echoing

• adj.

• 反射によって繰り返す

　

WordNet

1. (of sounds) repeating by reflection; "a hotel with echoing halls" (同)reechoing

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/15 10:02:09」(JST)

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In audio signal processing and acoustics, an echo (plural echoes) is a reflection of sound, arriving at the listener some time after the direct sound. Typical examples are the echo produced by the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an enclosed room and an empty room. A true echo is a single reflection of the sound source. The time delay is the extra distance divided by the speed of sound. The word echo derives from the Greek ἠχώ (ēchō), itself from ἦχος (ēchos), "sound".

Acoustic phenomenon

If so many reflections arrive at a listener that they are unable to distinguish between them, the proper term is reverberation. An echo can be explained as a wave that has been reflected by a discontinuity in the propagation medium, and returns with sufficient magnitude and delay to be perceived. Echoes are reflected off walls or hard surfaces like mountains and privacy fences.

This illustration depicts the principle of sediment echo sounding, which uses a narrow beam of high energy and low frequency

When dealing with audible frequencies, the human ear cannot distinguish an echo from the original sound if the delay is less than 1/15 of a second. Thus, since the velocity of sound is approximately 343 m/s at a normal room temperature of about 25°C, the reflecting object must be more than 11.3 m from the sound source at this temperature for an echo to be heard by a person at the source.

Sound travels approximately 343 metres/s (1100 ft/s). If a sound produces an echo in 2 seconds, the object producing the echo would be precisely that distance away (the sound takes half the time to get to the object and half the time to return). The distance for an object with a 2-second echo return would be 1 sec X 343 metres/s or 343 metres (1100 ft). In most situations with human hearing, echoes are about one-half second or about half this distance, since sounds grow fainter with distance. In nature, canyon walls or rock cliffs facing water are the most common natural settings for hearing echoes. The strength of an echo is frequently measured in dB sound pressure level SPL relative to the directly transmitted wave. Echoes may be desirable (as in sonar) or undesirable (as in telephone systems).

In computing

Main articles: echo (command) and echo (computing)

In computing, an echo is the printing or display of characters (a) as they are entered from an input device, (b) as instructions are executed, or (c) as retransmitted characters received from a remote terminal. In computer graphics, an echo is the immediate notification of the current values provided by an input device to the operator at the display console.

Some information from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188.

In music

In music performance and recording, electric echo effects have been used since the 1950s. The Echoplex is a tape delay effect, first made in 1959 that recreates the sound of an acoustic echo. Designed by Mike Battle, the Echoplex set a standard for the effect in the 1960s and was used by most of the notable guitar players of the era; original Echoplexes are highly sought after. While Echoplexes were used heavily by guitar players (and the occasional bass player, such as Chuck Rainey, or trumpeter, such as Don Ellis), many recording studios also used the Echoplex. Beginning in the 1970s, Market built the solid-state Echoplex for Maestro. In the 2000s, most echo effects units use electronic or digital circuitry to recreate the echo effect.

Mythology

The nymph Echo (painting by Alexandre Cabanel, 1887)

In Greek mythology, Echo (Greek: Ηχώ) was the personification of echo. According to Greek mythology Echo was a Nymph who had the job of talking incessantly to Hera, the Queen of the Gods, so that her husband, Zeus, would not get caught in his numerous affairs. Hera caught on to Echo's trick and cursed her to only be able to say what others had just said — hence the word "echo".

Duck's quack

"A duck's quack doesn't echo" is a much-quoted scientific myth. The truth is that a duck's quack does, in fact, echo; however, it may be difficult to hear. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science. It was also featured in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters. The actual reason for the myth is that a quack is a quiet and fading sound which produces faint echoes.

Famous echoes

• Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur, India: Any whisper, clap or sound gets echoed repeatedly.
• The Golkonda Fort of Hyderabad, India
• The Echo Wall at the Temple of Heaven, Beijing, China
• The Whispering Gallery of St Paul's Cathedral, London, England
• Echo Point, the Three Sisters, Katoomba, Australia
• The Temple of Kukulcan ("El Castillo"), Chichen Itza, Mexico
• The Baptistry of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
• The echo near Milan visited by Mark Twain in The Innocents Abroad
• The echo in Chinon which is used in a traditional local rhyme.

References

External links

• Media related to Echo (acoustics) at Wikimedia Commons
• More information on Chinon echo.
• Listen to Duck echoes and an animated demonstration of how an echo is formed.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 特発性低髄液圧性頭痛の病態生理、臨床的特徴、および診断 pathophysiology clinical features and diagnosis of spontaneous low cerebrospinal fluid pressure headache
• 2. 患者中心の医療面接 patient centered interviewing
• 3. 困難な患者との遭遇 the difficult patient encounter

English Journal

• "I don't blame that guy that gave it to me": Contested discourses of victimisation and culpability in the narratives of heterosexual women infected with HIV.

