680 East West Rd., POST 109, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI 96822, United States. Electronic address: higginss@hawaii.edu.
Enzyme and microbial technology.Enzyme Microb Technol.2013 May 10;52(6-7):344-51. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.02.017. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
An electrogenic biofilm was developed on a macroporous chitosan-carbon nanotube (CHIT-CNT) electrode under constant poised potential (-0.25V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode) and flow through conditions utilizing the effluent of an anaerobic digester as both the inoculant and substrate for the ele
PMID 23608503