effusive

WordNet

extravagantly demonstrative; "insincere and effusive demonstrations of sentimental friendship"; "a large gushing female"; "write unrestrained and gushy poetry" (同)gushing, gushy
a friendly open trait of a talkative person (同)expansiveness, expansivity
in an effusive manner; "the critics praised her effusively"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/27 15:54:36」(JST)

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The image in the left shows effusion, where the image on the right shows diffusion. Effusion occurs through an orifice smaller than the mean path of the particles in motion where diffusion occurs through an opening in which multiple particles can flow through simultaneously.

Effusion is the process in which a gas escapes through a small hole. This occurs if the diameter of the hole is considerably smaller than the mean free path of the molecules.^[1] According to Graham's law, the rate at which gases effuse (i.e., how many molecules pass through the hole per second) is dependent on their molecular weight. Gases with a higher molecular weight effuse more slowly than gases with a lower molecular weight; the number of smaller molecules escaping will be greater but the mass of the larger molecules will be greater. For two gases at the same temperature , and thus having the same kinetic energy,^[2] the root mean square molecular speed, , of each gas can be found using the equation

where is the Boltzmann constant. Thus, lighter molecules have a higher speed. This results in more molecules passing through the hole per unit time. This is why a balloon filled with low molecular weight hydrogen deflates faster than an equivalent balloon full of higher molecular weight oxygen.

Application to thermodynamics

Thomas Graham (1805–1869), a Scottish chemist, found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles.^[3] In other words, the relative rates of effusion of two gases at the same temperature and pressure are given by the inverse ratio of the square roots of the masses of the gas particles. The equation is given by

where and represent the molar masses of the gases. This equation is known as Graham's law of effusion.

The effusion rate for a gas depends directly on the average velocity of its particles. Thus, the faster the gas particles are moving, the more likely they are to pass through the effusion orifice. A figure of Graham's law of effusion linked below shows the rate of effusion (the rate at which the gas is transferred across the barrier through the pin hole) is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of the gas molecules.^[4]

References

^ K.J. Laidler and J.H. Meiser, Physical Chemistry, Benjamin/Cummings 1982, p.18
^ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/temper.html
^ Zumdahl, Steven S. (2008). Chemical Principles. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-547-19626-8.
^ Effusion of a gas into an evacuated chamber

External links

Graham's law

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Prevalence, hemodynamics, and cytokine profile of effusive-constrictive pericarditis in patients with tuberculous pericardial effusion.

Ntsekhe M, Matthews K, Syed FF, Deffur A, Badri M, Commerford PJ, Gersh BJ, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Mayosi BM.SourceDepartment of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
PloS one.PLoS One.2013 Oct 14;8(10):e77532. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077532.
BACKGROUND: Effusive constrictive pericarditis (ECP) is visceral constriction in conjunction with compressive pericardial effusion. The prevalence of proven tuberculous ECP is unknown. Whilst ECP is distinguished from effusive disease on hemodynamic grounds, it is unknown whether effusive-constricti
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Supervolcanoes within an ancient volcanic province in Arabia Terra, Mars.

Michalski JR, Bleacher JE.SourcePlanetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA. michalski@psi.edu
Nature.Nature.2013 Oct 3;502(7469):47-52. doi: 10.1038/nature12482.
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Surgical management of effusive constrictive pericarditis.

Buyukbayrak F, Aksoy E, Tas S, Uysal E, Kirali K.SourceKartal Kosuyolu Heart and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
Cardiovascular journal of Africa.Cardiovasc J Afr.2013 Sep 16;24:1-5. doi: 10.5830/CVJA-2013-042. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: The surgical approach for effusive constrictive pericarditis (ECP) has not been extensively studied. We present our institution's early and long-term results of pericardiectomy in our cohort of patients with ECP.METHODS: Diagnosis was made primarily by echocardiography. Right heart cathet
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Diagnostic utility of a direct immunofluorescence test to detect feline coronavirus antigen in macrophages in effusive feline infectious peritonitis.

Litster AL, Pogranichniy R, Lin TL.SourcePurdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: catvet@purdue.edu.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997).Vet J.2013 Sep 4. pii: S1090-0233(13)00398-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.023. [Epub ahead of print]
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地質学雑誌 123(8), 613-626, 2017
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日本火山学会講演予稿集 2016(0), 164-164, 2016
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