• Persson A.Author information a National Centre in HIV Social Research , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia.AbstractIn Australia, most women with HIV were infected through heterosexual sex, echoing global patterns. In media coverage, these women are typically portrayed as having been deceived by men they trusted, or as victims in criminal cases against HIV-positive men from high-prevalence countries. Heterosexuals are clearly overrepresented in such cases, a pattern consistent across high-income countries. It has been suggested that the victim/perpetrator distinction that defines criminal cases and media stories has some resonance among heterosexuals because of gender power dynamics. But less attention has been paid to the ways women themselves make sense of heterosexual transmission of HIV. Drawing on qualitative interviews from two larger studies, this article shows how the victim-culprit binary is challenged by women's own accounts of acquiring HIV. None presented themselves as "victims" in any straightforward sense, or placed the blame squarely on the men, including men who had not disclosed HIV. Instead, their narratives revealed themes of "mutual vulnerability" and far more ambivalent allocations of responsibility. I conclude that the tendency to position women who become infected with HIV in a victim discourse obscures the complex realities of sexual practice and gender that play a part in the epidemic in any cultural context and that have implications for HIV prevention.
• AIDS care.AIDS Care.2014 Feb;26(2):233-9. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2013.811207. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
• In Australia, most women with HIV were infected through heterosexual sex, echoing global patterns. In media coverage, these women are typically portrayed as having been deceived by men they trusted, or as victims in criminal cases against HIV-positive men from high-prevalence countries. Heterosexual
• PMID 23803151

• Divergences in trends in child and adult mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Survey evidence on the survival of children and siblings.

• Masquelier B, Reniers G, Pison G.Author information a Université Catholique de Louvain.AbstractThis paper provides an overview of trends in mortality in children aged under 5 and adults between the ages of 15 and 60 in sub-Saharan Africa, using data on the survival of the children and siblings collected in Demographic and Health Surveys. If conspicuous stalls in the 1990s are disregarded, child mortality levels have generally declined and converged over the last 30-40 years. In contrast, adult mortality in many East and Southern African countries has increased markedly, echoing earlier increases in the incidence of HIV. In recent years, adult mortality levels have begun to decline once again in East Africa, in some instances before the large-scale expansion of antiretroviral therapy programmes. More surprising is the lack of sustained improvements in adult survival in some countries that have not experienced severe HIV epidemics. Because trends in child and adult mortality do not always evolve in tandem, we argue that model-based estimates, inferred by matching indices of child survival onto standard mortality schedules, can be very misleading.
• Population studies.Popul Stud (Camb).2013 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
• This paper provides an overview of trends in mortality in children aged under 5 and adults between the ages of 15 and 60 in sub-Saharan Africa, using data on the survival of the children and siblings collected in Demographic and Health Surveys. If conspicuous stalls in the 1990s are disregarded, chi
• PMID 24303913

• Antagonism by Bioactive Polyphenols against Inflammation: A systematic view.

• Chu A.Author information Wayne State University, MI, USA. ajchu91@hotmail.com.AbstractThrough pattern recognition receptors, infections and tissue injuries drive innate immune cells to trigger inflammation with elevated cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other mediators. Inflammation resolves upon removal of pathogenic signals and the presence of pro-resolving conditions including combating adaptive immunity. Failure of resolution progresses into chronic inflammation, manifesting as detrimental disease development known as inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancers, etc. Inflammation typically involves activations of many intracellular singaling such as PI3K/AkT/mTORC1, PI3K/AkT/IKK(JNK), Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT pathways, etc, which mediates the upregulations of proinflammatory transcription factors (e.g., NFκB, AP-1, HIF, STATs). Furthermore, the resulting FOXO inactivation ensures inflammatory proceeding. This review provides a systematic view that polyphenols not only target multiple inflammatory components, but also reinforce anti-inflammatory mechanisms by antioxidant potentials, AMPK activation, PI3K/AkT inhibition, IKK/JNK inhibition, mTORC1 inhibition, JAK/STAT inhibition, TLR suppression, and ACE inhibition. As a result, polyphenols readily lead to NFκB, AP-1, HIF, and STAT inactivations with reduced proinflammatory mediator generation. In conclusion, polyphenols target multiple signaling pathways echoing the resolution of inflammation and the protection against proinflammation, which is readily consistent with diverse anti-inflammatory actions. The promoted, restored, and maintained tissue homeostasis beyond its anti-inflammatory effects also extends to diverse health benefits for disease preventions and interventions.
• Inflammation & allergy drug targets.Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets.2013 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]
• Through pattern recognition receptors, infections and tissue injuries drive innate immune cells to trigger inflammation with elevated cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other mediators. Inflammation resolves upon removal of pathogenic signals and the presence of pro-resolving conditions incl
• PMID 24251781

Japanese Journal

• 新自由主義時代の社会政策と社会統合 : オーストラリアにおける福祉給付の所得管理をめぐって

• オーストラリア研究 (29), 16-31, 2016-03-20
• NAID 110010050947

• 坂出祥伸著, 『響きあう身体-「気」の自然観・瞑想法・占術』, 関西大学出版部刊, 2014, \3200+税

• 人体科学 24(1), 78-79, 2015-05-30
• NAID 110009986787

• 子どもの本の可能性を拓いた女性たち : 国境に子どもの本の橋をかけたイェラ・レップマンと読書のインクルージョンをめざしたトーディス・ウーリアセーター

• 女性と文化 : 下田歌子研究所年報 = Women and culture : the annual bulletin of the Shimoda Utako Institute (1), 86-106, 2015
• NAID 120005610747

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• Echoing dictionary definition | echoing defined

She ached for him, and the magic thrummed around her, echoing her loneliness. Her heart sang as she realized she hadn't lost him after all, her body echoing the desire on his face. She called out, louder and more frantically this ...

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